4 The parse-options API is used to parse and massage options in Git
5 and to provide a usage help with consistent look.
10 The argument vector `argv[]` may usually contain mandatory or optional
11 'non-option arguments', e.g. a filename or a branch, 'options', and
13 Options are optional arguments that start with a dash and
14 that allow to change the behavior of a command.
16 * There are basically three types of options:
18 options with (mandatory) 'arguments' and
19 options with 'optional arguments'
20 (i.e. a boolean option that can be adjusted).
22 * There are basically two forms of options:
23 'Short options' consist of one dash (`-`) and one alphanumeric
25 'Long options' begin with two dashes (`--`) and some
26 alphanumeric characters.
28 * Options are case-sensitive.
29 Please define 'lower-case long options' only.
31 The parse-options API allows:
33 * 'stuck' and 'separate form' of options with arguments.
34 `-oArg` is stuck, `-o Arg` is separate form.
35 `--option=Arg` is stuck, `--option Arg` is separate form.
37 * Long options may be 'abbreviated', as long as the abbreviation
40 * Short options may be bundled, e.g. `-a -b` can be specified as `-ab`.
42 * Boolean long options can be 'negated' (or 'unset') by prepending
43 `no-`, e.g. `--no-abbrev` instead of `--abbrev`. Conversely,
44 options that begin with `no-` can be 'negated' by removing it.
45 Other long options can be unset (e.g., set string to NULL, set
46 integer to 0) by prepending `no-`.
48 * Options and non-option arguments can clearly be separated using the `--`
49 option, e.g. `-a -b --option -- --this-is-a-file` indicates that
50 `--this-is-a-file` must not be processed as an option.
52 Subcommands are special in a couple of ways:
54 * Subcommands only have long form, and they have no double dash prefix, no
55 negated form, and no description, and they don't take any arguments, and
58 * There must be exactly one subcommand among the arguments, or zero if the
59 command has a default operation mode.
61 * All arguments following the subcommand are considered to be arguments of
62 the subcommand, and, conversely, arguments meant for the subcommand may
63 not precede the subcommand.
65 Therefore, if the options array contains at least one subcommand and
66 `parse_options()` encounters the first dashless argument, it will either:
68 * stop and return, if that dashless argument is a known subcommand, setting
69 `value` to the function pointer associated with that subcommand, storing
70 the name of the subcommand in argv[0], and leaving the rest of the
71 arguments unprocessed, or
73 * stop and return, if it was invoked with the `PARSE_OPT_SUBCOMMAND_OPTIONAL`
74 flag and that dashless argument doesn't match any subcommands, leaving
75 `value` unchanged and the rest of the arguments unprocessed, or
77 * show error and usage, and abort.
79 Steps to parse options
80 ----------------------
82 . `#include "parse-options.h"`
84 . define a NULL-terminated
85 `static const char * const builtin_foo_usage[]` array
86 containing alternative usage strings
88 . define `builtin_foo_options` array as described below
89 in section 'Data Structure'.
91 . in `cmd_foo(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)`
94 argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, builtin_foo_options, builtin_foo_usage, flags);
96 `parse_options()` will filter out the processed options of `argv[]` and leave the
97 non-option arguments in `argv[]`.
98 `argc` is updated appropriately because of the assignment.
100 You can also pass NULL instead of a usage array as the fifth parameter of
101 parse_options(), to avoid displaying a help screen with usage info and
102 option list. This should only be done if necessary, e.g. to implement
103 a limited parser for only a subset of the options that needs to be run
104 before the full parser, which in turn shows the full help message.
106 Flags are the bitwise-or of:
108 `PARSE_OPT_KEEP_DASHDASH`::
109 Keep the `--` that usually separates options from
110 non-option arguments.
112 `PARSE_OPT_STOP_AT_NON_OPTION`::
113 Usually the whole argument vector is massaged and reordered.
114 Using this flag, processing is stopped at the first non-option
117 `PARSE_OPT_KEEP_ARGV0`::
118 Keep the first argument, which contains the program name. It's
119 removed from argv[] by default.
121 `PARSE_OPT_KEEP_UNKNOWN_OPT`::
122 Keep unknown options instead of erroring out. This doesn't
123 work for all combinations of arguments as users might expect
124 it to do. E.g. if the first argument in `--unknown --known`
125 takes a value (which we can't know), the second one is
126 mistakenly interpreted as a known option. Similarly, if
127 `PARSE_OPT_STOP_AT_NON_OPTION` is set, the second argument in
128 `--unknown value` will be mistakenly interpreted as a
129 non-option, not as a value belonging to the unknown option,
130 the parser early. That's why parse_options() errors out if
131 both options are set.
132 Note that non-option arguments are always kept, even without
135 `PARSE_OPT_NO_INTERNAL_HELP`::
136 By default, parse_options() handles `-h`, `--help` and
137 `--help-all` internally, by showing a help screen. This option
138 turns it off and allows one to add custom handlers for these
139 options, or to just leave them unknown.
141 `PARSE_OPT_SUBCOMMAND_OPTIONAL`::
142 Don't error out when no subcommand is specified.
144 Note that `PARSE_OPT_STOP_AT_NON_OPTION` is incompatible with subcommands;
145 while `PARSE_OPT_KEEP_DASHDASH` and `PARSE_OPT_KEEP_UNKNOWN_OPT` can only be
146 used with subcommands when combined with `PARSE_OPT_SUBCOMMAND_OPTIONAL`.
151 The main data structure is an array of the `option` struct,
152 say `static struct option builtin_add_options[]`.
153 There are some macros to easily define options:
155 `OPT__ABBREV(&int_var)`::
156 Add `--abbrev[=<n>]`.
158 `OPT__COLOR(&int_var, description)`::
159 Add `--color[=<when>]` and `--no-color`.
161 `OPT__DRY_RUN(&int_var, description)`::
164 `OPT__FORCE(&int_var, description)`::
167 `OPT__QUIET(&int_var, description)`::
170 `OPT__VERBOSE(&int_var, description)`::
173 `OPT_GROUP(description)`::
174 Start an option group. `description` is a short string that
175 describes the group or an empty string.
176 Start the description with an upper-case letter.
178 `OPT_BOOL(short, long, &int_var, description)`::
179 Introduce a boolean option. `int_var` is set to one with
180 `--option` and set to zero with `--no-option`.
182 `OPT_COUNTUP(short, long, &int_var, description)`::
183 Introduce a count-up option.
184 Each use of `--option` increments `int_var`, starting from zero
185 (even if initially negative), and `--no-option` resets it to
186 zero. To determine if `--option` or `--no-option` was encountered at
187 all, initialize `int_var` to a negative value, and if it is still
188 negative after parse_options(), then neither `--option` nor
189 `--no-option` was seen.
191 `OPT_BIT(short, long, &int_var, description, mask)`::
192 Introduce a boolean option.
193 If used, `int_var` is bitwise-ored with `mask`.
195 `OPT_NEGBIT(short, long, &int_var, description, mask)`::
196 Introduce a boolean option.
197 If used, `int_var` is bitwise-anded with the inverted `mask`.
199 `OPT_SET_INT(short, long, &int_var, description, integer)`::
200 Introduce an integer option.
201 `int_var` is set to `integer` with `--option`, and
202 reset to zero with `--no-option`.
204 `OPT_STRING(short, long, &str_var, arg_str, description)`::
205 Introduce an option with string argument.
206 The string argument is put into `str_var`.
208 `OPT_STRING_LIST(short, long, &struct string_list, arg_str, description)`::
209 Introduce an option with string argument.
210 The string argument is stored as an element in `string_list`.
211 Use of `--no-option` will clear the list of preceding values.
213 `OPT_INTEGER(short, long, &int_var, description)`::
214 Introduce an option with integer argument.
215 The integer is put into `int_var`.
217 `OPT_MAGNITUDE(short, long, &unsigned_long_var, description)`::
218 Introduce an option with a size argument. The argument must be a
219 non-negative integer and may include a suffix of 'k', 'm' or 'g' to
220 scale the provided value by 1024, 1024^2 or 1024^3 respectively.
221 The scaled value is put into `unsigned_long_var`.
223 `OPT_EXPIRY_DATE(short, long, ×tamp_t_var, description)`::
224 Introduce an option with expiry date argument, see `parse_expiry_date()`.
225 The timestamp is put into `timestamp_t_var`.
227 `OPT_CALLBACK(short, long, &var, arg_str, description, func_ptr)`::
228 Introduce an option with argument.
229 The argument will be fed into the function given by `func_ptr`
230 and the result will be put into `var`.
231 See 'Option Callbacks' below for a more elaborate description.
233 `OPT_FILENAME(short, long, &var, description)`::
234 Introduce an option with a filename argument.
235 The filename will be prefixed by passing the filename along with
236 the prefix argument of `parse_options()` to `prefix_filename()`.
238 `OPT_NUMBER_CALLBACK(&var, description, func_ptr)`::
239 Recognize numerical options like -123 and feed the integer as
240 if it was an argument to the function given by `func_ptr`.
241 The result will be put into `var`. There can be only one such
242 option definition. It cannot be negated and it takes no
243 arguments. Short options that happen to be digits take
246 `OPT_COLOR_FLAG(short, long, &int_var, description)`::
247 Introduce an option that takes an optional argument that can
248 have one of three values: "always", "never", or "auto". If the
249 argument is not given, it defaults to "always". The `--no-` form
250 works like `--long=never`; it cannot take an argument. If
251 "always", set `int_var` to 1; if "never", set `int_var` to 0; if
252 "auto", set `int_var` to 1 if stdout is a tty or a pager,
255 `OPT_NOOP_NOARG(short, long)`::
256 Introduce an option that has no effect and takes no arguments.
257 Use it to hide deprecated options that are still to be recognized
258 and ignored silently.
260 `OPT_PASSTHRU(short, long, &char_var, arg_str, description, flags)`::
261 Introduce an option that will be reconstructed into a char* string,
262 which must be initialized to NULL. This is useful when you need to
263 pass the command-line option to another command. Any previous value
264 will be overwritten, so this should only be used for options where
265 the last one specified on the command line wins.
267 `OPT_PASSTHRU_ARGV(short, long, &strvec_var, arg_str, description, flags)`::
268 Introduce an option where all instances of it on the command-line will
269 be reconstructed into a strvec. This is useful when you need to
270 pass the command-line option, which can be specified multiple times,
273 `OPT_CMDMODE(short, long, &int_var, description, enum_val)`::
274 Define an "operation mode" option, only one of which in the same
275 group of "operating mode" options that share the same `int_var`
276 can be given by the user. `int_var` is set to `enum_val` when the
277 option is used, but an error is reported if other "operating mode"
278 option has already set its value to the same `int_var`.
279 In new commands consider using subcommands instead.
281 `OPT_SUBCOMMAND(long, &fn_ptr, subcommand_fn)`::
282 Define a subcommand. `subcommand_fn` is put into `fn_ptr` when
283 this subcommand is used.
285 The last element of the array must be `OPT_END()`.
287 If not stated otherwise, interpret the arguments as follows:
289 * `short` is a character for the short option
290 (e.g. `'e'` for `-e`, use `0` to omit),
292 * `long` is a string for the long option
293 (e.g. `"example"` for `--example`, use `NULL` to omit),
295 * `int_var` is an integer variable,
297 * `str_var` is a string variable (`char *`),
299 * `arg_str` is the string that is shown as argument
300 (e.g. `"branch"` will result in `<branch>`).
301 If set to `NULL`, three dots (`...`) will be displayed.
303 * `description` is a short string to describe the effect of the option.
304 It shall begin with a lower-case letter and a full stop (`.`) shall be
310 The function must be defined in this form:
312 int func(const struct option *opt, const char *arg, int unset)
314 The callback mechanism is as follows:
316 * Inside `func`, the only interesting member of the structure
317 given by `opt` is the void pointer `opt->value`.
318 `*opt->value` will be the value that is saved into `var`, if you
319 use `OPT_CALLBACK()`.
320 For example, do `*(unsigned long *)opt->value = 42;` to get 42
321 into an `unsigned long` variable.
323 * Return value `0` indicates success and non-zero return
324 value will invoke `usage_with_options()` and, thus, die.
326 * If the user negates the option, `arg` is `NULL` and `unset` is 1.
328 Sophisticated option parsing
329 ----------------------------
331 If you need, for example, option callbacks with optional arguments
332 or without arguments at all, or if you need other special cases,
333 that are not handled by the macros above, you need to specify the
334 members of the `option` structure manually.
336 This is not covered in this document, but well documented
337 in `parse-options.h` itself.
342 See `test-parse-options.c` and
349 for real-world examples.