gitrevisions.html

   1 <!DOCTYPE html>
   2 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en">
   3 <head>
   4 <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
   5 <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"/>
   6 <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/>
   7 <meta name="generator" content="Asciidoctor 2.0.20"/>
   8 <title>gitrevisions(7)</title>
   9 <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300,300italic,400,400italic,600,600italic%7CNoto+Serif:400,400italic,700,700italic%7CDroid+Sans+Mono:400,700"/>
  10 <style>
  11 /*! Asciidoctor default stylesheet | MIT License | https://asciidoctor.org */
  12 /* Uncomment the following line when using as a custom stylesheet */
  13 /* @import "https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300,300italic,400,400italic,600,600italic%7CNoto+Serif:400,400italic,700,700italic%7CDroid+Sans+Mono:400,700"; */
  14 html{font-family:sans-serif;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%}
  15 a{background:none}
  16 a:focus{outline:thin dotted}
  17 a:active,a:hover{outline:0}
  18 h1{font-size:2em;margin:.67em 0}
  19 b,strong{font-weight:bold}
  20 abbr{font-size:.9em}
  21 abbr[title]{cursor:help;border-bottom:1px dotted #dddddf;text-decoration:none}
  22 dfn{font-style:italic}
  23 hr{height:0}
  24 mark{background:#ff0;color:#000}
  25 code,kbd,pre,samp{font-family:monospace;font-size:1em}
  26 pre{white-space:pre-wrap}
  27 q{quotes:"\201C" "\201D" "\2018" "\2019"}
  28 small{font-size:80%}
  29 sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline}
  30 sup{top:-.5em}
  31 sub{bottom:-.25em}
  32 img{border:0}
  33 svg:not(:root){overflow:hidden}
  34 figure{margin:0}
  35 audio,video{display:inline-block}
  36 audio:not([controls]){display:none;height:0}
  37 fieldset{border:1px solid silver;margin:0 2px;padding:.35em .625em .75em}
  38 legend{border:0;padding:0}
  39 button,input,select,textarea{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;margin:0}
  40 button,input{line-height:normal}
  41 button,select{text-transform:none}
  42 button,html input[type=button],input[type=reset],input[type=submit]{-webkit-appearance:button;cursor:pointer}
  43 button[disabled],html input[disabled]{cursor:default}
  44 input[type=checkbox],input[type=radio]{padding:0}
  45 button::-moz-focus-inner,input::-moz-focus-inner{border:0;padding:0}
  46 textarea{overflow:auto;vertical-align:top}
  47 table{border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0}
  48 *,::before,::after{box-sizing:border-box}
  49 html,body{font-size:100%}
  50 body{background:#fff;color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);padding:0;margin:0;font-family:"Noto Serif","DejaVu Serif",serif;line-height:1;position:relative;cursor:auto;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;word-wrap:anywhere;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}
  51 a:hover{cursor:pointer}
  52 img,object,embed{max-width:100%;height:auto}
  53 object,embed{height:100%}
  54 img{-ms-interpolation-mode:bicubic}
  55 .left{float:left!important}
  56 .right{float:right!important}
  57 .text-left{text-align:left!important}
  58 .text-right{text-align:right!important}
  59 .text-center{text-align:center!important}
  60 .text-justify{text-align:justify!important}
  61 .hide{display:none}
  62 img,object,svg{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle}
  63 textarea{height:auto;min-height:50px}
  64 select{width:100%}
  65 .subheader,.admonitionblock td.content>.title,.audioblock>.title,.exampleblock>.title,.imageblock>.title,.listingblock>.title,.literalblock>.title,.stemblock>.title,.openblock>.title,.paragraph>.title,.quoteblock>.title,table.tableblock>.title,.verseblock>.title,.videoblock>.title,.dlist>.title,.olist>.title,.ulist>.title,.qlist>.title,.hdlist>.title{line-height:1.45;color:#7a2518;font-weight:400;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.25em}
  66 div,dl,dt,dd,ul,ol,li,h1,h2,h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title,h4,h5,h6,pre,form,p,blockquote,th,td{margin:0;padding:0}
  67 a{color:#2156a5;text-decoration:underline;line-height:inherit}
  68 a:hover,a:focus{color:#1d4b8f}
  69 a img{border:0}
  70 p{line-height:1.6;margin-bottom:1.25em;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility}
  71 p aside{font-size:.875em;line-height:1.35;font-style:italic}
  72 h1,h2,h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title,h4,h5,h6{font-family:"Open Sans","DejaVu Sans",sans-serif;font-weight:300;font-style:normal;color:#ba3925;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;margin-top:1em;margin-bottom:.5em;line-height:1.0125em}
  73 h1 small,h2 small,h3 small,#toctitle small,.sidebarblock>.content>.title small,h4 small,h5 small,h6 small{font-size:60%;color:#e99b8f;line-height:0}
  74 h1{font-size:2.125em}
  75 h2{font-size:1.6875em}
  76 h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title{font-size:1.375em}
  77 h4,h5{font-size:1.125em}
  78 h6{font-size:1em}
  79 hr{border:solid #dddddf;border-width:1px 0 0;clear:both;margin:1.25em 0 1.1875em}
  80 em,i{font-style:italic;line-height:inherit}
  81 strong,b{font-weight:bold;line-height:inherit}
  82 small{font-size:60%;line-height:inherit}
  83 code{font-family:"Droid Sans Mono","DejaVu Sans Mono",monospace;font-weight:400;color:rgba(0,0,0,.9)}
  84 ul,ol,dl{line-height:1.6;margin-bottom:1.25em;list-style-position:outside;font-family:inherit}
  85 ul,ol{margin-left:1.5em}
  86 ul li ul,ul li ol{margin-left:1.25em;margin-bottom:0}
  87 ul.circle{list-style-type:circle}
  88 ul.disc{list-style-type:disc}
  89 ul.square{list-style-type:square}
  90 ul.circle ul:not([class]),ul.disc ul:not([class]),ul.square ul:not([class]){list-style:inherit}
  91 ol li ul,ol li ol{margin-left:1.25em;margin-bottom:0}
  92 dl dt{margin-bottom:.3125em;font-weight:bold}
  93 dl dd{margin-bottom:1.25em}
  94 blockquote{margin:0 0 1.25em;padding:.5625em 1.25em 0 1.1875em;border-left:1px solid #ddd}
  95 blockquote,blockquote p{line-height:1.6;color:rgba(0,0,0,.85)}
  96 @media screen and (min-width:768px){h1,h2,h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title,h4,h5,h6{line-height:1.2}
  97 h1{font-size:2.75em}
  98 h2{font-size:2.3125em}
  99 h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title{font-size:1.6875em}
 100 h4{font-size:1.4375em}}
 101 table{background:#fff;margin-bottom:1.25em;border:1px solid #dedede;word-wrap:normal}
 102 table thead,table tfoot{background:#f7f8f7}
 103 table thead tr th,table thead tr td,table tfoot tr th,table tfoot tr td{padding:.5em .625em .625em;font-size:inherit;color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);text-align:left}
 104 table tr th,table tr td{padding:.5625em .625em;font-size:inherit;color:rgba(0,0,0,.8)}
 105 table tr.even,table tr.alt{background:#f8f8f7}
 106 table thead tr th,table tfoot tr th,table tbody tr td,table tr td,table tfoot tr td{line-height:1.6}
 107 h1,h2,h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title,h4,h5,h6{line-height:1.2;word-spacing:-.05em}
 108 h1 strong,h2 strong,h3 strong,#toctitle strong,.sidebarblock>.content>.title strong,h4 strong,h5 strong,h6 strong{font-weight:400}
 109 .center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}
 110 .stretch{width:100%}
 111 .clearfix::before,.clearfix::after,.float-group::before,.float-group::after{content:" ";display:table}
 112 .clearfix::after,.float-group::after{clear:both}
 113 :not(pre).nobreak{word-wrap:normal}
 114 :not(pre).nowrap{white-space:nowrap}
 115 :not(pre).pre-wrap{white-space:pre-wrap}
 116 :not(pre):not([class^=L])>code{font-size:.9375em;font-style:normal!important;letter-spacing:0;padding:.1em .5ex;word-spacing:-.15em;background:#f7f7f8;border-radius:4px;line-height:1.45;text-rendering:optimizeSpeed}
 117 pre{color:rgba(0,0,0,.9);font-family:"Droid Sans Mono","DejaVu Sans Mono",monospace;line-height:1.45;text-rendering:optimizeSpeed}
 118 pre code,pre pre{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}
 119 pre>code{display:block}
 120 pre.nowrap,pre.nowrap pre{white-space:pre;word-wrap:normal}
 121 em em{font-style:normal}
 122 strong strong{font-weight:400}
 123 .keyseq{color:rgba(51,51,51,.8)}
 124 kbd{font-family:"Droid Sans Mono","DejaVu Sans Mono",monospace;display:inline-block;color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);font-size:.65em;line-height:1.45;background:#f7f7f7;border:1px solid #ccc;border-radius:3px;box-shadow:0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.2),inset 0 0 0 .1em #fff;margin:0 .15em;padding:.2em .5em;vertical-align:middle;position:relative;top:-.1em;white-space:nowrap}
 125 .keyseq kbd:first-child{margin-left:0}
 126 .keyseq kbd:last-child{margin-right:0}
 127 .menuseq,.menuref{color:#000}
 128 .menuseq b:not(.caret),.menuref{font-weight:inherit}
 129 .menuseq{word-spacing:-.02em}
 130 .menuseq b.caret{font-size:1.25em;line-height:.8}
 131 .menuseq i.caret{font-weight:bold;text-align:center;width:.45em}
 132 b.button::before,b.button::after{position:relative;top:-1px;font-weight:400}
 133 b.button::before{content:"[";padding:0 3px 0 2px}
 134 b.button::after{content:"]";padding:0 2px 0 3px}
 135 p a>code:hover{color:rgba(0,0,0,.9)}
 136 #header,#content,#footnotes,#footer{width:100%;margin:0 auto;max-width:62.5em;*zoom:1;position:relative;padding-left:.9375em;padding-right:.9375em}
 137 #header::before,#header::after,#content::before,#content::after,#footnotes::before,#footnotes::after,#footer::before,#footer::after{content:" ";display:table}
 138 #header::after,#content::after,#footnotes::after,#footer::after{clear:both}
 139 #content{margin-top:1.25em}
 140 #content::before{content:none}
 141 #header>h1:first-child{color:rgba(0,0,0,.85);margin-top:2.25rem;margin-bottom:0}
 142 #header>h1:first-child+#toc{margin-top:8px;border-top:1px solid #dddddf}
 143 #header>h1:only-child,body.toc2 #header>h1:nth-last-child(2){border-bottom:1px solid #dddddf;padding-bottom:8px}
 144 #header .details{border-bottom:1px solid #dddddf;line-height:1.45;padding-top:.25em;padding-bottom:.25em;padding-left:.25em;color:rgba(0,0,0,.6);display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap}
 145 #header .details span:first-child{margin-left:-.125em}
 146 #header .details span.email a{color:rgba(0,0,0,.85)}
 147 #header .details br{display:none}
 148 #header .details br+span::before{content:"\00a0\2013\00a0"}
 149 #header .details br+span.author::before{content:"\00a0\22c5\00a0";color:rgba(0,0,0,.85)}
 150 #header .details br+span#revremark::before{content:"\00a0|\00a0"}
 151 #header #revnumber{text-transform:capitalize}
 152 #header #revnumber::after{content:"\00a0"}
 153 #content>h1:first-child:not([class]){color:rgba(0,0,0,.85);border-bottom:1px solid #dddddf;padding-bottom:8px;margin-top:0;padding-top:1rem;margin-bottom:1.25rem}
 154 #toc{border-bottom:1px solid #e7e7e9;padding-bottom:.5em}
 155 #toc>ul{margin-left:.125em}
 156 #toc ul.sectlevel0>li>a{font-style:italic}
 157 #toc ul.sectlevel0 ul.sectlevel1{margin:.5em 0}
 158 #toc ul{font-family:"Open Sans","DejaVu Sans",sans-serif;list-style-type:none}
 159 #toc li{line-height:1.3334;margin-top:.3334em}
 160 #toc a{text-decoration:none}
 161 #toc a:active{text-decoration:underline}
 162 #toctitle{color:#7a2518;font-size:1.2em}
 163 @media screen and (min-width:768px){#toctitle{font-size:1.375em}
 164 body.toc2{padding-left:15em;padding-right:0}
 165 #toc.toc2{margin-top:0!important;background:#f8f8f7;position:fixed;width:15em;left:0;top:0;border-right:1px solid #e7e7e9;border-top-width:0!important;border-bottom-width:0!important;z-index:1000;padding:1.25em 1em;height:100%;overflow:auto}
 166 #toc.toc2 #toctitle{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.8rem;font-size:1.2em}
 167 #toc.toc2>ul{font-size:.9em;margin-bottom:0}
 168 #toc.toc2 ul ul{margin-left:0;padding-left:1em}
 169 #toc.toc2 ul.sectlevel0 ul.sectlevel1{padding-left:0;margin-top:.5em;margin-bottom:.5em}
 170 body.toc2.toc-right{padding-left:0;padding-right:15em}
 171 body.toc2.toc-right #toc.toc2{border-right-width:0;border-left:1px solid #e7e7e9;left:auto;right:0}}
 172 @media screen and (min-width:1280px){body.toc2{padding-left:20em;padding-right:0}
 173 #toc.toc2{width:20em}
 174 #toc.toc2 #toctitle{font-size:1.375em}
 175 #toc.toc2>ul{font-size:.95em}
 176 #toc.toc2 ul ul{padding-left:1.25em}
 177 body.toc2.toc-right{padding-left:0;padding-right:20em}}
 178 #content #toc{border:1px solid #e0e0dc;margin-bottom:1.25em;padding:1.25em;background:#f8f8f7;border-radius:4px}
 179 #content #toc>:first-child{margin-top:0}
 180 #content #toc>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}
 181 #footer{max-width:none;background:rgba(0,0,0,.8);padding:1.25em}
 182 #footer-text{color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.8);line-height:1.44}
 183 #content{margin-bottom:.625em}
 184 .sect1{padding-bottom:.625em}
 185 @media screen and (min-width:768px){#content{margin-bottom:1.25em}
 186 .sect1{padding-bottom:1.25em}}
 187 .sect1:last-child{padding-bottom:0}
 188 .sect1+.sect1{border-top:1px solid #e7e7e9}
 189 #content h1>a.anchor,h2>a.anchor,h3>a.anchor,#toctitle>a.anchor,.sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.anchor,h4>a.anchor,h5>a.anchor,h6>a.anchor{position:absolute;z-index:1001;width:1.5ex;margin-left:-1.5ex;display:block;text-decoration:none!important;visibility:hidden;text-align:center;font-weight:400}
 190 #content h1>a.anchor::before,h2>a.anchor::before,h3>a.anchor::before,#toctitle>a.anchor::before,.sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.anchor::before,h4>a.anchor::before,h5>a.anchor::before,h6>a.anchor::before{content:"\00A7";font-size:.85em;display:block;padding-top:.1em}
 191 #content h1:hover>a.anchor,#content h1>a.anchor:hover,h2:hover>a.anchor,h2>a.anchor:hover,h3:hover>a.anchor,#toctitle:hover>a.anchor,.sidebarblock>.content>.title:hover>a.anchor,h3>a.anchor:hover,#toctitle>a.anchor:hover,.sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.anchor:hover,h4:hover>a.anchor,h4>a.anchor:hover,h5:hover>a.anchor,h5>a.anchor:hover,h6:hover>a.anchor,h6>a.anchor:hover{visibility:visible}
 192 #content h1>a.link,h2>a.link,h3>a.link,#toctitle>a.link,.sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.link,h4>a.link,h5>a.link,h6>a.link{color:#ba3925;text-decoration:none}
 193 #content h1>a.link:hover,h2>a.link:hover,h3>a.link:hover,#toctitle>a.link:hover,.sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.link:hover,h4>a.link:hover,h5>a.link:hover,h6>a.link:hover{color:#a53221}
 194 details,.audioblock,.imageblock,.literalblock,.listingblock,.stemblock,.videoblock{margin-bottom:1.25em}
 195 details{margin-left:1.25rem}
 196 details>summary{cursor:pointer;display:block;position:relative;line-height:1.6;margin-bottom:.625rem;outline:none;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent}
 197 details>summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none}
 198 details>summary::before{content:"";border:solid transparent;border-left:solid;border-width:.3em 0 .3em .5em;position:absolute;top:.5em;left:-1.25rem;transform:translateX(15%)}
 199 details[open]>summary::before{border:solid transparent;border-top:solid;border-width:.5em .3em 0;transform:translateY(15%)}
 200 details>summary::after{content:"";width:1.25rem;height:1em;position:absolute;top:.3em;left:-1.25rem}
 201 .admonitionblock td.content>.title,.audioblock>.title,.exampleblock>.title,.imageblock>.title,.listingblock>.title,.literalblock>.title,.stemblock>.title,.openblock>.title,.paragraph>.title,.quoteblock>.title,table.tableblock>.title,.verseblock>.title,.videoblock>.title,.dlist>.title,.olist>.title,.ulist>.title,.qlist>.title,.hdlist>.title{text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;text-align:left;font-family:"Noto Serif","DejaVu Serif",serif;font-size:1rem;font-style:italic}
 202 table.tableblock.fit-content>caption.title{white-space:nowrap;width:0}
 203 .paragraph.lead>p,#preamble>.sectionbody>[class=paragraph]:first-of-type p{font-size:1.21875em;line-height:1.6;color:rgba(0,0,0,.85)}
 204 .admonitionblock>table{border-collapse:separate;border:0;background:none;width:100%}
 205 .admonitionblock>table td.icon{text-align:center;width:80px}
 206 .admonitionblock>table td.icon img{max-width:none}
 207 .admonitionblock>table td.icon .title{font-weight:bold;font-family:"Open Sans","DejaVu Sans",sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase}
 208 .admonitionblock>table td.content{padding-left:1.125em;padding-right:1.25em;border-left:1px solid #dddddf;color:rgba(0,0,0,.6);word-wrap:anywhere}
 209 .admonitionblock>table td.content>:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}
 210 .exampleblock>.content{border:1px solid #e6e6e6;margin-bottom:1.25em;padding:1.25em;background:#fff;border-radius:4px}
 211 .sidebarblock{border:1px solid #dbdbd6;margin-bottom:1.25em;padding:1.25em;background:#f3f3f2;border-radius:4px}
 212 .sidebarblock>.content>.title{color:#7a2518;margin-top:0;text-align:center}
 213 .exampleblock>.content>:first-child,.sidebarblock>.content>:first-child{margin-top:0}
 214 .exampleblock>.content>:last-child,.exampleblock>.content>:last-child>:last-child,.exampleblock>.content .olist>ol>li:last-child>:last-child,.exampleblock>.content .ulist>ul>li:last-child>:last-child,.exampleblock>.content .qlist>ol>li:last-child>:last-child,.sidebarblock>.content>:last-child,.sidebarblock>.content>:last-child>:last-child,.sidebarblock>.content .olist>ol>li:last-child>:last-child,.sidebarblock>.content .ulist>ul>li:last-child>:last-child,.sidebarblock>.content .qlist>ol>li:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}
 215 .literalblock pre,.listingblock>.content>pre{border-radius:4px;overflow-x:auto;padding:1em;font-size:.8125em}
 216 @media screen and (min-width:768px){.literalblock pre,.listingblock>.content>pre{font-size:.90625em}}
 217 @media screen and (min-width:1280px){.literalblock pre,.listingblock>.content>pre{font-size:1em}}
 218 .literalblock pre,.listingblock>.content>pre:not(.highlight),.listingblock>.content>pre[class=highlight],.listingblock>.content>pre[class^="highlight "]{background:#f7f7f8}
 219 .literalblock.output pre{color:#f7f7f8;background:rgba(0,0,0,.9)}
 220 .listingblock>.content{position:relative}
 221 .listingblock code[data-lang]::before{display:none;content:attr(data-lang);position:absolute;font-size:.75em;top:.425rem;right:.5rem;line-height:1;text-transform:uppercase;color:inherit;opacity:.5}
 222 .listingblock:hover code[data-lang]::before{display:block}
 223 .listingblock.terminal pre .command::before{content:attr(data-prompt);padding-right:.5em;color:inherit;opacity:.5}
 224 .listingblock.terminal pre .command:not([data-prompt])::before{content:"$"}
 225 .listingblock pre.highlightjs{padding:0}
 226 .listingblock pre.highlightjs>code{padding:1em;border-radius:4px}
 227 .listingblock pre.prettyprint{border-width:0}
 228 .prettyprint{background:#f7f7f8}
 229 pre.prettyprint .linenums{line-height:1.45;margin-left:2em}
 230 pre.prettyprint li{background:none;list-style-type:inherit;padding-left:0}
 231 pre.prettyprint li code[data-lang]::before{opacity:1}
 232 pre.prettyprint li:not(:first-child) code[data-lang]::before{display:none}
 233 table.linenotable{border-collapse:separate;border:0;margin-bottom:0;background:none}
 234 table.linenotable td[class]{color:inherit;vertical-align:top;padding:0;line-height:inherit;white-space:normal}
 235 table.linenotable td.code{padding-left:.75em}
 236 table.linenotable td.linenos,pre.pygments .linenos{border-right:1px solid;opacity:.35;padding-right:.5em;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none}
 237 pre.pygments span.linenos{display:inline-block;margin-right:.75em}
 238 .quoteblock{margin:0 1em 1.25em 1.5em;display:table}
 239 .quoteblock:not(.excerpt)>.title{margin-left:-1.5em;margin-bottom:.75em}
 240 .quoteblock blockquote,.quoteblock p{color:rgba(0,0,0,.85);font-size:1.15rem;line-height:1.75;word-spacing:.1em;letter-spacing:0;font-style:italic;text-align:justify}
 241 .quoteblock blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border:0}
 242 .quoteblock blockquote::before{content:"\201c";float:left;font-size:2.75em;font-weight:bold;line-height:.6em;margin-left:-.6em;color:#7a2518;text-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1)}
 243 .quoteblock blockquote>.paragraph:last-child p{margin-bottom:0}
 244 .quoteblock .attribution{margin-top:.75em;margin-right:.5ex;text-align:right}
 245 .verseblock{margin:0 1em 1.25em}
 246 .verseblock pre{font-family:"Open Sans","DejaVu Sans",sans-serif;font-size:1.15rem;color:rgba(0,0,0,.85);font-weight:300;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility}
 247 .verseblock pre strong{font-weight:400}
 248 .verseblock .attribution{margin-top:1.25rem;margin-left:.5ex}
 249 .quoteblock .attribution,.verseblock .attribution{font-size:.9375em;line-height:1.45;font-style:italic}
 250 .quoteblock .attribution br,.verseblock .attribution br{display:none}
 251 .quoteblock .attribution cite,.verseblock .attribution cite{display:block;letter-spacing:-.025em;color:rgba(0,0,0,.6)}
 252 .quoteblock.abstract blockquote::before,.quoteblock.excerpt blockquote::before,.quoteblock .quoteblock blockquote::before{display:none}
 253 .quoteblock.abstract blockquote,.quoteblock.abstract p,.quoteblock.excerpt blockquote,.quoteblock.excerpt p,.quoteblock .quoteblock blockquote,.quoteblock .quoteblock p{line-height:1.6;word-spacing:0}
 254 .quoteblock.abstract{margin:0 1em 1.25em;display:block}
 255 .quoteblock.abstract>.title{margin:0 0 .375em;font-size:1.15em;text-align:center}
 256 .quoteblock.excerpt>blockquote,.quoteblock .quoteblock{padding:0 0 .25em 1em;border-left:.25em solid #dddddf}
 257 .quoteblock.excerpt,.quoteblock .quoteblock{margin-left:0}
 258 .quoteblock.excerpt blockquote,.quoteblock.excerpt p,.quoteblock .quoteblock blockquote,.quoteblock .quoteblock p{color:inherit;font-size:1.0625rem}
 259 .quoteblock.excerpt .attribution,.quoteblock .quoteblock .attribution{color:inherit;font-size:.85rem;text-align:left;margin-right:0}
 260 p.tableblock:last-child{margin-bottom:0}
 261 td.tableblock>.content{margin-bottom:1.25em;word-wrap:anywhere}
 262 td.tableblock>.content>:last-child{margin-bottom:-1.25em}
 263 table.tableblock,th.tableblock,td.tableblock{border:0 solid #dedede}
 264 table.grid-all>*>tr>*{border-width:1px}
 265 table.grid-cols>*>tr>*{border-width:0 1px}
 266 table.grid-rows>*>tr>*{border-width:1px 0}
 267 table.frame-all{border-width:1px}
 268 table.frame-ends{border-width:1px 0}
 269 table.frame-sides{border-width:0 1px}
 270 table.frame-none>colgroup+*>:first-child>*,table.frame-sides>colgroup+*>:first-child>*{border-top-width:0}
 271 table.frame-none>:last-child>:last-child>*,table.frame-sides>:last-child>:last-child>*{border-bottom-width:0}
 272 table.frame-none>*>tr>:first-child,table.frame-ends>*>tr>:first-child{border-left-width:0}
 273 table.frame-none>*>tr>:last-child,table.frame-ends>*>tr>:last-child{border-right-width:0}
 274 table.stripes-all>*>tr,table.stripes-odd>*>tr:nth-of-type(odd),table.stripes-even>*>tr:nth-of-type(even),table.stripes-hover>*>tr:hover{background:#f8f8f7}
 275 th.halign-left,td.halign-left{text-align:left}
 276 th.halign-right,td.halign-right{text-align:right}
 277 th.halign-center,td.halign-center{text-align:center}
 278 th.valign-top,td.valign-top{vertical-align:top}
 279 th.valign-bottom,td.valign-bottom{vertical-align:bottom}
 280 th.valign-middle,td.valign-middle{vertical-align:middle}
 281 table thead th,table tfoot th{font-weight:bold}
 282 tbody tr th{background:#f7f8f7}
 283 tbody tr th,tbody tr th p,tfoot tr th,tfoot tr th p{color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);font-weight:bold}
 284 p.tableblock>code:only-child{background:none;padding:0}
 285 p.tableblock{font-size:1em}
 286 ol{margin-left:1.75em}
 287 ul li ol{margin-left:1.5em}
 288 dl dd{margin-left:1.125em}
 289 dl dd:last-child,dl dd:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}
 290 li p,ul dd,ol dd,.olist .olist,.ulist .ulist,.ulist .olist,.olist .ulist{margin-bottom:.625em}
 291 ul.checklist,ul.none,ol.none,ul.no-bullet,ol.no-bullet,ol.unnumbered,ul.unstyled,ol.unstyled{list-style-type:none}
 292 ul.no-bullet,ol.no-bullet,ol.unnumbered{margin-left:.625em}
 293 ul.unstyled,ol.unstyled{margin-left:0}
 294 li>p:empty:only-child::before{content:"";display:inline-block}
 295 ul.checklist>li>p:first-child{margin-left:-1em}
 296 ul.checklist>li>p:first-child>.fa-square-o:first-child,ul.checklist>li>p:first-child>.fa-check-square-o:first-child{width:1.25em;font-size:.8em;position:relative;bottom:.125em}
 297 ul.checklist>li>p:first-child>input[type=checkbox]:first-child{margin-right:.25em}
 298 ul.inline{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;list-style:none;margin:0 0 .625em -1.25em}
 299 ul.inline>li{margin-left:1.25em}
 300 .unstyled dl dt{font-weight:400;font-style:normal}
 301 ol.arabic{list-style-type:decimal}
 302 ol.decimal{list-style-type:decimal-leading-zero}
 303 ol.loweralpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}
 304 ol.upperalpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}
 305 ol.lowerroman{list-style-type:lower-roman}
 306 ol.upperroman{list-style-type:upper-roman}
 307 ol.lowergreek{list-style-type:lower-greek}
 308 .hdlist>table,.colist>table{border:0;background:none}
 309 .hdlist>table>tbody>tr,.colist>table>tbody>tr{background:none}
 310 td.hdlist1,td.hdlist2{vertical-align:top;padding:0 .625em}
 311 td.hdlist1{font-weight:bold;padding-bottom:1.25em}
 312 td.hdlist2{word-wrap:anywhere}
 313 .literalblock+.colist,.listingblock+.colist{margin-top:-.5em}
 314 .colist td:not([class]):first-child{padding:.4em .75em 0;line-height:1;vertical-align:top}
 315 .colist td:not([class]):first-child img{max-width:none}
 316 .colist td:not([class]):last-child{padding:.25em 0}
 317 .thumb,.th{line-height:0;display:inline-block;border:4px solid #fff;box-shadow:0 0 0 1px #ddd}
 318 .imageblock.left{margin:.25em .625em 1.25em 0}
 319 .imageblock.right{margin:.25em 0 1.25em .625em}
 320 .imageblock>.title{margin-bottom:0}
 321 .imageblock.thumb,.imageblock.th{border-width:6px}
 322 .imageblock.thumb>.title,.imageblock.th>.title{padding:0 .125em}
 323 .image.left,.image.right{margin-top:.25em;margin-bottom:.25em;display:inline-block;line-height:0}
 324 .image.left{margin-right:.625em}
 325 .image.right{margin-left:.625em}
 326 a.image{text-decoration:none;display:inline-block}
 327 a.image object{pointer-events:none}
 328 sup.footnote,sup.footnoteref{font-size:.875em;position:static;vertical-align:super}
 329 sup.footnote a,sup.footnoteref a{text-decoration:none}
 330 sup.footnote a:active,sup.footnoteref a:active{text-decoration:underline}
 331 #footnotes{padding-top:.75em;padding-bottom:.75em;margin-bottom:.625em}
 332 #footnotes hr{width:20%;min-width:6.25em;margin:-.25em 0 .75em;border-width:1px 0 0}
 333 #footnotes .footnote{padding:0 .375em 0 .225em;line-height:1.3334;font-size:.875em;margin-left:1.2em;margin-bottom:.2em}
 334 #footnotes .footnote a:first-of-type{font-weight:bold;text-decoration:none;margin-left:-1.05em}
 335 #footnotes .footnote:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0}
 336 #content #footnotes{margin-top:-.625em;margin-bottom:0;padding:.75em 0}
 337 div.unbreakable{page-break-inside:avoid}
 338 .big{font-size:larger}
 339 .small{font-size:smaller}
 340 .underline{text-decoration:underline}
 341 .overline{text-decoration:overline}
 342 .line-through{text-decoration:line-through}
 343 .aqua{color:#00bfbf}
 344 .aqua-background{background:#00fafa}
 345 .black{color:#000}
 346 .black-background{background:#000}
 347 .blue{color:#0000bf}
 348 .blue-background{background:#0000fa}
 349 .fuchsia{color:#bf00bf}
 350 .fuchsia-background{background:#fa00fa}
 351 .gray{color:#606060}
 352 .gray-background{background:#7d7d7d}
 353 .green{color:#006000}
 354 .green-background{background:#007d00}
 355 .lime{color:#00bf00}
 356 .lime-background{background:#00fa00}
 357 .maroon{color:#600000}
 358 .maroon-background{background:#7d0000}
 359 .navy{color:#000060}
 360 .navy-background{background:#00007d}
 361 .olive{color:#606000}
 362 .olive-background{background:#7d7d00}
 363 .purple{color:#600060}
 364 .purple-background{background:#7d007d}
 365 .red{color:#bf0000}
 366 .red-background{background:#fa0000}
 367 .silver{color:#909090}
 368 .silver-background{background:#bcbcbc}
 369 .teal{color:#006060}
 370 .teal-background{background:#007d7d}
 371 .white{color:#bfbfbf}
 372 .white-background{background:#fafafa}
 373 .yellow{color:#bfbf00}
 374 .yellow-background{background:#fafa00}
 375 span.icon>.fa{cursor:default}
 376 a span.icon>.fa{cursor:inherit}
 377 .admonitionblock td.icon [class^="fa icon-"]{font-size:2.5em;text-shadow:1px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.5);cursor:default}
 378 .admonitionblock td.icon .icon-note::before{content:"\f05a";color:#19407c}
 379 .admonitionblock td.icon .icon-tip::before{content:"\f0eb";text-shadow:1px 1px 2px rgba(155,155,0,.8);color:#111}
 380 .admonitionblock td.icon .icon-warning::before{content:"\f071";color:#bf6900}
 381 .admonitionblock td.icon .icon-caution::before{content:"\f06d";color:#bf3400}
 382 .admonitionblock td.icon .icon-important::before{content:"\f06a";color:#bf0000}
 383 .conum[data-value]{display:inline-block;color:#fff!important;background:rgba(0,0,0,.8);border-radius:50%;text-align:center;font-size:.75em;width:1.67em;height:1.67em;line-height:1.67em;font-family:"Open Sans","DejaVu Sans",sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold}
 384 .conum[data-value] *{color:#fff!important}
 385 .conum[data-value]+b{display:none}
 386 .conum[data-value]::after{content:attr(data-value)}
 387 pre .conum[data-value]{position:relative;top:-.125em}
 388 b.conum *{color:inherit!important}
 389 .conum:not([data-value]):empty{display:none}
 390 dt,th.tableblock,td.content,div.footnote{text-rendering:optimizeLegibility}
 391 h1,h2,p,td.content,span.alt,summary{letter-spacing:-.01em}
 392 p strong,td.content strong,div.footnote strong{letter-spacing:-.005em}
 393 p,blockquote,dt,td.content,td.hdlist1,span.alt,summary{font-size:1.0625rem}
 394 p{margin-bottom:1.25rem}
 395 .sidebarblock p,.sidebarblock dt,.sidebarblock td.content,p.tableblock{font-size:1em}
 396 .exampleblock>.content{background:#fffef7;border-color:#e0e0dc;box-shadow:0 1px 4px #e0e0dc}
 397 .print-only{display:none!important}
 398 @page{margin:1.25cm .75cm}
 399 @media print{*{box-shadow:none!important;text-shadow:none!important}
 400 html{font-size:80%}
 401 a{color:inherit!important;text-decoration:underline!important}
 402 a.bare,a[href^="#"],a[href^="mailto:"]{text-decoration:none!important}
 403 a[href^="http:"]:not(.bare)::after,a[href^="https:"]:not(.bare)::after{content:"(" attr(href) ")";display:inline-block;font-size:.875em;padding-left:.25em}
 404 abbr[title]{border-bottom:1px dotted}
 405 abbr[title]::after{content:" (" attr(title) ")"}
 406 pre,blockquote,tr,img,object,svg{page-break-inside:avoid}
 407 thead{display:table-header-group}
 408 svg{max-width:100%}
 409 p,blockquote,dt,td.content{font-size:1em;orphans:3;widows:3}
 410 h2,h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title{page-break-after:avoid}
 411 #header,#content,#footnotes,#footer{max-width:none}
 412 #toc,.sidebarblock,.exampleblock>.content{background:none!important}
 413 #toc{border-bottom:1px solid #dddddf!important;padding-bottom:0!important}
 414 body.book #header{text-align:center}
 415 body.book #header>h1:first-child{border:0!important;margin:2.5em 0 1em}
 416 body.book #header .details{border:0!important;display:block;padding:0!important}
 417 body.book #header .details span:first-child{margin-left:0!important}
 418 body.book #header .details br{display:block}
 419 body.book #header .details br+span::before{content:none!important}
 420 body.book #toc{border:0!important;text-align:left!important;padding:0!important;margin:0!important}
 421 body.book #toc,body.book #preamble,body.book h1.sect0,body.book .sect1>h2{page-break-before:always}
 422 .listingblock code[data-lang]::before{display:block}
 423 #footer{padding:0 .9375em}
 424 .hide-on-print{display:none!important}
 425 .print-only{display:block!important}
 426 .hide-for-print{display:none!important}
 427 .show-for-print{display:inherit!important}}
 428 @media amzn-kf8,print{#header>h1:first-child{margin-top:1.25rem}
 429 .sect1{padding:0!important}
 430 .sect1+.sect1{border:0}
 431 #footer{background:none}
 432 #footer-text{color:rgba(0,0,0,.6);font-size:.9em}}
 433 @media amzn-kf8{#header,#content,#footnotes,#footer{padding:0}}
 434 </style>
 435 <style>
 436 pre>code {
 437    display: inline;
 438 }
 439 </style>
 440 </head>
 441 <body class="manpage">
 442 <div id="header">
 443 <h1>gitrevisions(7) Manual Page</h1>
 444 <h2 id="_name">NAME</h2>
 445 <div class="sectionbody">
 446 <p>gitrevisions - Specifying revisions and ranges for Git</p>
 447 </div>
 448 </div>
 449 <div id="content">
 450 <div class="sect1">
 451 <h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
 452 <div class="sectionbody">
 453 <div class="paragraph">
 454 <p>gitrevisions</p>
 455 </div>
 456 </div>
 457 </div>
 458 <div class="sect1">
 459 <h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
 460 <div class="sectionbody">
 461 <div class="paragraph">
 462 <p>Many Git commands take revision parameters as arguments. Depending on
 463 the command, they denote a specific commit or, for commands which
 464 walk the revision graph (such as <a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a>), all commits which are
 465 reachable from that commit. For commands that walk the revision graph one can
 466 also specify a range of revisions explicitly.</p>
 467 </div>
 468 <div class="paragraph">
 469 <p>In addition, some Git commands (such as <a href="git-show.html">git-show(1)</a> and
 470 <a href="git-push.html">git-push(1)</a>) can also take revision parameters which denote
 471 other objects than commits, e.g. blobs ("files") or trees
 472 ("directories of files").</p>
 473 </div>
 474 </div>
 475 </div>
 476 <div class="sect1">
 477 <h2 id="_specifying_revisions">SPECIFYING REVISIONS</h2>
 478 <div class="sectionbody">
 479 <div class="paragraph">
 480 <p>A revision parameter <em>&lt;rev&gt;</em> typically, but not necessarily, names a
 481 commit object.  It uses what is called an <em>extended SHA-1</em>
 482 syntax.  Here are various ways to spell object names.  The
 483 ones listed near the end of this list name trees and
 484 blobs contained in a commit.</p>
 485 </div>
 486 <div class="admonitionblock note">
 487 <table>
 488 <tr>
 489 <td class="icon">
 490 <div class="title">Note</div>
 491 </td>
 492 <td class="content">
 493 This document shows the "raw" syntax as seen by git. The shell
 494 and other UIs might require additional quoting to protect special
 495 characters and to avoid word splitting.
 496 </td>
 497 </tr>
 498 </table>
 499 </div>
 500 <div class="dlist">
 501 <dl>
 502 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>&lt;sha1&gt;</em>, e.g. <em>dae86e1950b1277e545cee180551750029cfe735</em>, <em>dae86e</em></dt>
 503 <dd>
 504 <p>The full SHA-1 object name (40-byte hexadecimal string), or
 505 a leading substring that is unique within the repository.
 506 E.g. dae86e1950b1277e545cee180551750029cfe735 and dae86e both
 507 name the same commit object if there is no other object in
 508 your repository whose object name starts with dae86e.</p>
 509 </dd>
 510 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>&lt;describeOutput&gt;</em>, e.g. <em>v1.7.4.2-679-g3bee7fb</em></dt>
 511 <dd>
 512 <p>Output from <code>git</code> <code>describe</code>; i.e. a closest tag, optionally
 513 followed by a dash and a number of commits, followed by a dash, a
 514 <em>g</em>, and an abbreviated object name.</p>
 515 </dd>
 516 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>&lt;refname&gt;</em>, e.g. <em>master</em>, <em>heads/master</em>, <em>refs/heads/master</em></dt>
 517 <dd>
 518 <p>A symbolic ref name.  E.g. <em>master</em> typically means the commit
 519 object referenced by <em>refs/heads/master</em>.  If you
 520 happen to have both <em>heads/master</em> and <em>tags/master</em>, you can
 521 explicitly say <em>heads/master</em> to tell Git which one you mean.
 522 When ambiguous, a <em>&lt;refname&gt;</em> is disambiguated by taking the
 523 first match in the following rules:</p>
 524 <div class="olist arabic">
 525 <ol class="arabic">
 526 <li>
 527 <p>If <em>$GIT_DIR/&lt;refname&gt;</em> exists, that is what you mean (this is usually
 528 useful only for <code>HEAD</code>, <code>FETCH_HEAD</code>, <code>ORIG_HEAD</code>, <code>MERGE_HEAD</code>,
 529 <code>REBASE_HEAD</code>, <code>REVERT_HEAD</code>, <code>CHERRY_PICK_HEAD</code>, <code>BISECT_HEAD</code>
 530 and <code>AUTO_MERGE</code>);</p>
 531 </li>
 532 <li>
 533 <p>otherwise, <em>refs/&lt;refname&gt;</em> if it exists;</p>
 534 </li>
 535 <li>
 536 <p>otherwise, <em>refs/tags/&lt;refname&gt;</em> if it exists;</p>
 537 </li>
 538 <li>
 539 <p>otherwise, <em>refs/heads/&lt;refname&gt;</em> if it exists;</p>
 540 </li>
 541 <li>
 542 <p>otherwise, <em>refs/remotes/&lt;refname&gt;</em> if it exists;</p>
 543 </li>
 544 <li>
 545 <p>otherwise, <em>refs/remotes/&lt;refname&gt;/HEAD</em> if it exists.</p>
 546 <div class="dlist">
 547 <dl>
 548 <dt class="hdlist1"><code>HEAD</code></dt>
 549 <dd>
 550 <p>names the commit on which you based the changes in the working tree.</p>
 551 </dd>
 552 <dt class="hdlist1"><code>FETCH_HEAD</code></dt>
 553 <dd>
 554 <p>records the branch which you fetched from a remote repository with
 555 your last <code>git</code> <code>fetch</code> invocation.</p>
 556 </dd>
 557 <dt class="hdlist1"><code>ORIG_HEAD</code></dt>
 558 <dd>
 559 <p>is created by commands that move your <code>HEAD</code> in a drastic way (<code>git</code>
 560 <code>am</code>, <code>git</code> <code>merge</code>, <code>git</code> <code>rebase</code>, <code>git</code> <code>reset</code>), to record the position
 561 of the <code>HEAD</code> before their operation, so that you can easily change
 562 the tip of the branch back to the state before you ran them.</p>
 563 </dd>
 564 <dt class="hdlist1"><code>MERGE_HEAD</code></dt>
 565 <dd>
 566 <p>records the commit(s) which you are merging into your branch when you
 567 run <code>git</code> <code>merge</code>.</p>
 568 </dd>
 569 <dt class="hdlist1"><code>REBASE_HEAD</code></dt>
 570 <dd>
 571 <p>during a rebase, records the commit at which the operation is
 572 currently stopped, either because of conflicts or an <code>edit</code> command in
 573 an interactive rebase.</p>
 574 </dd>
 575 <dt class="hdlist1"><code>REVERT_HEAD</code></dt>
 576 <dd>
 577 <p>records the commit which you are reverting when you run <code>git</code> <code>revert</code>.</p>
 578 </dd>
 579 <dt class="hdlist1"><code>CHERRY_PICK_HEAD</code></dt>
 580 <dd>
 581 <p>records the commit which you are cherry-picking when you run <code>git</code>
 582 <code>cherry-pick</code>.</p>
 583 </dd>
 584 <dt class="hdlist1"><code>BISECT_HEAD</code></dt>
 585 <dd>
 586 <p>records the current commit to be tested when you run <code>git</code> <code>bisect</code>
 587 <code>--no-checkout</code>.</p>
 588 </dd>
 589 <dt class="hdlist1"><code>AUTO_MERGE</code></dt>
 590 <dd>
 591 <p>records a tree object corresponding to the state the
 592 <em>ort</em> merge strategy wrote to the working tree when a merge operation
 593 resulted in conflicts.</p>
 594 </dd>
 595 </dl>
 596 </div>
 597 </li>
 598 </ol>
 599 </div>
 600 <div class="paragraph">
 601 <p>Note that any of the <em>refs/*</em> cases above may come either from
 602 the <code>$GIT_DIR/refs</code> directory or from the <code>$GIT_DIR/packed-refs</code> file.
 603 While the ref name encoding is unspecified, UTF-8 is preferred as
 604 some output processing may assume ref names in UTF-8.</p>
 605 </div>
 606 </dd>
 607 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>@</em></dt>
 608 <dd>
 609 <p><em>@</em> alone is a shortcut for <code>HEAD</code>.</p>
 610 </dd>
 611 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>[&lt;refname&gt;]@{&lt;date&gt;}</em>, e.g. <em>master@{yesterday}</em>, <em>HEAD@{5 minutes ago}</em></dt>
 612 <dd>
 613 <p>A ref followed by the suffix <em>@</em> with a date specification
 614 enclosed in a brace
 615 pair (e.g. <em>{yesterday}</em>, <em>{1 month 2 weeks 3 days 1 hour 1
 616 second ago}</em> or <em>{1979-02-26 18:30:00}</em>) specifies the value
 617 of the ref at a prior point in time.  This suffix may only be
 618 used immediately following a ref name and the ref must have an
 619 existing log (<em>$GIT_DIR/logs/&lt;ref&gt;</em>). Note that this looks up the state
 620 of your <strong>local</strong> ref at a given time; e.g., what was in your local
 621 <em>master</em> branch last week. If you want to look at commits made during
 622 certain times, see <code>--since</code> and <code>--until</code>.</p>
 623 </dd>
 624 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>&lt;refname&gt;@{&lt;n&gt;}</em>, e.g. <em>master@{1}</em></dt>
 625 <dd>
 626 <p>A ref followed by the suffix <em>@</em> with an ordinal specification
 627 enclosed in a brace pair (e.g. <em>{1}</em>, <em>{15}</em>) specifies
 628 the n-th prior value of that ref.  For example <em>master@{1}</em>
 629 is the immediate prior value of <em>master</em> while <em>master@{5}</em>
 630 is the 5th prior value of <em>master</em>. This suffix may only be used
 631 immediately following a ref name and the ref must have an existing
 632 log (<em>$GIT_DIR/logs/&lt;refname&gt;</em>).</p>
 633 </dd>
 634 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>@{&lt;n&gt;}</em>, e.g. <em>@{1}</em></dt>
 635 <dd>
 636 <p>You can use the <em>@</em> construct with an empty ref part to get at a
 637 reflog entry of the current branch. For example, if you are on
 638 branch <em>blabla</em> then <em>@{1}</em> means the same as <em>blabla@{1}</em>.</p>
 639 </dd>
 640 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>@{-&lt;n&gt;}</em>, e.g. <em>@{-1}</em></dt>
 641 <dd>
 642 <p>The construct <em>@{-&lt;n&gt;}</em> means the &lt;n&gt;th branch/commit checked out
 643 before the current one.</p>
 644 </dd>
 645 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>[&lt;branchname&gt;]@{upstream}</em>, e.g. <em>master@{upstream}</em>, <em>@{u}</em></dt>
 646 <dd>
 647 <p>A branch B may be set up to build on top of a branch X (configured with
 648 <code>branch.</code><em>&lt;name&gt;</em><code>.merge</code>) at a remote R (configured with
 649 <code>branch.</code><em>&lt;name&gt;</em><code>.remote</code>). B@{u} refers to the remote-tracking branch for
 650 the branch X taken from remote R, typically found at <code>refs/remotes/R/X</code>.</p>
 651 </dd>
 652 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>[&lt;branchname&gt;]@{push}</em>, e.g. <em>master@{push}</em>, <em>@{push}</em></dt>
 653 <dd>
 654 <p>The suffix <em>@{push}</em> reports the branch "where we would push to" if
 655 <code>git</code> <code>push</code> were run while <code>branchname</code> was checked out (or the current
 656 <code>HEAD</code> if no branchname is specified). Like for <em>@{upstream}</em>, we report
 657 the remote-tracking branch that corresponds to that branch at the remote.</p>
 658 <div class="paragraph">
 659 <p>Here&#8217;s an example to make it more clear:</p>
 660 </div>
 661 <div class="listingblock">
 662 <div class="content">
 663 <pre>$ git config push.default current
 664 $ git config remote.pushdefault myfork
 665 $ git switch -c mybranch origin/master
 666
 667 $ git rev-parse --symbolic-full-name @{upstream}
 668 refs/remotes/origin/master
 669
 670 $ git rev-parse --symbolic-full-name @{push}
 671 refs/remotes/myfork/mybranch</pre>
 672 </div>
 673 </div>
 674 <div class="paragraph">
 675 <p>Note in the example that we set up a triangular workflow, where we pull
 676 from one location and push to another. In a non-triangular workflow,
 677 <em>@{push}</em> is the same as <em>@{upstream}</em>, and there is no need for it.</p>
 678 </div>
 679 <div class="paragraph">
 680 <p>This suffix is also accepted when spelled in uppercase, and means the same
 681 thing no matter the case.</p>
 682 </div>
 683 </dd>
 684 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>&lt;rev&gt;^[&lt;n&gt;]</em>, e.g. <em>HEAD^, v1.5.1^0</em></dt>
 685 <dd>
 686 <p>A suffix <em>^</em> to a revision parameter means the first parent of
 687 that commit object.  <em>^&lt;n&gt;</em> means the &lt;n&gt;th parent (i.e.
 688 <em>&lt;rev&gt;^</em>
 689 is equivalent to <em>&lt;rev&gt;^1</em>).  As a special rule,
 690 <em>&lt;rev&gt;^0</em> means the commit itself and is used when <em>&lt;rev&gt;</em> is the
 691 object name of a tag object that refers to a commit object.</p>
 692 </dd>
 693 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>&lt;rev&gt;~[&lt;n&gt;]</em>, e.g. <em>HEAD~, master~3</em></dt>
 694 <dd>
 695 <p>A suffix <em>~</em> to a revision parameter means the first parent of
 696 that commit object.
 697 A suffix <em>~&lt;n&gt;</em> to a revision parameter means the commit
 698 object that is the &lt;n&gt;th generation ancestor of the named
 699 commit object, following only the first parents.  I.e. <em>&lt;rev&gt;~3</em> is
 700 equivalent to <em>&lt;rev&gt;^^^</em> which is equivalent to
 701 <em>&lt;rev&gt;^1^1^1</em>.  See below for an illustration of
 702 the usage of this form.</p>
 703 </dd>
 704 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>&lt;rev&gt;^{&lt;type&gt;}</em>, e.g. <em>v0.99.8^{commit}</em></dt>
 705 <dd>
 706 <p>A suffix <em>^</em> followed by an object type name enclosed in
 707 brace pair means dereference the object at <em>&lt;rev&gt;</em> recursively until
 708 an object of type <em>&lt;type&gt;</em> is found or the object cannot be
 709 dereferenced anymore (in which case, barf).
 710 For example, if <em>&lt;rev&gt;</em> is a commit-ish, <em>&lt;rev&gt;^{commit}</em>
 711 describes the corresponding commit object.
 712 Similarly, if <em>&lt;rev&gt;</em> is a tree-ish, <em>&lt;rev&gt;^{tree}</em>
 713 describes the corresponding tree object.
 714 <em>&lt;rev&gt;^0</em>
 715 is a short-hand for <em>&lt;rev&gt;^{commit}</em>.</p>
 716 <div class="paragraph">
 717 <p><em>&lt;rev&gt;^{object}</em> can be used to make sure <em>&lt;rev&gt;</em> names an
 718 object that exists, without requiring <em>&lt;rev&gt;</em> to be a tag, and
 719 without dereferencing <em>&lt;rev&gt;</em>; because a tag is already an object,
 720 it does not have to be dereferenced even once to get to an object.</p>
 721 </div>
 722 <div class="paragraph">
 723 <p><em>&lt;rev&gt;^{tag}</em> can be used to ensure that <em>&lt;rev&gt;</em> identifies an
 724 existing tag object.</p>
 725 </div>
 726 </dd>
 727 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>&lt;rev&gt;^{}</em>, e.g. <em>v0.99.8^{}</em></dt>
 728 <dd>
 729 <p>A suffix <em>^</em> followed by an empty brace pair
 730 means the object could be a tag,
 731 and dereference the tag recursively until a non-tag object is
 732 found.</p>
 733 </dd>
 734 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>&lt;rev&gt;^{/&lt;text&gt;}</em>, e.g. <em>HEAD^{/fix nasty bug}</em></dt>
 735 <dd>
 736 <p>A suffix <em>^</em> to a revision parameter, followed by a brace
 737 pair that contains a text led by a slash,
 738 is the same as the <em>:/fix nasty bug</em> syntax below except that
 739 it returns the youngest matching commit which is reachable from
 740 the <em>&lt;rev&gt;</em> before <em>^</em>.</p>
 741 </dd>
 742 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>:/&lt;text&gt;</em>, e.g. <em>:/fix nasty bug</em></dt>
 743 <dd>
 744 <p>A colon, followed by a slash, followed by a text, names
 745 a commit whose commit message matches the specified regular expression.
 746 This name returns the youngest matching commit which is
 747 reachable from any ref, including HEAD.
 748 The regular expression can match any part of the
 749 commit message. To match messages starting with a string, one can use
 750 e.g. <em>:/^foo</em>. The special sequence <em>:/!</em> is reserved for modifiers to what
 751 is matched. <em>:/!-foo</em> performs a negative match, while <em>:/!!foo</em> matches a
 752 literal <em>!</em> character, followed by <em>foo</em>. Any other sequence beginning with
 753 <em>:/!</em> is reserved for now.
 754 Depending on the given text, the shell&#8217;s word splitting rules might
 755 require additional quoting.</p>
 756 </dd>
 757 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>&lt;rev&gt;:&lt;path&gt;</em>, e.g. <em>HEAD:README</em>, <em>master:./README</em></dt>
 758 <dd>
 759 <p>A suffix <em>:</em> followed by a path names the blob or tree
 760 at the given path in the tree-ish object named by the part
 761 before the colon.
 762 A path starting with <em>./</em> or <em>../</em> is relative to the current working directory.
 763 The given path will be converted to be relative to the working tree&#8217;s root directory.
 764 This is most useful to address a blob or tree from a commit or tree that has
 765 the same tree structure as the working tree.</p>
 766 </dd>
 767 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>:[&lt;n&gt;:]&lt;path&gt;</em>, e.g. <em>:0:README</em>, <em>:README</em></dt>
 768 <dd>
 769 <p>A colon, optionally followed by a stage number (0 to 3) and a
 770 colon, followed by a path, names a blob object in the
 771 index at the given path. A missing stage number (and the colon
 772 that follows it) names a stage 0 entry. During a merge, stage
 773 1 is the common ancestor, stage 2 is the target branch&#8217;s version
 774 (typically the current branch), and stage 3 is the version from
 775 the branch which is being merged.</p>
 776 </dd>
 777 </dl>
 778 </div>
 779 <div class="paragraph">
 780 <p>Here is an illustration, by Jon Loeliger.  Both commit nodes B
 781 and C are parents of commit node A.  Parent commits are ordered
 782 left-to-right.</p>
 783 </div>
 784 <div class="literalblock">
 785 <div class="content">
 786 <pre>G   H   I   J
 787  \ /     \ /
 788   D   E   F
 789    \  |  / \
 790     \ | /   |
 791      \|/    |
 792       B     C
 793        \   /
 794         \ /
 795          A</pre>
 796 </div>
 797 </div>
 798 <div class="literalblock">
 799 <div class="content">
 800 <pre>A =      = A^0
 801 B = A^   = A^1     = A~1
 802 C =      = A^2
 803 D = A^^  = A^1^1   = A~2
 804 E = B^2  = A^^2
 805 F = B^3  = A^^3
 806 G = A^^^ = A^1^1^1 = A~3
 807 H = D^2  = B^^2    = A^^^2  = A~2^2
 808 I = F^   = B^3^    = A^^3^
 809 J = F^2  = B^3^2   = A^^3^2</pre>
 810 </div>
 811 </div>
 812 </div>
 813 </div>
 814 <div class="sect1">
 815 <h2 id="_specifying_ranges">SPECIFYING RANGES</h2>
 816 <div class="sectionbody">
 817 <div class="paragraph">
 818 <p>History traversing commands such as <code>git</code> <code>log</code> operate on a set
 819 of commits, not just a single commit.</p>
 820 </div>
 821 <div class="paragraph">
 822 <p>For these commands,
 823 specifying a single revision, using the notation described in the
 824 previous section, means the set of commits <code>reachable</code> from the given
 825 commit.</p>
 826 </div>
 827 <div class="paragraph">
 828 <p>Specifying several revisions means the set of commits reachable from
 829 any of the given commits.</p>
 830 </div>
 831 <div class="paragraph">
 832 <p>A commit&#8217;s reachable set is the commit itself and the commits in
 833 its ancestry chain.</p>
 834 </div>
 835 <div class="paragraph">
 836 <p>There are several notations to specify a set of connected commits
 837 (called a "revision range"), illustrated below.</p>
 838 </div>
 839 <div class="sect2">
 840 <h3 id="_commit_exclusions">Commit Exclusions</h3>
 841 <div class="dlist">
 842 <dl>
 843 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>^&lt;rev&gt;</em> (caret) Notation</dt>
 844 <dd>
 845 <p>To exclude commits reachable from a commit, a prefix <em>^</em>
 846 notation is used.  E.g. <em>^r1 r2</em> means commits reachable
 847 from <em>r2</em> but exclude the ones reachable from <em>r1</em> (i.e. <em>r1</em> and
 848 its ancestors).</p>
 849 </dd>
 850 </dl>
 851 </div>
 852 </div>
 853 <div class="sect2">
 854 <h3 id="_dotted_range_notations">Dotted Range Notations</h3>
 855 <div class="dlist">
 856 <dl>
 857 <dt class="hdlist1">The <em>..</em> (two-dot) Range Notation</dt>
 858 <dd>
 859 <p>The <em>^r1 r2</em> set operation appears so often that there is a shorthand
 860 for it.  When you have two commits <em>r1</em> and <em>r2</em> (named according
 861 to the syntax explained in SPECIFYING REVISIONS above), you can ask
 862 for commits that are reachable from r2 excluding those that are reachable
 863 from r1 by <em>^r1 r2</em> and it can be written as <em>r1..r2</em>.</p>
 864 </dd>
 865 <dt class="hdlist1">The <em>...</em> (three-dot) Symmetric Difference Notation</dt>
 866 <dd>
 867 <p>A similar notation <em>r1...r2</em> is called symmetric difference
 868 of <em>r1</em> and <em>r2</em> and is defined as
 869 <em>r1 r2 --not $(git merge-base --all r1 r2)</em>.
 870 It is the set of commits that are reachable from either one of
 871 <em>r1</em> (left side) or <em>r2</em> (right side) but not from both.</p>
 872 </dd>
 873 </dl>
 874 </div>
 875 <div class="paragraph">
 876 <p>In these two shorthand notations, you can omit one end and let it default to HEAD.
 877 For example, <em>origin..</em> is a shorthand for <em>origin..HEAD</em> and asks "What
 878 did I do since I forked from the origin branch?"  Similarly, <em>..origin</em>
 879 is a shorthand for <em>HEAD..origin</em> and asks "What did the origin do since
 880 I forked from them?"  Note that <em>..</em> would mean <em>HEAD..HEAD</em> which is an
 881 empty range that is both reachable and unreachable from HEAD.</p>
 882 </div>
 883 <div class="paragraph">
 884 <p>Commands that are specifically designed to take two distinct ranges
 885 (e.g. "git range-diff R1 R2" to compare two ranges) do exist, but
 886 they are exceptions.  Unless otherwise noted, all "git" commands
 887 that operate on a set of commits work on a single revision range.
 888 In other words, writing two "two-dot range notation" next to each
 889 other, e.g.</p>
 890 </div>
 891 <div class="literalblock">
 892 <div class="content">
 893 <pre>$ git log A..B C..D</pre>
 894 </div>
 895 </div>
 896 <div class="paragraph">
 897 <p>does <strong>not</strong> specify two revision ranges for most commands.  Instead
 898 it will name a single connected set of commits, i.e. those that are
 899 reachable from either B or D but are reachable from neither A or C.
 900 In a linear history like this:</p>
 901 </div>
 902 <div class="literalblock">
 903 <div class="content">
 904 <pre>---A---B---o---o---C---D</pre>
 905 </div>
 906 </div>
 907 <div class="paragraph">
 908 <p>because A and B are reachable from C, the revision range specified
 909 by these two dotted ranges is a single commit D.</p>
 910 </div>
 911 </div>
 912 <div class="sect2">
 913 <h3 id="_other_rev_parent_shorthand_notations">Other &lt;rev&gt;^ Parent Shorthand Notations</h3>
 914 <div class="paragraph">
 915 <p>Three other shorthands exist, particularly useful for merge commits,
 916 for naming a set that is formed by a commit and its parent commits.</p>
 917 </div>
 918 <div class="paragraph">
 919 <p>The <em>r1^@</em> notation means all parents of <em>r1</em>.</p>
 920 </div>
 921 <div class="paragraph">
 922 <p>The <em>r1^!</em> notation includes commit <em>r1</em> but excludes all of its parents.
 923 By itself, this notation denotes the single commit <em>r1</em>.</p>
 924 </div>
 925 <div class="paragraph">
 926 <p>The <em>&lt;rev&gt;^-[&lt;n&gt;]</em> notation includes <em>&lt;rev&gt;</em> but excludes the &lt;n&gt;th
 927 parent (i.e. a shorthand for <em>&lt;rev&gt;^&lt;n&gt;..&lt;rev&gt;</em>), with <em>&lt;n&gt;</em> = 1 if
 928 not given. This is typically useful for merge commits where you
 929 can just pass <em>&lt;commit&gt;^-</em> to get all the commits in the branch
 930 that was merged in merge commit <em>&lt;commit&gt;</em> (including <em>&lt;commit&gt;</em>
 931 itself).</p>
 932 </div>
 933 <div class="paragraph">
 934 <p>While <em>&lt;rev&gt;^&lt;n&gt;</em> was about specifying a single commit parent, these
 935 three notations also consider its parents. For example you can say
 936 <em>HEAD^2^@</em>, however you cannot say <em>HEAD^@^2</em>.</p>
 937 </div>
 938 </div>
 939 </div>
 940 </div>
 941 <div class="sect1">
 942 <h2 id="_revision_range_summary">Revision Range Summary</h2>
 943 <div class="sectionbody">
 944 <div class="dlist">
 945 <dl>
 946 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>&lt;rev&gt;</em></dt>
 947 <dd>
 948 <p>Include commits that are reachable from &lt;rev&gt; (i.e. &lt;rev&gt; and its
 949 ancestors).</p>
 950 </dd>
 951 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>^&lt;rev&gt;</em></dt>
 952 <dd>
 953 <p>Exclude commits that are reachable from &lt;rev&gt; (i.e. &lt;rev&gt; and its
 954 ancestors).</p>
 955 </dd>
 956 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>&lt;rev1&gt;..&lt;rev2&gt;</em></dt>
 957 <dd>
 958 <p>Include commits that are reachable from &lt;rev2&gt; but exclude
 959 those that are reachable from &lt;rev1&gt;.  When either &lt;rev1&gt; or
 960 &lt;rev2&gt; is omitted, it defaults to <code>HEAD</code>.</p>
 961 </dd>
 962 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>&lt;rev1&gt;...&lt;rev2&gt;</em></dt>
 963 <dd>
 964 <p>Include commits that are reachable from either &lt;rev1&gt; or
 965 &lt;rev2&gt; but exclude those that are reachable from both.  When
 966 either &lt;rev1&gt; or &lt;rev2&gt; is omitted, it defaults to <code>HEAD</code>.</p>
 967 </dd>
 968 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>&lt;rev&gt;^@</em>, e.g. <em>HEAD^@</em></dt>
 969 <dd>
 970 <p>A suffix <em>^</em> followed by an at sign is the same as listing
 971 all parents of <em>&lt;rev&gt;</em> (meaning, include anything reachable from
 972 its parents, but not the commit itself).</p>
 973 </dd>
 974 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>&lt;rev&gt;^!</em>, e.g. <em>HEAD^!</em></dt>
 975 <dd>
 976 <p>A suffix <em>^</em> followed by an exclamation mark is the same
 977 as giving commit <em>&lt;rev&gt;</em> and all its parents prefixed with
 978 <em>^</em> to exclude them (and their ancestors).</p>
 979 </dd>
 980 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>&lt;rev&gt;^-&lt;n&gt;</em>, e.g. <em>HEAD^-, HEAD^-2</em></dt>
 981 <dd>
 982 <p>Equivalent to <em>&lt;rev&gt;^&lt;n&gt;..&lt;rev&gt;</em>, with <em>&lt;n&gt;</em> = 1 if not
 983 given.</p>
 984 </dd>
 985 </dl>
 986 </div>
 987 <div class="paragraph">
 988 <p>Here are a handful of examples using the Loeliger illustration above,
 989 with each step in the notation&#8217;s expansion and selection carefully
 990 spelt out:</p>
 991 </div>
 992 <div class="literalblock">
 993 <div class="content">
 994 <pre>   Args   Expanded arguments    Selected commits
 995    D                            G H D
 996    D F                          G H I J D F
 997    ^G D                         H D
 998    ^D B                         E I J F B
 999    ^D B C                       E I J F B C
1000    C                            I J F C
1001    B..C   = ^B C                C
1002    B...C  = B ^F C              G H D E B C
1003    B^-    = B^..B
1004           = ^B^1 B              E I J F B
1005    C^@    = C^1
1006           = F                   I J F
1007    B^@    = B^1 B^2 B^3
1008           = D E F               D G H E F I J
1009    C^!    = C ^C^@
1010           = C ^C^1
1011           = C ^F                C
1012    B^!    = B ^B^@
1013           = B ^B^1 ^B^2 ^B^3
1014           = B ^D ^E ^F          B
1015    F^! D  = F ^I ^J D           G H D F</pre>
1016 </div>
1017 </div>
1018 </div>
1019 </div>
1020 <div class="sect1">
1021 <h2 id="_see_also">SEE ALSO</h2>
1022 <div class="sectionbody">
1023 <div class="paragraph">
1024 <p><a href="git-rev-parse.html">git-rev-parse(1)</a></p>
1025 </div>
1026 </div>
1027 </div>
1028 <div class="sect1">
1029 <h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
1030 <div class="sectionbody">
1031 <div class="paragraph">
1032 <p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p>
1033 </div>
1034 </div>
1035 </div>
1036 </div>
1037 <div id="footer">
1038 <div id="footer-text">
1039 Last updated 2020-03-10 15:02:33 -0700
1040 </div>
1041 </div>
1042 </body>
1043 </html>