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 441 <body class="manpage">
 442 <div id="header">
 443 <h1>gitcli(7) Manual Page</h1>
 444 <h2 id="_name">NAME</h2>
 445 <div class="sectionbody">
 446 <p>gitcli - Git command-line interface and conventions</p>
 447 </div>
 448 </div>
 449 <div id="content">
 450 <div class="sect1">
 451 <h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
 452 <div class="sectionbody">
 453 <div class="paragraph">
 454 <p>gitcli</p>
 455 </div>
 456 </div>
 457 </div>
 458 <div class="sect1">
 459 <h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
 460 <div class="sectionbody">
 461 <div class="paragraph">
 462 <p>This manual describes the convention used throughout Git CLI.</p>
 463 </div>
 464 <div class="paragraph">
 465 <p>Many commands take revisions (most often "commits", but sometimes
 466 "tree-ish", depending on the context and command) and paths as their
 467 arguments.  Here are the rules:</p>
 468 </div>
 469 <div class="ulist">
 470 <ul>
 471 <li>
 472 <p>Options come first and then args.
 473 A subcommand may take dashed options (which may take their own
 474 arguments, e.g. "--max-parents 2") and arguments.  You SHOULD
 475 give dashed options first and then arguments.  Some commands may
 476 accept dashed options after you have already given non-option
 477 arguments (which may make the command ambiguous), but you should
 478 not rely on it (because eventually we may find a way to fix
 479 these ambiguities by enforcing the "options then args" rule).</p>
 480 </li>
 481 <li>
 482 <p>Revisions come first and then paths.
 483 E.g. in <code>git</code> <code>diff</code> <code>v1.0</code> <code>v2.0</code> <code>arch/x86</code> <code>include/asm-x86</code>,
 484 <code>v1.0</code> and <code>v2.0</code> are revisions and <code>arch/x86</code> and <code>include/asm-x86</code>
 485 are paths.</p>
 486 </li>
 487 <li>
 488 <p>When an argument can be misunderstood as either a revision or a path,
 489 they can be disambiguated by placing <code>--</code> between them.
 490 E.g. <code>git</code> <code>diff</code> <code>--</code> <code>HEAD</code> is, "I have a file called HEAD in my work
 491 tree.  Please show changes between the version I staged in the index
 492 and what I have in the work tree for that file", not "show the difference
 493 between the HEAD commit and the work tree as a whole".  You can say
 494 <code>git</code> <code>diff</code> <code>HEAD</code> <code>--</code> to ask for the latter.</p>
 495 </li>
 496 <li>
 497 <p>Without disambiguating <code>--</code>, Git makes a reasonable guess, but errors
 498 out and asks you to disambiguate when ambiguous.  E.g. if you have a
 499 file called HEAD in your work tree, <code>git</code> <code>diff</code> <code>HEAD</code> is ambiguous, and
 500 you have to say either <code>git</code> <code>diff</code> <code>HEAD</code> <code>--</code> or <code>git</code> <code>diff</code> <code>--</code> <code>HEAD</code> to
 501 disambiguate.</p>
 502 </li>
 503 <li>
 504 <p>Because <code>--</code> disambiguates revisions and paths in some commands, it
 505 cannot be used for those commands to separate options and revisions.
 506 You can use <code>--end-of-options</code> for this (it also works for commands
 507 that do not distinguish between revisions in paths, in which case it
 508 is simply an alias for <code>--</code>).</p>
 509 <div class="paragraph">
 510 <p>When writing a script that is expected to handle random user-input, it is
 511 a good practice to make it explicit which arguments are which by placing
 512 disambiguating <code>--</code> at appropriate places.</p>
 513 </div>
 514 </li>
 515 <li>
 516 <p>Many commands allow wildcards in paths, but you need to protect
 517 them from getting globbed by the shell.  These two mean different
 518 things:</p>
 519 <div class="listingblock">
 520 <div class="content">
 521 <pre>$ git restore *.c
 522 $ git restore \*.c</pre>
 523 </div>
 524 </div>
 525 <div class="paragraph">
 526 <p>The former lets your shell expand the fileglob, and you are asking
 527 the dot-C files in your working tree to be overwritten with the version
 528 in the index.  The latter passes the *.<code>c</code> to Git, and you are asking
 529 the paths in the index that match the pattern to be checked out to your
 530 working tree.  After running <code>git</code> <code>add</code> <code>hello.c</code>; <code>rm</code> <code>hello.c</code>, you will <em>not</em>
 531 see <code>hello.c</code> in your working tree with the former, but with the latter
 532 you will.</p>
 533 </div>
 534 </li>
 535 <li>
 536 <p>Just as the filesystem <em>.</em> (period) refers to the current directory,
 537 using a <em>.</em> as a repository name in Git (a dot-repository) is a relative
 538 path and means your current repository.</p>
 539 </li>
 540 </ul>
 541 </div>
 542 <div class="paragraph">
 543 <p>Here are the rules regarding the "flags" that you should follow when you are
 544 scripting Git:</p>
 545 </div>
 546 <div class="ulist">
 547 <ul>
 548 <li>
 549 <p>Splitting short options to separate words (prefer <code>git</code> <code>foo</code> <code>-a</code> <code>-b</code>
 550 to <code>git</code> <code>foo</code> <code>-ab</code>, the latter may not even work).</p>
 551 </li>
 552 <li>
 553 <p>When a command-line option takes an argument, use the <em>stuck</em> form.  In
 554 other words, write <code>git</code> <code>foo</code> <code>-oArg</code> instead of <code>git</code> <code>foo</code> <code>-o</code> <code>Arg</code> for short
 555 options, and <code>git</code> <code>foo</code> <code>--long-opt=Arg</code> instead of <code>git</code> <code>foo</code> <code>--long-opt</code> <code>Arg</code>
 556 for long options.  An option that takes optional option-argument must be
 557 written in the <em>stuck</em> form.</p>
 558 </li>
 559 <li>
 560 <p>When you give a revision parameter to a command, make sure the parameter is
 561 not ambiguous with a name of a file in the work tree.  E.g. do not write
 562 <code>git</code> <code>log</code> <code>-1</code> <code>HEAD</code> but write <code>git</code> <code>log</code> <code>-1</code> <code>HEAD</code> <code>--</code>; the former will not work
 563 if you happen to have a file called <code>HEAD</code> in the work tree.</p>
 564 </li>
 565 <li>
 566 <p>Many commands allow a long option <code>--option</code> to be abbreviated
 567 only to their unique prefix (e.g. if there is no other option
 568 whose name begins with <code>opt</code>, you may be able to spell <code>--opt</code> to
 569 invoke the <code>--option</code> flag), but you should fully spell them out
 570 when writing your scripts; later versions of Git may introduce a
 571 new option whose name shares the same prefix, e.g. <code>--optimize</code>,
 572 to make a short prefix that used to be unique no longer unique.</p>
 573 </li>
 574 </ul>
 575 </div>
 576 </div>
 577 </div>
 578 <div class="sect1">
 579 <h2 id="_enhanced_option_parser">ENHANCED OPTION PARSER</h2>
 580 <div class="sectionbody">
 581 <div class="paragraph">
 582 <p>From the Git 1.5.4 series and further, many Git commands (not all of them at the
 583 time of the writing though) come with an enhanced option parser.</p>
 584 </div>
 585 <div class="paragraph">
 586 <p>Here is a list of the facilities provided by this option parser.</p>
 587 </div>
 588 <div class="sect2">
 589 <h3 id="_magic_options">Magic Options</h3>
 590 <div class="paragraph">
 591 <p>Commands which have the enhanced option parser activated all understand a
 592 couple of magic command-line options:</p>
 593 </div>
 594 <div class="dlist">
 595 <dl>
 596 <dt class="hdlist1">-h</dt>
 597 <dd>
 598 <p>gives a pretty printed usage of the command.</p>
 599 <div class="listingblock">
 600 <div class="content">
 601 <pre>$ git describe -h
 602 usage: git describe [&lt;options&gt;] &lt;commit-ish&gt;*
 603    or: git describe [&lt;options&gt;] --dirty
 604
 605     --contains            find the tag that comes after the commit
 606     --debug               debug search strategy on stderr
 607     --all                 use any ref
 608     --tags                use any tag, even unannotated
 609     --long                always use long format
 610     --abbrev[=&lt;n&gt;]        use &lt;n&gt; digits to display SHA-1s</pre>
 611 </div>
 612 </div>
 613 <div class="paragraph">
 614 <p>Note that some subcommand (e.g. <code>git</code> <code>grep</code>) may behave differently
 615 when there are things on the command line other than <code>-h</code>, but <code>git</code>
 616 <code>subcmd</code> <code>-h</code> without anything else on the command line is meant to
 617 consistently give the usage.</p>
 618 </div>
 619 </dd>
 620 <dt class="hdlist1">--help-all</dt>
 621 <dd>
 622 <p>Some Git commands take options that are only used for plumbing or that
 623 are deprecated, and such options are hidden from the default usage. This
 624 option gives the full list of options.</p>
 625 </dd>
 626 </dl>
 627 </div>
 628 </div>
 629 <div class="sect2">
 630 <h3 id="_negating_options">Negating options</h3>
 631 <div class="paragraph">
 632 <p>Options with long option names can be negated by prefixing <code>--no-</code>. For
 633 example, <code>git</code> <code>branch</code> has the option <code>--track</code> which is <em>on</em> by default. You
 634 can use <code>--no-track</code> to override that behaviour. The same goes for <code>--color</code>
 635 and <code>--no-color</code>.</p>
 636 </div>
 637 </div>
 638 <div class="sect2">
 639 <h3 id="_aggregating_short_options">Aggregating short options</h3>
 640 <div class="paragraph">
 641 <p>Commands that support the enhanced option parser allow you to aggregate short
 642 options. This means that you can for example use <code>git</code> <code>rm</code> <code>-rf</code> or
 643 <code>git</code> <code>clean</code> <code>-fdx</code>.</p>
 644 </div>
 645 </div>
 646 <div class="sect2">
 647 <h3 id="_abbreviating_long_options">Abbreviating long options</h3>
 648 <div class="paragraph">
 649 <p>Commands that support the enhanced option parser accepts unique
 650 prefix of a long option as if it is fully spelled out, but use this
 651 with a caution.  For example, <code>git</code> <code>commit</code> <code>--amen</code> behaves as if you
 652 typed <code>git</code> <code>commit</code> <code>--amend</code>, but that is true only until a later version
 653 of Git introduces another option that shares the same prefix,
 654 e.g. <code>git</code> <code>commit</code> <code>--amenity</code> option.</p>
 655 </div>
 656 </div>
 657 <div class="sect2">
 658 <h3 id="_separating_argument_from_the_option">Separating argument from the option</h3>
 659 <div class="paragraph">
 660 <p>You can write the mandatory option parameter to an option as a separate
 661 word on the command line.  That means that all the following uses work:</p>
 662 </div>
 663 <div class="listingblock">
 664 <div class="content">
 665 <pre>$ git foo --long-opt=Arg
 666 $ git foo --long-opt Arg
 667 $ git foo -oArg
 668 $ git foo -o Arg</pre>
 669 </div>
 670 </div>
 671 <div class="paragraph">
 672 <p>However, this is <strong>NOT</strong> allowed for switches with an optional value, where the
 673 <em>stuck</em> form must be used:</p>
 674 </div>
 675 <div class="listingblock">
 676 <div class="content">
 677 <pre>$ git describe --abbrev HEAD     # correct
 678 $ git describe --abbrev=10 HEAD  # correct
 679 $ git describe --abbrev 10 HEAD  # NOT WHAT YOU MEANT</pre>
 680 </div>
 681 </div>
 682 </div>
 683 </div>
 684 </div>
 685 <div class="sect1">
 686 <h2 id="_notes_on_frequently_confused_options">NOTES ON FREQUENTLY CONFUSED OPTIONS</h2>
 687 <div class="sectionbody">
 688 <div class="paragraph">
 689 <p>Many commands that can work on files in the working tree
 690 and/or in the index can take <code>--cached</code> and/or <code>--index</code>
 691 options.  Sometimes people incorrectly think that, because
 692 the index was originally called cache, these two are
 693 synonyms.  They are <strong>not</strong>&#8201;&#8212;&#8201;these two options mean very
 694 different things.</p>
 695 </div>
 696 <div class="ulist">
 697 <ul>
 698 <li>
 699 <p>The <code>--cached</code> option is used to ask a command that
 700 usually works on files in the working tree to <strong>only</strong> work
 701 with the index.  For example, <code>git</code> <code>grep</code>, when used
 702 without a commit to specify from which commit to look for
 703 strings in, usually works on files in the working tree,
 704 but with the <code>--cached</code> option, it looks for strings in
 705 the index.</p>
 706 </li>
 707 <li>
 708 <p>The <code>--index</code> option is used to ask a command that
 709 usually works on files in the working tree to <strong>also</strong>
 710 affect the index.  For example, <code>git</code> <code>stash</code> <code>apply</code> usually
 711 merges changes recorded in a stash entry to the working tree,
 712 but with the <code>--index</code> option, it also merges changes to
 713 the index as well.</p>
 714 </li>
 715 </ul>
 716 </div>
 717 <div class="paragraph">
 718 <p><code>git</code> <code>apply</code> command can be used with <code>--cached</code> and
 719 <code>--index</code> (but not at the same time).  Usually the command
 720 only affects the files in the working tree, but with
 721 <code>--index</code>, it patches both the files and their index
 722 entries, and with <code>--cached</code>, it modifies only the index
 723 entries.</p>
 724 </div>
 725 <div class="paragraph">
 726 <p>See also <a href="https://lore.kernel.org/git/7v64clg5u9.fsf@assigned-by-dhcp.cox.net/" class="bare">https://lore.kernel.org/git/7v64clg5u9.fsf@assigned-by-dhcp.cox.net/</a> and
 727 <a href="https://lore.kernel.org/git/7vy7ej9g38.fsf@gitster.siamese.dyndns.org/" class="bare">https://lore.kernel.org/git/7vy7ej9g38.fsf@gitster.siamese.dyndns.org/</a> for further
 728 information.</p>
 729 </div>
 730 <div class="paragraph">
 731 <p>Some other commands that also work on files in the working tree and/or
 732 in the index can take <code>--staged</code> and/or <code>--worktree</code>.</p>
 733 </div>
 734 <div class="ulist">
 735 <ul>
 736 <li>
 737 <p><code>--staged</code> is exactly like <code>--cached</code>, which is used to ask a
 738 command to only work on the index, not the working tree.</p>
 739 </li>
 740 <li>
 741 <p><code>--worktree</code> is the opposite, to ask a command to work on the
 742 working tree only, not the index.</p>
 743 </li>
 744 <li>
 745 <p>The two options can be specified together to ask a command to work
 746 on both the index and the working tree.</p>
 747 </li>
 748 </ul>
 749 </div>
 750 </div>
 751 </div>
 752 <div class="sect1">
 753 <h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
 754 <div class="sectionbody">
 755 <div class="paragraph">
 756 <p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p>
 757 </div>
 758 </div>
 759 </div>
 760 </div>
 761 <div id="footer">
 762 <div id="footer-text">
 763 Last updated 2024-03-11 15:39:49 -0700
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