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 442 <div id="header">
 443 <h1>git-shortlog(1) Manual Page</h1>
 444 <h2 id="_name">NAME</h2>
 445 <div class="sectionbody">
 446 <p>git-shortlog - Summarize 'git log' output</p>
 447 </div>
 448 </div>
 449 <div id="content">
 450 <div class="sect1">
 451 <h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
 452 <div class="sectionbody">
 453 <div class="verseblock">
 454 <pre class="content"><em>git shortlog</em> [&lt;options&gt;] [&lt;revision-range&gt;] [[--] &lt;path&gt;&#8230;&#8203;]
 455 git log --pretty=short | <em>git shortlog</em> [&lt;options&gt;]</pre>
 456 </div>
 457 </div>
 458 </div>
 459 <div class="sect1">
 460 <h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
 461 <div class="sectionbody">
 462 <div class="paragraph">
 463 <p>Summarizes <em>git log</em> output in a format suitable for inclusion
 464 in release announcements. Each commit will be grouped by author and title.</p>
 465 </div>
 466 <div class="paragraph">
 467 <p>Additionally, "[PATCH]" will be stripped from the commit description.</p>
 468 </div>
 469 <div class="paragraph">
 470 <p>If no revisions are passed on the command line and either standard input
 471 is not a terminal or there is no current branch, <em>git shortlog</em> will
 472 output a summary of the log read from standard input, without
 473 reference to the current repository.</p>
 474 </div>
 475 </div>
 476 </div>
 477 <div class="sect1">
 478 <h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2>
 479 <div class="sectionbody">
 480 <div class="dlist">
 481 <dl>
 482 <dt class="hdlist1">-n</dt>
 483 <dt class="hdlist1">--numbered</dt>
 484 <dd>
 485 <p>Sort output according to the number of commits per author instead
 486 of author alphabetic order.</p>
 487 </dd>
 488 <dt class="hdlist1">-s</dt>
 489 <dt class="hdlist1">--summary</dt>
 490 <dd>
 491 <p>Suppress commit description and provide a commit count summary only.</p>
 492 </dd>
 493 <dt class="hdlist1">-e</dt>
 494 <dt class="hdlist1">--email</dt>
 495 <dd>
 496 <p>Show the email address of each author.</p>
 497 </dd>
 498 <dt class="hdlist1">--format[=&lt;format&gt;]</dt>
 499 <dd>
 500 <p>Instead of the commit subject, use some other information to
 501 describe each commit.  <em>&lt;format&gt;</em> can be any string accepted
 502 by the <code>--format</code> option of <em>git log</em>, such as <em>* [%h] %s</em>.
 503 (See the "PRETTY FORMATS" section of <a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a>.)</p>
 504 <div class="literalblock">
 505 <div class="content">
 506 <pre>Each pretty-printed commit will be rewrapped before it is shown.</pre>
 507 </div>
 508 </div>
 509 </dd>
 510 <dt class="hdlist1">--date=&lt;format&gt;</dt>
 511 <dd>
 512 <p>Show dates formatted according to the given date string. (See
 513 the <code>--date</code> option in the "Commit Formatting" section of
 514 <a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a>). Useful with <code>--group=format:</code><em>&lt;format&gt;</em>.</p>
 515 </dd>
 516 <dt class="hdlist1">--group=&lt;type&gt;</dt>
 517 <dd>
 518 <p>Group commits based on <em>&lt;type&gt;</em>. If no <code>--group</code> option is
 519 specified, the default is <code>author</code>. <em>&lt;type&gt;</em> is one of:</p>
 520 <div class="openblock">
 521 <div class="content">
 522 <div class="ulist">
 523 <ul>
 524 <li>
 525 <p><code>author</code>, commits are grouped by author</p>
 526 </li>
 527 <li>
 528 <p><code>committer</code>, commits are grouped by committer (the same as <code>-c</code>)</p>
 529 </li>
 530 <li>
 531 <p><code>trailer:</code><em>&lt;field&gt;</em>, the <em>&lt;field&gt;</em> is interpreted as a case-insensitive
 532 commit message trailer (see <a href="git-interpret-trailers.html">git-interpret-trailers(1)</a>). For
 533 example, if your project uses <code>Reviewed-by</code> trailers, you might want
 534 to see who has been reviewing with
 535 <code>git</code> <code>shortlog</code> <code>-ns</code> <code>--group=trailer:reviewed-by</code>.</p>
 536 </li>
 537 <li>
 538 <p><code>format:</code><em>&lt;format&gt;</em>, any string accepted by the <code>--format</code> option of
 539 <em>git log</em>. (See the "PRETTY FORMATS" section of
 540 <a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a>.)</p>
 541 <div class="paragraph">
 542 <p>Note that commits that do not include the trailer will not be counted.
 543 Likewise, commits with multiple trailers (e.g., multiple signoffs) may
 544 be counted more than once (but only once per unique trailer value in
 545 that commit).</p>
 546 </div>
 547 <div class="paragraph">
 548 <p>Shortlog will attempt to parse each trailer value as a <code>name</code> <em>&lt;email&gt;</em>
 549 identity. If successful, the mailmap is applied and the email is omitted
 550 unless the <code>--email</code> option is specified. If the value cannot be parsed
 551 as an identity, it will be taken literally and completely.</p>
 552 </div>
 553 </li>
 554 </ul>
 555 </div>
 556 </div>
 557 </div>
 558 <div class="paragraph">
 559 <p>If <code>--group</code> is specified multiple times, commits are counted under each
 560 value (but again, only once per unique value in that commit). For
 561 example, <code>git</code> <code>shortlog</code> <code>--group=author</code> <code>--group=trailer:co-authored-by</code>
 562 counts both authors and co-authors.</p>
 563 </div>
 564 </dd>
 565 <dt class="hdlist1">-c</dt>
 566 <dt class="hdlist1">--committer</dt>
 567 <dd>
 568 <p>This is an alias for <code>--group=committer</code>.</p>
 569 </dd>
 570 <dt class="hdlist1">-w[&lt;width&gt;[,&lt;indent1&gt;[,&lt;indent2&gt;]]]</dt>
 571 <dd>
 572 <p>Linewrap the output by wrapping each line at <code>width</code>.  The first
 573 line of each entry is indented by <code>indent1</code> spaces, and the second
 574 and subsequent lines are indented by <code>indent2</code> spaces. <code>width</code>,
 575 <code>indent1</code>, and <code>indent2</code> default to 76, 6 and 9 respectively.</p>
 576 <div class="paragraph">
 577 <p>If width is <code>0</code> (zero) then indent the lines of the output without wrapping
 578 them.</p>
 579 </div>
 580 </dd>
 581 <dt class="hdlist1">&lt;revision-range&gt;</dt>
 582 <dd>
 583 <p>Show only commits in the specified revision range.  When no
 584 &lt;revision-range&gt; is specified, it defaults to <code>HEAD</code> (i.e. the
 585 whole history leading to the current commit).  <code>origin</code><code>..</code><code>HEAD</code>
 586 specifies all the commits reachable from the current commit
 587 (i.e. <code>HEAD</code>), but not from <code>origin</code>. For a complete list of
 588 ways to spell &lt;revision-range&gt;, see the "Specifying Ranges"
 589 section of <a href="gitrevisions.html">gitrevisions(7)</a>.</p>
 590 </dd>
 591 <dt class="hdlist1">[--] &lt;path&gt;&#8230;&#8203;</dt>
 592 <dd>
 593 <p>Consider only commits that are enough to explain how the files
 594 that match the specified paths came to be.</p>
 595 <div class="paragraph">
 596 <p>Paths may need to be prefixed with <code>--</code> to separate them from
 597 options or the revision range, when confusion arises.</p>
 598 </div>
 599 </dd>
 600 </dl>
 601 </div>
 602 <div class="sect2">
 603 <h3 id="_commit_limiting">Commit Limiting</h3>
 604 <div class="paragraph">
 605 <p>Besides specifying a range of commits that should be listed using the
 606 special notations explained in the description, additional commit
 607 limiting may be applied.</p>
 608 </div>
 609 <div class="paragraph">
 610 <p>Using more options generally further limits the output (e.g.
 611 <code>--since=</code><em>&lt;date1&gt;</em> limits to commits newer than <em>&lt;date1&gt;</em>, and using it
 612 with <code>--grep=</code><em>&lt;pattern&gt;</em> further limits to commits whose log message
 613 has a line that matches <em>&lt;pattern&gt;</em>), unless otherwise noted.</p>
 614 </div>
 615 <div class="paragraph">
 616 <p>Note that these are applied before commit
 617 ordering and formatting options, such as <code>--reverse</code>.</p>
 618 </div>
 619 <div class="dlist">
 620 <dl>
 621 <dt class="hdlist1">-&lt;number&gt;</dt>
 622 <dt class="hdlist1">-n &lt;number&gt;</dt>
 623 <dt class="hdlist1">--max-count=&lt;number&gt;</dt>
 624 <dd>
 625 <p>Limit the number of commits to output.</p>
 626 </dd>
 627 <dt class="hdlist1">--skip=&lt;number&gt;</dt>
 628 <dd>
 629 <p>Skip <em>number</em> commits before starting to show the commit output.</p>
 630 </dd>
 631 <dt class="hdlist1">--since=&lt;date&gt;</dt>
 632 <dt class="hdlist1">--after=&lt;date&gt;</dt>
 633 <dd>
 634 <p>Show commits more recent than a specific date.</p>
 635 </dd>
 636 <dt class="hdlist1">--since-as-filter=&lt;date&gt;</dt>
 637 <dd>
 638 <p>Show all commits more recent than a specific date. This visits
 639 all commits in the range, rather than stopping at the first commit which
 640 is older than a specific date.</p>
 641 </dd>
 642 <dt class="hdlist1">--until=&lt;date&gt;</dt>
 643 <dt class="hdlist1">--before=&lt;date&gt;</dt>
 644 <dd>
 645 <p>Show commits older than a specific date.</p>
 646 </dd>
 647 <dt class="hdlist1">--author=&lt;pattern&gt;</dt>
 648 <dt class="hdlist1">--committer=&lt;pattern&gt;</dt>
 649 <dd>
 650 <p>Limit the commits output to ones with author/committer
 651 header lines that match the specified pattern (regular
 652 expression).  With more than one <code>--author=</code><em>&lt;pattern&gt;</em>,
 653 commits whose author matches any of the given patterns are
 654 chosen (similarly for multiple <code>--committer=</code><em>&lt;pattern&gt;</em>).</p>
 655 </dd>
 656 <dt class="hdlist1">--grep-reflog=&lt;pattern&gt;</dt>
 657 <dd>
 658 <p>Limit the commits output to ones with reflog entries that
 659 match the specified pattern (regular expression). With
 660 more than one <code>--grep-reflog</code>, commits whose reflog message
 661 matches any of the given patterns are chosen.  It is an
 662 error to use this option unless <code>--walk-reflogs</code> is in use.</p>
 663 </dd>
 664 <dt class="hdlist1">--grep=&lt;pattern&gt;</dt>
 665 <dd>
 666 <p>Limit the commits output to ones with a log message that
 667 matches the specified pattern (regular expression).  With
 668 more than one <code>--grep=</code><em>&lt;pattern&gt;</em>, commits whose message
 669 matches any of the given patterns are chosen (but see
 670 <code>--all-match</code>).</p>
 671 <div class="paragraph">
 672 <p>When <code>--notes</code> is in effect, the message from the notes is
 673 matched as if it were part of the log message.</p>
 674 </div>
 675 </dd>
 676 <dt class="hdlist1">--all-match</dt>
 677 <dd>
 678 <p>Limit the commits output to ones that match all given <code>--grep</code>,
 679 instead of ones that match at least one.</p>
 680 </dd>
 681 <dt class="hdlist1">--invert-grep</dt>
 682 <dd>
 683 <p>Limit the commits output to ones with a log message that do not
 684 match the pattern specified with <code>--grep=</code><em>&lt;pattern&gt;</em>.</p>
 685 </dd>
 686 <dt class="hdlist1">-i</dt>
 687 <dt class="hdlist1">--regexp-ignore-case</dt>
 688 <dd>
 689 <p>Match the regular expression limiting patterns without regard to letter
 690 case.</p>
 691 </dd>
 692 <dt class="hdlist1">--basic-regexp</dt>
 693 <dd>
 694 <p>Consider the limiting patterns to be basic regular expressions;
 695 this is the default.</p>
 696 </dd>
 697 <dt class="hdlist1">-E</dt>
 698 <dt class="hdlist1">--extended-regexp</dt>
 699 <dd>
 700 <p>Consider the limiting patterns to be extended regular expressions
 701 instead of the default basic regular expressions.</p>
 702 </dd>
 703 <dt class="hdlist1">-F</dt>
 704 <dt class="hdlist1">--fixed-strings</dt>
 705 <dd>
 706 <p>Consider the limiting patterns to be fixed strings (don&#8217;t interpret
 707 pattern as a regular expression).</p>
 708 </dd>
 709 <dt class="hdlist1">-P</dt>
 710 <dt class="hdlist1">--perl-regexp</dt>
 711 <dd>
 712 <p>Consider the limiting patterns to be Perl-compatible regular
 713 expressions.</p>
 714 <div class="paragraph">
 715 <p>Support for these types of regular expressions is an optional
 716 compile-time dependency. If Git wasn&#8217;t compiled with support for them
 717 providing this option will cause it to die.</p>
 718 </div>
 719 </dd>
 720 <dt class="hdlist1">--remove-empty</dt>
 721 <dd>
 722 <p>Stop when a given path disappears from the tree.</p>
 723 </dd>
 724 <dt class="hdlist1">--merges</dt>
 725 <dd>
 726 <p>Print only merge commits. This is exactly the same as <code>--min-parents=2</code>.</p>
 727 </dd>
 728 <dt class="hdlist1">--no-merges</dt>
 729 <dd>
 730 <p>Do not print commits with more than one parent. This is
 731 exactly the same as <code>--max-parents=1</code>.</p>
 732 </dd>
 733 <dt class="hdlist1">--min-parents=&lt;number&gt;</dt>
 734 <dt class="hdlist1">--max-parents=&lt;number&gt;</dt>
 735 <dt class="hdlist1">--no-min-parents</dt>
 736 <dt class="hdlist1">--no-max-parents</dt>
 737 <dd>
 738 <p>Show only commits which have at least (or at most) that many parent
 739 commits. In particular, <code>--max-parents=1</code> is the same as <code>--no-merges</code>,
 740 <code>--min-parents=2</code> is the same as <code>--merges</code>.  <code>--max-parents=0</code>
 741 gives all root commits and <code>--min-parents=3</code> all octopus merges.</p>
 742 <div class="paragraph">
 743 <p><code>--no-min-parents</code> and <code>--no-max-parents</code> reset these limits (to no limit)
 744 again.  Equivalent forms are <code>--min-parents=0</code> (any commit has 0 or more
 745 parents) and <code>--max-parents=-1</code> (negative numbers denote no upper limit).</p>
 746 </div>
 747 </dd>
 748 <dt class="hdlist1">--first-parent</dt>
 749 <dd>
 750 <p>When finding commits to include, follow only the first
 751 parent commit upon seeing a merge commit.  This option
 752 can give a better overview when viewing the evolution of
 753 a particular topic branch, because merges into a topic
 754 branch tend to be only about adjusting to updated upstream
 755 from time to time, and this option allows you to ignore
 756 the individual commits brought in to your history by such
 757 a merge.</p>
 758 </dd>
 759 <dt class="hdlist1">--exclude-first-parent-only</dt>
 760 <dd>
 761 <p>When finding commits to exclude (with a <em>^</em>), follow only
 762 the first parent commit upon seeing a merge commit.
 763 This can be used to find the set of changes in a topic branch
 764 from the point where it diverged from the remote branch, given
 765 that arbitrary merges can be valid topic branch changes.</p>
 766 </dd>
 767 <dt class="hdlist1">--not</dt>
 768 <dd>
 769 <p>Reverses the meaning of the <em>^</em> prefix (or lack thereof)
 770 for all following revision specifiers, up to the next <code>--not</code>.
 771 When used on the command line before --stdin, the revisions passed
 772 through stdin will not be affected by it. Conversely, when passed
 773 via standard input, the revisions passed on the command line will
 774 not be affected by it.</p>
 775 </dd>
 776 <dt class="hdlist1">--all</dt>
 777 <dd>
 778 <p>Pretend as if all the refs in <code>refs/</code>, along with <code>HEAD</code>, are
 779 listed on the command line as <em>&lt;commit&gt;</em>.</p>
 780 </dd>
 781 <dt class="hdlist1">--branches[=&lt;pattern&gt;]</dt>
 782 <dd>
 783 <p>Pretend as if all the refs in <code>refs/heads</code> are listed
 784 on the command line as <em>&lt;commit&gt;</em>. If <em>&lt;pattern&gt;</em> is given, limit
 785 branches to ones matching given shell glob. If pattern lacks <em>?</em>,
 786 <em>*</em>, or <em>[</em>, <em>/*</em> at the end is implied.</p>
 787 </dd>
 788 <dt class="hdlist1">--tags[=&lt;pattern&gt;]</dt>
 789 <dd>
 790 <p>Pretend as if all the refs in <code>refs/tags</code> are listed
 791 on the command line as <em>&lt;commit&gt;</em>. If <em>&lt;pattern&gt;</em> is given, limit
 792 tags to ones matching given shell glob. If pattern lacks <em>?</em>, <em>*</em>,
 793 or <em>[</em>, <em>/*</em> at the end is implied.</p>
 794 </dd>
 795 <dt class="hdlist1">--remotes[=&lt;pattern&gt;]</dt>
 796 <dd>
 797 <p>Pretend as if all the refs in <code>refs/remotes</code> are listed
 798 on the command line as <em>&lt;commit&gt;</em>. If <em>&lt;pattern&gt;</em> is given, limit
 799 remote-tracking branches to ones matching given shell glob.
 800 If pattern lacks <em>?</em>, <em>*</em>, or <em>[</em>, <em>/*</em> at the end is implied.</p>
 801 </dd>
 802 <dt class="hdlist1">--glob=&lt;glob-pattern&gt;</dt>
 803 <dd>
 804 <p>Pretend as if all the refs matching shell glob <em>&lt;glob-pattern&gt;</em>
 805 are listed on the command line as <em>&lt;commit&gt;</em>. Leading <em>refs/</em>,
 806 is automatically prepended if missing. If pattern lacks <em>?</em>, <em>*</em>,
 807 or <em>[</em>, <em>/*</em> at the end is implied.</p>
 808 </dd>
 809 <dt class="hdlist1">--exclude=&lt;glob-pattern&gt;</dt>
 810 <dd>
 811 <p>Do not include refs matching <em>&lt;glob-pattern&gt;</em> that the next <code>--all</code>,
 812 <code>--branches</code>, <code>--tags</code>, <code>--remotes</code>, or <code>--glob</code> would otherwise
 813 consider. Repetitions of this option accumulate exclusion patterns
 814 up to the next <code>--all</code>, <code>--branches</code>, <code>--tags</code>, <code>--remotes</code>, or
 815 <code>--glob</code> option (other options or arguments do not clear
 816 accumulated patterns).</p>
 817 <div class="paragraph">
 818 <p>The patterns given should not begin with <code>refs/heads</code>, <code>refs/tags</code>, or
 819 <code>refs/remotes</code> when applied to <code>--branches</code>, <code>--tags</code>, or <code>--remotes</code>,
 820 respectively, and they must begin with <code>refs/</code> when applied to <code>--glob</code>
 821 or <code>--all</code>. If a trailing <em>/*</em> is intended, it must be given
 822 explicitly.</p>
 823 </div>
 824 </dd>
 825 <dt class="hdlist1">--exclude-hidden=[fetch|receive|uploadpack]</dt>
 826 <dd>
 827 <p>Do not include refs that would be hidden by <code>git-fetch</code>,
 828 <code>git-receive-pack</code> or <code>git-upload-pack</code> by consulting the appropriate
 829 <code>fetch.hideRefs</code>, <code>receive.hideRefs</code> or <code>uploadpack.hideRefs</code>
 830 configuration along with <code>transfer.hideRefs</code> (see
 831 <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>). This option affects the next pseudo-ref option
 832 <code>--all</code> or <code>--glob</code> and is cleared after processing them.</p>
 833 </dd>
 834 <dt class="hdlist1">--reflog</dt>
 835 <dd>
 836 <p>Pretend as if all objects mentioned by reflogs are listed on the
 837 command line as <em>&lt;commit&gt;</em>.</p>
 838 </dd>
 839 <dt class="hdlist1">--alternate-refs</dt>
 840 <dd>
 841 <p>Pretend as if all objects mentioned as ref tips of alternate
 842 repositories were listed on the command line. An alternate
 843 repository is any repository whose object directory is specified
 844 in <code>objects/info/alternates</code>.  The set of included objects may
 845 be modified by <code>core.alternateRefsCommand</code>, etc. See
 846 <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.</p>
 847 </dd>
 848 <dt class="hdlist1">--single-worktree</dt>
 849 <dd>
 850 <p>By default, all working trees will be examined by the
 851 following options when there are more than one (see
 852 <a href="git-worktree.html">git-worktree(1)</a>): <code>--all</code>, <code>--reflog</code> and
 853 <code>--indexed-objects</code>.
 854 This option forces them to examine the current working tree
 855 only.</p>
 856 </dd>
 857 <dt class="hdlist1">--ignore-missing</dt>
 858 <dd>
 859 <p>Upon seeing an invalid object name in the input, pretend as if
 860 the bad input was not given.</p>
 861 </dd>
 862 <dt class="hdlist1">--bisect</dt>
 863 <dd>
 864 <p>Pretend as if the bad bisection ref <code>refs/bisect/bad</code>
 865 was listed and as if it was followed by <code>--not</code> and the good
 866 bisection refs <code>refs/bisect/good-</code>* on the command
 867 line.</p>
 868 </dd>
 869 <dt class="hdlist1">--stdin</dt>
 870 <dd>
 871 <p>In addition to getting arguments from the command line, read
 872 them from standard input as well. This accepts commits and
 873 pseudo-options like <code>--all</code> and <code>--glob=</code>. When a <code>--</code> separator
 874 is seen, the following input is treated as paths and used to
 875 limit the result. Flags like <code>--not</code> which are read via standard input
 876 are only respected for arguments passed in the same way and will not
 877 influence any subsequent command line arguments.</p>
 878 </dd>
 879 <dt class="hdlist1">--cherry-mark</dt>
 880 <dd>
 881 <p>Like <code>--cherry-pick</code> (see below) but mark equivalent commits
 882 with <code>=</code> rather than omitting them, and inequivalent ones with <code>+</code>.</p>
 883 </dd>
 884 <dt class="hdlist1">--cherry-pick</dt>
 885 <dd>
 886 <p>Omit any commit that introduces the same change as
 887 another commit on the &#8220;other side&#8221; when the set of
 888 commits are limited with symmetric difference.</p>
 889 <div class="paragraph">
 890 <p>For example, if you have two branches, <code>A</code> and <code>B</code>, a usual way
 891 to list all commits on only one side of them is with
 892 <code>--left-right</code> (see the example below in the description of
 893 the <code>--left-right</code> option). However, it shows the commits that were
 894 cherry-picked from the other branch (for example, &#8220;3rd on b&#8221; may be
 895 cherry-picked from branch A). With this option, such pairs of commits are
 896 excluded from the output.</p>
 897 </div>
 898 </dd>
 899 <dt class="hdlist1">--left-only</dt>
 900 <dt class="hdlist1">--right-only</dt>
 901 <dd>
 902 <p>List only commits on the respective side of a symmetric difference,
 903 i.e. only those which would be marked &lt; resp. &gt; by
 904 <code>--left-right</code>.</p>
 905 <div class="paragraph">
 906 <p>For example, <code>--cherry-pick</code> <code>--right-only</code> <code>A</code><code>...</code><code>B</code> omits those
 907 commits from <code>B</code> which are in <code>A</code> or are patch-equivalent to a commit in
 908 <code>A</code>. In other words, this lists the <code>+</code> commits from <code>git</code> <code>cherry</code> <code>A</code> <code>B</code>.
 909 More precisely, <code>--cherry-pick</code> <code>--right-only</code> <code>--no-merges</code> gives the exact
 910 list.</p>
 911 </div>
 912 </dd>
 913 <dt class="hdlist1">--cherry</dt>
 914 <dd>
 915 <p>A synonym for <code>--right-only</code> <code>--cherry-mark</code> <code>--no-merges</code>; useful to
 916 limit the output to the commits on our side and mark those that
 917 have been applied to the other side of a forked history with
 918 <code>git</code> <code>log</code> <code>--cherry</code> <code>upstream</code><code>...</code><code>mybranch</code>, similar to
 919 <code>git</code> <code>cherry</code> <code>upstream</code> <code>mybranch</code>.</p>
 920 </dd>
 921 <dt class="hdlist1">-g</dt>
 922 <dt class="hdlist1">--walk-reflogs</dt>
 923 <dd>
 924 <p>Instead of walking the commit ancestry chain, walk
 925 reflog entries from the most recent one to older ones.
 926 When this option is used you cannot specify commits to
 927 exclude (that is, <em>^commit</em>, <em>commit1..commit2</em>,
 928 and <em>commit1...commit2</em> notations cannot be used).</p>
 929 <div class="paragraph">
 930 <p>With <code>--pretty</code> format other than <code>oneline</code> and <code>reference</code> (for obvious reasons),
 931 this causes the output to have two extra lines of information
 932 taken from the reflog.  The reflog designator in the output may be shown
 933 as <code>ref@</code>{<em>&lt;Nth&gt;</em>} (where <em>&lt;Nth&gt;</em> is the reverse-chronological index in the
 934 reflog) or as <code>ref@</code>{<em>&lt;timestamp&gt;</em>} (with the <em>&lt;timestamp&gt;</em> for that entry),
 935 depending on a few rules:</p>
 936 </div>
 937 <div class="openblock">
 938 <div class="content">
 939 <div class="olist arabic">
 940 <ol class="arabic">
 941 <li>
 942 <p>If the starting point is specified as <code>ref@</code>{<em>&lt;Nth&gt;</em>}, show the index
 943 format.</p>
 944 </li>
 945 <li>
 946 <p>If the starting point was specified as <code>ref@</code>{now}, show the
 947 timestamp format.</p>
 948 </li>
 949 <li>
 950 <p>If neither was used, but <code>--date</code> was given on the command line, show
 951 the timestamp in the format requested by <code>--date</code>.</p>
 952 </li>
 953 <li>
 954 <p>Otherwise, show the index format.</p>
 955 </li>
 956 </ol>
 957 </div>
 958 </div>
 959 </div>
 960 <div class="paragraph">
 961 <p>Under <code>--pretty=oneline</code>, the commit message is
 962 prefixed with this information on the same line.
 963 This option cannot be combined with <code>--reverse</code>.
 964 See also <a href="git-reflog.html">git-reflog(1)</a>.</p>
 965 </div>
 966 <div class="paragraph">
 967 <p>Under <code>--pretty=reference</code>, this information will not be shown at all.</p>
 968 </div>
 969 </dd>
 970 <dt class="hdlist1">--merge</dt>
 971 <dd>
 972 <p>Show commits touching conflicted paths in the range <code>HEAD</code><code>...</code><em>&lt;other&gt;</em>,
 973 where <em>&lt;other&gt;</em> is the first existing pseudoref in <code>MERGE_HEAD</code>,
 974 <code>CHERRY_PICK_HEAD</code>, <code>REVERT_HEAD</code> or <code>REBASE_HEAD</code>. Only works
 975 when the index has unmerged entries. This option can be used to show
 976 relevant commits when resolving conflicts from a 3-way merge.</p>
 977 </dd>
 978 <dt class="hdlist1">--boundary</dt>
 979 <dd>
 980 <p>Output excluded boundary commits. Boundary commits are
 981 prefixed with <code>-</code>.</p>
 982 </dd>
 983 </dl>
 984 </div>
 985 </div>
 986 <div class="sect2">
 987 <h3 id="_history_simplification">History Simplification</h3>
 988 <div class="paragraph">
 989 <p>Sometimes you are only interested in parts of the history, for example the
 990 commits modifying a particular &lt;path&gt;. But there are two parts of
 991 <em>History Simplification</em>, one part is selecting the commits and the other
 992 is how to do it, as there are various strategies to simplify the history.</p>
 993 </div>
 994 <div class="paragraph">
 995 <p>The following options select the commits to be shown:</p>
 996 </div>
 997 <div class="dlist">
 998 <dl>
 999 <dt class="hdlist1">&lt;paths&gt;</dt>
1000 <dd>
1001 <p>Commits modifying the given &lt;paths&gt; are selected.</p>
1002 </dd>
1003 <dt class="hdlist1">--simplify-by-decoration</dt>
1004 <dd>
1005 <p>Commits that are referred by some branch or tag are selected.</p>
1006 </dd>
1007 </dl>
1008 </div>
1009 <div class="paragraph">
1010 <p>Note that extra commits can be shown to give a meaningful history.</p>
1011 </div>
1012 <div class="paragraph">
1013 <p>The following options affect the way the simplification is performed:</p>
1014 </div>
1015 <div class="dlist">
1016 <dl>
1017 <dt class="hdlist1">Default mode</dt>
1018 <dd>
1019 <p>Simplifies the history to the simplest history explaining the
1020 final state of the tree. Simplest because it prunes some side
1021 branches if the end result is the same (i.e. merging branches
1022 with the same content)</p>
1023 </dd>
1024 <dt class="hdlist1">--show-pulls</dt>
1025 <dd>
1026 <p>Include all commits from the default mode, but also any merge
1027 commits that are not TREESAME to the first parent but are
1028 TREESAME to a later parent. This mode is helpful for showing
1029 the merge commits that "first introduced" a change to a branch.</p>
1030 </dd>
1031 <dt class="hdlist1">--full-history</dt>
1032 <dd>
1033 <p>Same as the default mode, but does not prune some history.</p>
1034 </dd>
1035 <dt class="hdlist1">--dense</dt>
1036 <dd>
1037 <p>Only the selected commits are shown, plus some to have a
1038 meaningful history.</p>
1039 </dd>
1040 <dt class="hdlist1">--sparse</dt>
1041 <dd>
1042 <p>All commits in the simplified history are shown.</p>
1043 </dd>
1044 <dt class="hdlist1">--simplify-merges</dt>
1045 <dd>
1046 <p>Additional option to <code>--full-history</code> to remove some needless
1047 merges from the resulting history, as there are no selected
1048 commits contributing to this merge.</p>
1049 </dd>
1050 <dt class="hdlist1">--ancestry-path[=&lt;commit&gt;]</dt>
1051 <dd>
1052 <p>When given a range of commits to display (e.g. <em>commit1..commit2</em>
1053 or <em>commit2 ^commit1</em>), only display commits in that range
1054 that are ancestors of &lt;commit&gt;, descendants of &lt;commit&gt;, or
1055 &lt;commit&gt; itself.  If no commit is specified, use <em>commit1</em> (the
1056 excluded part of the range) as &lt;commit&gt;.  Can be passed multiple
1057 times; if so, a commit is included if it is any of the commits
1058 given or if it is an ancestor or descendant of one of them.</p>
1059 </dd>
1060 </dl>
1061 </div>
1062 <div class="paragraph">
1063 <p>A more detailed explanation follows.</p>
1064 </div>
1065 <div class="paragraph">
1066 <p>Suppose you specified <code>foo</code> as the &lt;paths&gt;.  We shall call commits
1067 that modify <code>foo</code> !TREESAME, and the rest TREESAME.  (In a diff
1068 filtered for <code>foo</code>, they look different and equal, respectively.)</p>
1069 </div>
1070 <div class="paragraph">
1071 <p>In the following, we will always refer to the same example history to
1072 illustrate the differences between simplification settings.  We assume
1073 that you are filtering for a file <code>foo</code> in this commit graph:</p>
1074 </div>
1075 <div class="listingblock">
1076 <div class="content">
1077 <pre>          .-A---M---N---O---P---Q
1078          /     /   /   /   /   /
1079         I     B   C   D   E   Y
1080          \   /   /   /   /   /
1081           `-------------'   X</pre>
1082 </div>
1083 </div>
1084 <div class="paragraph">
1085 <p>The horizontal line of history A---Q is taken to be the first parent of
1086 each merge.  The commits are:</p>
1087 </div>
1088 <div class="ulist">
1089 <ul>
1090 <li>
1091 <p><code>I</code> is the initial commit, in which <code>foo</code> exists with contents
1092 &#8220;asdf&#8221;, and a file <code>quux</code> exists with contents &#8220;quux&#8221;. Initial
1093 commits are compared to an empty tree, so <code>I</code> is !TREESAME.</p>
1094 </li>
1095 <li>
1096 <p>In <code>A</code>, <code>foo</code> contains just &#8220;foo&#8221;.</p>
1097 </li>
1098 <li>
1099 <p><code>B</code> contains the same change as <code>A</code>.  Its merge <code>M</code> is trivial and
1100 hence TREESAME to all parents.</p>
1101 </li>
1102 <li>
1103 <p><code>C</code> does not change <code>foo</code>, but its merge <code>N</code> changes it to &#8220;foobar&#8221;,
1104 so it is not TREESAME to any parent.</p>
1105 </li>
1106 <li>
1107 <p><code>D</code> sets <code>foo</code> to &#8220;baz&#8221;. Its merge <code>O</code> combines the strings from
1108 <code>N</code> and <code>D</code> to &#8220;foobarbaz&#8221;; i.e., it is not TREESAME to any parent.</p>
1109 </li>
1110 <li>
1111 <p><code>E</code> changes <code>quux</code> to &#8220;xyzzy&#8221;, and its merge <code>P</code> combines the
1112 strings to &#8220;quux xyzzy&#8221;. <code>P</code> is TREESAME to <code>O</code>, but not to <code>E</code>.</p>
1113 </li>
1114 <li>
1115 <p><code>X</code> is an independent root commit that added a new file <code>side</code>, and <code>Y</code>
1116 modified it. <code>Y</code> is TREESAME to <code>X</code>. Its merge <code>Q</code> added <code>side</code> to <code>P</code>, and
1117 <code>Q</code> is TREESAME to <code>P</code>, but not to <code>Y</code>.</p>
1118 </li>
1119 </ul>
1120 </div>
1121 <div class="paragraph">
1122 <p><code>rev-list</code> walks backwards through history, including or excluding
1123 commits based on whether <code>--full-history</code> and/or parent rewriting
1124 (via <code>--parents</code> or <code>--children</code>) are used. The following settings
1125 are available.</p>
1126 </div>
1127 <div class="dlist">
1128 <dl>
1129 <dt class="hdlist1">Default mode</dt>
1130 <dd>
1131 <p>Commits are included if they are not TREESAME to any parent
1132 (though this can be changed, see <code>--sparse</code> below).  If the
1133 commit was a merge, and it was TREESAME to one parent, follow
1134 only that parent.  (Even if there are several TREESAME
1135 parents, follow only one of them.)  Otherwise, follow all
1136 parents.</p>
1137 <div class="paragraph">
1138 <p>This results in:</p>
1139 </div>
1140 <div class="listingblock">
1141 <div class="content">
1142 <pre>          .-A---N---O
1143          /     /   /
1144         I---------D</pre>
1145 </div>
1146 </div>
1147 <div class="paragraph">
1148 <p>Note how the rule to only follow the TREESAME parent, if one is
1149 available, removed <code>B</code> from consideration entirely.  <code>C</code> was
1150 considered via <code>N</code>, but is TREESAME.  Root commits are compared to an
1151 empty tree, so <code>I</code> is !TREESAME.</p>
1152 </div>
1153 <div class="paragraph">
1154 <p>Parent/child relations are only visible with <code>--parents</code>, but that does
1155 not affect the commits selected in default mode, so we have shown the
1156 parent lines.</p>
1157 </div>
1158 </dd>
1159 <dt class="hdlist1">--full-history without parent rewriting</dt>
1160 <dd>
1161 <p>This mode differs from the default in one point: always follow
1162 all parents of a merge, even if it is TREESAME to one of them.
1163 Even if more than one side of the merge has commits that are
1164 included, this does not imply that the merge itself is!  In
1165 the example, we get</p>
1166 <div class="listingblock">
1167 <div class="content">
1168 <pre>        I  A  B  N  D  O  P  Q</pre>
1169 </div>
1170 </div>
1171 <div class="paragraph">
1172 <p><code>M</code> was excluded because it is TREESAME to both parents.  <code>E</code>,
1173 <code>C</code> and <code>B</code> were all walked, but only <code>B</code> was !TREESAME, so the others
1174 do not appear.</p>
1175 </div>
1176 <div class="paragraph">
1177 <p>Note that without parent rewriting, it is not really possible to talk
1178 about the parent/child relationships between the commits, so we show
1179 them disconnected.</p>
1180 </div>
1181 </dd>
1182 <dt class="hdlist1">--full-history with parent rewriting</dt>
1183 <dd>
1184 <p>Ordinary commits are only included if they are !TREESAME
1185 (though this can be changed, see <code>--sparse</code> below).</p>
1186 <div class="paragraph">
1187 <p>Merges are always included.  However, their parent list is rewritten:
1188 Along each parent, prune away commits that are not included
1189 themselves.  This results in</p>
1190 </div>
1191 <div class="listingblock">
1192 <div class="content">
1193 <pre>          .-A---M---N---O---P---Q
1194          /     /   /   /   /
1195         I     B   /   D   /
1196          \   /   /   /   /
1197           `-------------'</pre>
1198 </div>
1199 </div>
1200 <div class="paragraph">
1201 <p>Compare to <code>--full-history</code> without rewriting above.  Note that <code>E</code>
1202 was pruned away because it is TREESAME, but the parent list of P was
1203 rewritten to contain <code>E</code>'s parent <code>I</code>.  The same happened for <code>C</code> and
1204 <code>N</code>, and <code>X</code>, <code>Y</code> and <code>Q</code>.</p>
1205 </div>
1206 </dd>
1207 </dl>
1208 </div>
1209 <div class="paragraph">
1210 <p>In addition to the above settings, you can change whether TREESAME
1211 affects inclusion:</p>
1212 </div>
1213 <div class="dlist">
1214 <dl>
1215 <dt class="hdlist1">--dense</dt>
1216 <dd>
1217 <p>Commits that are walked are included if they are not TREESAME
1218 to any parent.</p>
1219 </dd>
1220 <dt class="hdlist1">--sparse</dt>
1221 <dd>
1222 <p>All commits that are walked are included.</p>
1223 <div class="paragraph">
1224 <p>Note that without <code>--full-history</code>, this still simplifies merges: if
1225 one of the parents is TREESAME, we follow only that one, so the other
1226 sides of the merge are never walked.</p>
1227 </div>
1228 </dd>
1229 <dt class="hdlist1">--simplify-merges</dt>
1230 <dd>
1231 <p>First, build a history graph in the same way that
1232 <code>--full-history</code> with parent rewriting does (see above).</p>
1233 <div class="paragraph">
1234 <p>Then simplify each commit <code>C</code> to its replacement <code>C</code>' in the final
1235 history according to the following rules:</p>
1236 </div>
1237 <div class="openblock">
1238 <div class="content">
1239 <div class="ulist">
1240 <ul>
1241 <li>
1242 <p>Set <code>C</code>' to <code>C</code>.</p>
1243 </li>
1244 <li>
1245 <p>Replace each parent <code>P</code> of <code>C</code>' with its simplification <code>P</code>'.  In
1246 the process, drop parents that are ancestors of other parents or that are
1247 root commits TREESAME to an empty tree, and remove duplicates, but take care
1248 to never drop all parents that we are TREESAME to.</p>
1249 </li>
1250 <li>
1251 <p>If after this parent rewriting, <code>C</code>' is a root or merge commit (has
1252 zero or &gt;1 parents), a boundary commit, or !TREESAME, it remains.
1253 Otherwise, it is replaced with its only parent.</p>
1254 </li>
1255 </ul>
1256 </div>
1257 </div>
1258 </div>
1259 <div class="paragraph">
1260 <p>The effect of this is best shown by way of comparing to
1261 <code>--full-history</code> with parent rewriting.  The example turns into:</p>
1262 </div>
1263 <div class="listingblock">
1264 <div class="content">
1265 <pre>          .-A---M---N---O
1266          /     /       /
1267         I     B       D
1268          \   /       /
1269           `---------'</pre>
1270 </div>
1271 </div>
1272 <div class="paragraph">
1273 <p>Note the major differences in <code>N</code>, <code>P</code>, and <code>Q</code> over <code>--full-history</code>:</p>
1274 </div>
1275 <div class="openblock">
1276 <div class="content">
1277 <div class="ulist">
1278 <ul>
1279 <li>
1280 <p><code>N</code>'s parent list had <code>I</code> removed, because it is an ancestor of the
1281 other parent <code>M</code>.  Still, <code>N</code> remained because it is !TREESAME.</p>
1282 </li>
1283 <li>
1284 <p><code>P</code>'s parent list similarly had <code>I</code> removed.  <code>P</code> was then
1285 removed completely, because it had one parent and is TREESAME.</p>
1286 </li>
1287 <li>
1288 <p><code>Q</code>'s parent list had <code>Y</code> simplified to <code>X</code>. <code>X</code> was then removed, because it
1289 was a TREESAME root. <code>Q</code> was then removed completely, because it had one
1290 parent and is TREESAME.</p>
1291 </li>
1292 </ul>
1293 </div>
1294 </div>
1295 </div>
1296 </dd>
1297 </dl>
1298 </div>
1299 <div class="paragraph">
1300 <p>There is another simplification mode available:</p>
1301 </div>
1302 <div class="dlist">
1303 <dl>
1304 <dt class="hdlist1">--ancestry-path[=&lt;commit&gt;]</dt>
1305 <dd>
1306 <p>Limit the displayed commits to those which are an ancestor of
1307 &lt;commit&gt;, or which are a descendant of &lt;commit&gt;, or are &lt;commit&gt;
1308 itself.</p>
1309 <div class="paragraph">
1310 <p>As an example use case, consider the following commit history:</p>
1311 </div>
1312 <div class="listingblock">
1313 <div class="content">
1314 <pre>            D---E-------F
1315            /     \       \
1316           B---C---G---H---I---J
1317          /                     \
1318         A-------K---------------L--M</pre>
1319 </div>
1320 </div>
1321 <div class="paragraph">
1322 <p>A regular <em>D..M</em> computes the set of commits that are ancestors of <code>M</code>,
1323 but excludes the ones that are ancestors of <code>D</code>. This is useful to see
1324 what happened to the history leading to <code>M</code> since <code>D</code>, in the sense
1325 that &#8220;what does <code>M</code> have that did not exist in <code>D</code>&#8221;. The result in this
1326 example would be all the commits, except <code>A</code> and <code>B</code> (and <code>D</code> itself,
1327 of course).</p>
1328 </div>
1329 <div class="paragraph">
1330 <p>When we want to find out what commits in <code>M</code> are contaminated with the
1331 bug introduced by <code>D</code> and need fixing, however, we might want to view
1332 only the subset of <em>D..M</em> that are actually descendants of <code>D</code>, i.e.
1333 excluding <code>C</code> and <code>K</code>. This is exactly what the <code>--ancestry-path</code>
1334 option does. Applied to the <em>D..M</em> range, it results in:</p>
1335 </div>
1336 <div class="listingblock">
1337 <div class="content">
1338 <pre>                E-------F
1339                  \       \
1340                   G---H---I---J
1341                                \
1342                                 L--M</pre>
1343 </div>
1344 </div>
1345 <div class="paragraph">
1346 <p>We can also use <code>--ancestry-path=D</code> instead of <code>--ancestry-path</code> which
1347 means the same thing when applied to the <em>D..M</em> range but is just more
1348 explicit.</p>
1349 </div>
1350 <div class="paragraph">
1351 <p>If we instead are interested in a given topic within this range, and all
1352 commits affected by that topic, we may only want to view the subset of
1353 <code>D</code><code>..</code><code>M</code> which contain that topic in their ancestry path.  So, using
1354 <code>--ancestry-path=H</code> <code>D</code><code>..</code><code>M</code> for example would result in:</p>
1355 </div>
1356 <div class="listingblock">
1357 <div class="content">
1358 <pre>                E
1359                  \
1360                   G---H---I---J
1361                                \
1362                                 L--M</pre>
1363 </div>
1364 </div>
1365 <div class="paragraph">
1366 <p>Whereas <code>--ancestry-path=K</code> <code>D</code><code>..</code><code>M</code> would result in</p>
1367 </div>
1368 <div class="listingblock">
1369 <div class="content">
1370 <pre>                K---------------L--M</pre>
1371 </div>
1372 </div>
1373 </dd>
1374 </dl>
1375 </div>
1376 <div class="paragraph">
1377 <p>Before discussing another option, <code>--show-pulls</code>, we need to
1378 create a new example history.</p>
1379 </div>
1380 <div class="paragraph">
1381 <p>A common problem users face when looking at simplified history is that a
1382 commit they know changed a file somehow does not appear in the file&#8217;s
1383 simplified history. Let&#8217;s demonstrate a new example and show how options
1384 such as <code>--full-history</code> and <code>--simplify-merges</code> works in that case:</p>
1385 </div>
1386 <div class="listingblock">
1387 <div class="content">
1388 <pre>          .-A---M-----C--N---O---P
1389          /     / \  \  \/   /   /
1390         I     B   \  R-'`-Z'   /
1391          \   /     \/         /
1392           \ /      /\        /
1393            `---X--'  `---Y--'</pre>
1394 </div>
1395 </div>
1396 <div class="paragraph">
1397 <p>For this example, suppose <code>I</code> created <code>file.txt</code> which was modified by
1398 <code>A</code>, <code>B</code>, and <code>X</code> in different ways. The single-parent commits <code>C</code>, <code>Z</code>,
1399 and <code>Y</code> do not change <code>file.txt</code>. The merge commit <code>M</code> was created by
1400 resolving the merge conflict to include both changes from <code>A</code> and <code>B</code>
1401 and hence is not TREESAME to either. The merge commit <code>R</code>, however, was
1402 created by ignoring the contents of <code>file.txt</code> at <code>M</code> and taking only
1403 the contents of <code>file.txt</code> at <code>X</code>. Hence, <code>R</code> is TREESAME to <code>X</code> but not
1404 <code>M</code>. Finally, the natural merge resolution to create <code>N</code> is to take the
1405 contents of <code>file.txt</code> at <code>R</code>, so <code>N</code> is TREESAME to <code>R</code> but not <code>C</code>.
1406 The merge commits <code>O</code> and <code>P</code> are TREESAME to their first parents, but
1407 not to their second parents, <code>Z</code> and <code>Y</code> respectively.</p>
1408 </div>
1409 <div class="paragraph">
1410 <p>When using the default mode, <code>N</code> and <code>R</code> both have a TREESAME parent, so
1411 those edges are walked and the others are ignored. The resulting history
1412 graph is:</p>
1413 </div>
1414 <div class="listingblock">
1415 <div class="content">
1416 <pre>        I---X</pre>
1417 </div>
1418 </div>
1419 <div class="paragraph">
1420 <p>When using <code>--full-history</code>, Git walks every edge. This will discover
1421 the commits <code>A</code> and <code>B</code> and the merge <code>M</code>, but also will reveal the
1422 merge commits <code>O</code> and <code>P</code>. With parent rewriting, the resulting graph is:</p>
1423 </div>
1424 <div class="listingblock">
1425 <div class="content">
1426 <pre>          .-A---M--------N---O---P
1427          /     / \  \  \/   /   /
1428         I     B   \  R-'`--'   /
1429          \   /     \/         /
1430           \ /      /\        /
1431            `---X--'  `------'</pre>
1432 </div>
1433 </div>
1434 <div class="paragraph">
1435 <p>Here, the merge commits <code>O</code> and <code>P</code> contribute extra noise, as they did
1436 not actually contribute a change to <code>file.txt</code>. They only merged a topic
1437 that was based on an older version of <code>file.txt</code>. This is a common
1438 issue in repositories using a workflow where many contributors work in
1439 parallel and merge their topic branches along a single trunk: many
1440 unrelated merges appear in the <code>--full-history</code> results.</p>
1441 </div>
1442 <div class="paragraph">
1443 <p>When using the <code>--simplify-merges</code> option, the commits <code>O</code> and <code>P</code>
1444 disappear from the results. This is because the rewritten second parents
1445 of <code>O</code> and <code>P</code> are reachable from their first parents. Those edges are
1446 removed and then the commits look like single-parent commits that are
1447 TREESAME to their parent. This also happens to the commit <code>N</code>, resulting
1448 in a history view as follows:</p>
1449 </div>
1450 <div class="listingblock">
1451 <div class="content">
1452 <pre>          .-A---M--.
1453          /     /    \
1454         I     B      R
1455          \   /      /
1456           \ /      /
1457            `---X--'</pre>
1458 </div>
1459 </div>
1460 <div class="paragraph">
1461 <p>In this view, we see all of the important single-parent changes from
1462 <code>A</code>, <code>B</code>, and <code>X</code>. We also see the carefully-resolved merge <code>M</code> and the
1463 not-so-carefully-resolved merge <code>R</code>. This is usually enough information
1464 to determine why the commits <code>A</code> and <code>B</code> "disappeared" from history in
1465 the default view. However, there are a few issues with this approach.</p>
1466 </div>
1467 <div class="paragraph">
1468 <p>The first issue is performance. Unlike any previous option, the
1469 <code>--simplify-merges</code> option requires walking the entire commit history
1470 before returning a single result. This can make the option difficult to
1471 use for very large repositories.</p>
1472 </div>
1473 <div class="paragraph">
1474 <p>The second issue is one of auditing. When many contributors are working
1475 on the same repository, it is important which merge commits introduced
1476 a change into an important branch. The problematic merge <code>R</code> above is
1477 not likely to be the merge commit that was used to merge into an
1478 important branch. Instead, the merge <code>N</code> was used to merge <code>R</code> and <code>X</code>
1479 into the important branch. This commit may have information about why
1480 the change <code>X</code> came to override the changes from <code>A</code> and <code>B</code> in its
1481 commit message.</p>
1482 </div>
1483 <div class="dlist">
1484 <dl>
1485 <dt class="hdlist1">--show-pulls</dt>
1486 <dd>
1487 <p>In addition to the commits shown in the default history, show
1488 each merge commit that is not TREESAME to its first parent but
1489 is TREESAME to a later parent.</p>
1490 <div class="paragraph">
1491 <p>When a merge commit is included by <code>--show-pulls</code>, the merge is
1492 treated as if it "pulled" the change from another branch. When using
1493 <code>--show-pulls</code> on this example (and no other options) the resulting
1494 graph is:</p>
1495 </div>
1496 <div class="listingblock">
1497 <div class="content">
1498 <pre>        I---X---R---N</pre>
1499 </div>
1500 </div>
1501 <div class="paragraph">
1502 <p>Here, the merge commits <code>R</code> and <code>N</code> are included because they pulled
1503 the commits <code>X</code> and <code>R</code> into the base branch, respectively. These
1504 merges are the reason the commits <code>A</code> and <code>B</code> do not appear in the
1505 default history.</p>
1506 </div>
1507 <div class="paragraph">
1508 <p>When <code>--show-pulls</code> is paired with <code>--simplify-merges</code>, the
1509 graph includes all of the necessary information:</p>
1510 </div>
1511 <div class="listingblock">
1512 <div class="content">
1513 <pre>          .-A---M--.   N
1514          /     /    \ /
1515         I     B      R
1516          \   /      /
1517           \ /      /
1518            `---X--'</pre>
1519 </div>
1520 </div>
1521 <div class="paragraph">
1522 <p>Notice that since <code>M</code> is reachable from <code>R</code>, the edge from <code>N</code> to <code>M</code>
1523 was simplified away. However, <code>N</code> still appears in the history as an
1524 important commit because it "pulled" the change <code>R</code> into the main
1525 branch.</p>
1526 </div>
1527 </dd>
1528 </dl>
1529 </div>
1530 <div class="paragraph">
1531 <p>The <code>--simplify-by-decoration</code> option allows you to view only the
1532 big picture of the topology of the history, by omitting commits
1533 that are not referenced by tags.  Commits are marked as !TREESAME
1534 (in other words, kept after history simplification rules described
1535 above) if (1) they are referenced by tags, or (2) they change the
1536 contents of the paths given on the command line.  All other
1537 commits are marked as TREESAME (subject to be simplified away).</p>
1538 </div>
1539 </div>
1540 </div>
1541 </div>
1542 <div class="sect1">
1543 <h2 id="_mapping_authors">MAPPING AUTHORS</h2>
1544 <div class="sectionbody">
1545 <div class="paragraph">
1546 <p>See <a href="gitmailmap.html">gitmailmap(5)</a>.</p>
1547 </div>
1548 <div class="paragraph">
1549 <p>Note that if <code>git</code> <code>shortlog</code> is run outside of a repository (to process
1550 log contents on standard input), it will look for a .<code>mailmap</code> file in
1551 the current directory.</p>
1552 </div>
1553 </div>
1554 </div>
1555 <div class="sect1">
1556 <h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
1557 <div class="sectionbody">
1558 <div class="paragraph">
1559 <p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p>
1560 </div>
1561 </div>
1562 </div>
1563 </div>
1564 <div id="footer">
1565 <div id="footer-text">
1566 Last updated 2022-11-04 21:49:36 -0700
1567 </div>
1568 </div>
1569 </body>
1570 </html>