technical/bundle-uri.html

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 435 </head>
 436 <body class="article">
 437 <div id="header">
 438 <h1>Bundle URIs</h1>
 439 <div class="details">
 440 <span id="revdate">2024-08-23</span>
 441 </div>
 442 </div>
 443 <div id="content">
 444 <div id="preamble">
 445 <div class="sectionbody">
 446 <div class="paragraph">
 447 <p>Git bundles are files that store a pack-file along with some extra metadata,
 448 including a set of refs and a (possibly empty) set of necessary commits. See
 449 <a href="../git-bundle.html">git-bundle(1)</a> and <a href="../gitformat-bundle.html">gitformat-bundle(5)</a> for more information.</p>
 450 </div>
 451 <div class="paragraph">
 452 <p>Bundle URIs are locations where Git can download one or more bundles in
 453 order to bootstrap the object database in advance of fetching the remaining
 454 objects from a remote.</p>
 455 </div>
 456 <div class="paragraph">
 457 <p>One goal is to speed up clones and fetches for users with poor network
 458 connectivity to the origin server. Another benefit is to allow heavy users,
 459 such as CI build farms, to use local resources for the majority of Git data
 460 and thereby reducing the load on the origin server.</p>
 461 </div>
 462 <div class="paragraph">
 463 <p>To enable the bundle URI feature, users can specify a bundle URI using
 464 command-line options or the origin server can advertise one or more URIs
 465 via a protocol v2 capability.</p>
 466 </div>
 467 </div>
 468 </div>
 469 <div class="sect1">
 470 <h2 id="_design_goals">Design Goals</h2>
 471 <div class="sectionbody">
 472 <div class="paragraph">
 473 <p>The bundle URI standard aims to be flexible enough to satisfy multiple
 474 workloads. The bundle provider and the Git client have several choices in
 475 how they create and consume bundle URIs.</p>
 476 </div>
 477 <div class="ulist">
 478 <ul>
 479 <li>
 480 <p>Bundles can have whatever name the server desires. This name could refer
 481 to immutable data by using a hash of the bundle contents. However, this
 482 means that a new URI will be needed after every update of the content.
 483 This might be acceptable if the server is advertising the URI (and the
 484 server is aware of new bundles being generated) but would not be
 485 ergonomic for users using the command line option.</p>
 486 </li>
 487 <li>
 488 <p>The bundles could be organized specifically for bootstrapping full
 489 clones, but could also be organized with the intention of bootstrapping
 490 incremental fetches. The bundle provider must decide on one of several
 491 organization schemes to minimize client downloads during incremental
 492 fetches, but the Git client can also choose whether to use bundles for
 493 either of these operations.</p>
 494 </li>
 495 <li>
 496 <p>The bundle provider can choose to support full clones, partial clones,
 497 or both. The client can detect which bundles are appropriate for the
 498 repository&#8217;s partial clone filter, if any.</p>
 499 </li>
 500 <li>
 501 <p>The bundle provider can use a single bundle (for clones only), or a
 502 list of bundles. When using a list of bundles, the provider can specify
 503 whether or not the client needs <em>all</em> of the bundle URIs for a full
 504 clone, or if <em>any</em> one of the bundle URIs is sufficient. This allows the
 505 bundle provider to use different URIs for different geographies.</p>
 506 </li>
 507 <li>
 508 <p>The bundle provider can organize the bundles using heuristics, such as
 509 creation tokens, to help the client prevent downloading bundles it does
 510 not need. When the bundle provider does not provide these heuristics,
 511 the client can use optimizations to minimize how much of the data is
 512 downloaded.</p>
 513 </li>
 514 <li>
 515 <p>The bundle provider does not need to be associated with the Git server.
 516 The client can choose to use the bundle provider without it being
 517 advertised by the Git server.</p>
 518 </li>
 519 <li>
 520 <p>The client can choose to discover bundle providers that are advertised
 521 by the Git server. This could happen during <code>git clone</code>, during
 522 <code>git fetch</code>, both, or neither. The user can choose which combination
 523 works best for them.</p>
 524 </li>
 525 <li>
 526 <p>The client can choose to configure a bundle provider manually at any
 527 time. The client can also choose to specify a bundle provider manually
 528 as a command-line option to <code>git clone</code>.</p>
 529 </li>
 530 </ul>
 531 </div>
 532 <div class="paragraph">
 533 <p>Each repository is different and every Git server has different needs.
 534 Hopefully the bundle URI feature is flexible enough to satisfy all needs.
 535 If not, then the feature can be extended through its versioning mechanism.</p>
 536 </div>
 537 </div>
 538 </div>
 539 <div class="sect1">
 540 <h2 id="_server_requirements">Server requirements</h2>
 541 <div class="sectionbody">
 542 <div class="paragraph">
 543 <p>To provide a server-side implementation of bundle servers, no other parts
 544 of the Git protocol are required. This allows server maintainers to use
 545 static content solutions such as CDNs in order to serve the bundle files.</p>
 546 </div>
 547 <div class="paragraph">
 548 <p>At the current scope of the bundle URI feature, all URIs are expected to
 549 be HTTP(S) URLs where content is downloaded to a local file using a <code>GET</code>
 550 request to that URL. The server could include authentication requirements
 551 to those requests with the aim of triggering the configured credential
 552 helper for secure access. (Future extensions could use "file://" URIs or
 553 SSH URIs.)</p>
 554 </div>
 555 <div class="paragraph">
 556 <p>Assuming a <code>200 OK</code> response from the server, the content at the URL is
 557 inspected. First, Git attempts to parse the file as a bundle file of
 558 version 2 or higher. If the file is not a bundle, then the file is parsed
 559 as a plain-text file using Git&#8217;s config parser. The key-value pairs in
 560 that config file are expected to describe a list of bundle URIs. If
 561 neither of these parse attempts succeed, then Git will report an error to
 562 the user that the bundle URI provided erroneous data.</p>
 563 </div>
 564 <div class="paragraph">
 565 <p>Any other data provided by the server is considered erroneous.</p>
 566 </div>
 567 </div>
 568 </div>
 569 <div class="sect1">
 570 <h2 id="_bundle_lists">Bundle Lists</h2>
 571 <div class="sectionbody">
 572 <div class="paragraph">
 573 <p>The Git server can advertise bundle URIs using a set of <code>key=value</code> pairs.
 574 A bundle URI can also serve a plain-text file in the Git config format
 575 containing these same <code>key=value</code> pairs. In both cases, we consider this
 576 to be a <em>bundle list</em>. The pairs specify information about the bundles
 577 that the client can use to make decisions for which bundles to download
 578 and which to ignore.</p>
 579 </div>
 580 <div class="paragraph">
 581 <p>A few keys focus on properties of the list itself.</p>
 582 </div>
 583 <div class="dlist">
 584 <dl>
 585 <dt class="hdlist1">bundle.version</dt>
 586 <dd>
 587 <p>(Required) This value provides a version number for the bundle
 588 list. If a future Git change enables a feature that needs the Git
 589 client to react to a new key in the bundle list file, then this version
 590 will increment. The only current version number is 1, and if any other
 591 value is specified then Git will fail to use this file.</p>
 592 </dd>
 593 <dt class="hdlist1">bundle.mode</dt>
 594 <dd>
 595 <p>(Required) This value has one of two values: <code>all</code> and <code>any</code>. When <code>all</code>
 596 is specified, then the client should expect to need all of the listed
 597 bundle URIs that match their repository&#8217;s requirements. When <code>any</code> is
 598 specified, then the client should expect that any one of the bundle URIs
 599 that match their repository&#8217;s requirements will suffice. Typically, the
 600 <code>any</code> option is used to list a number of different bundle servers
 601 located in different geographies.</p>
 602 </dd>
 603 <dt class="hdlist1">bundle.heuristic</dt>
 604 <dd>
 605 <p>If this string-valued key exists, then the bundle list is designed to
 606 work well with incremental <code>git fetch</code> commands. The heuristic signals
 607 that there are additional keys available for each bundle that help
 608 determine which subset of bundles the client should download. The only
 609 heuristic currently planned is <code>creationToken</code>.</p>
 610 </dd>
 611 </dl>
 612 </div>
 613 <div class="paragraph">
 614 <p>The remaining keys include an <code>&lt;id&gt;</code> segment which is a server-designated
 615 name for each available bundle. The <code>&lt;id&gt;</code> must contain only alphanumeric
 616 and <code>-</code> characters.</p>
 617 </div>
 618 <div class="dlist">
 619 <dl>
 620 <dt class="hdlist1">bundle.&lt;id&gt;.uri</dt>
 621 <dd>
 622 <p>(Required) This string value is the URI for downloading bundle <code>&lt;id&gt;</code>.
 623 If the URI begins with a protocol (<code>http://</code> or <code>https://</code>) then the URI
 624 is absolute. Otherwise, the URI is interpreted as relative to the URI
 625 used for the bundle list. If the URI begins with <code>/</code>, then that relative
 626 path is relative to the domain name used for the bundle list. (This use
 627 of relative paths is intended to make it easier to distribute a set of
 628 bundles across a large number of servers or CDNs with different domain
 629 names.)</p>
 630 </dd>
 631 <dt class="hdlist1">bundle.&lt;id&gt;.filter</dt>
 632 <dd>
 633 <p>This string value represents an object filter that should also appear in
 634 the header of this bundle. The server uses this value to differentiate
 635 different kinds of bundles from which the client can choose those that
 636 match their object filters.</p>
 637 </dd>
 638 <dt class="hdlist1">bundle.&lt;id&gt;.creationToken</dt>
 639 <dd>
 640 <p>This value is a nonnegative 64-bit integer used for sorting the bundles
 641 list. This is used to download a subset of bundles during a fetch when
 642 <code>bundle.heuristic=creationToken</code>.</p>
 643 </dd>
 644 <dt class="hdlist1">bundle.&lt;id&gt;.location</dt>
 645 <dd>
 646 <p>This string value advertises a real-world location from where the bundle
 647 URI is served. This can be used to present the user with an option for
 648 which bundle URI to use or simply as an informative indicator of which
 649 bundle URI was selected by Git. This is only valuable when
 650 <code>bundle.mode</code> is <code>any</code>.</p>
 651 </dd>
 652 </dl>
 653 </div>
 654 <div class="paragraph">
 655 <p>Here is an example bundle list using the Git config format:</p>
 656 </div>
 657 <div class="literalblock">
 658 <div class="content">
 659 <pre>[bundle]
 660         version = 1
 661         mode = all
 662         heuristic = creationToken</pre>
 663 </div>
 664 </div>
 665 <div class="literalblock">
 666 <div class="content">
 667 <pre>[bundle "2022-02-09-1644442601-daily"]
 668         uri = https://bundles.example.com/git/git/2022-02-09-1644442601-daily.bundle
 669         creationToken = 1644442601</pre>
 670 </div>
 671 </div>
 672 <div class="literalblock">
 673 <div class="content">
 674 <pre>[bundle "2022-02-02-1643842562"]
 675         uri = https://bundles.example.com/git/git/2022-02-02-1643842562.bundle
 676         creationToken = 1643842562</pre>
 677 </div>
 678 </div>
 679 <div class="literalblock">
 680 <div class="content">
 681 <pre>[bundle "2022-02-09-1644442631-daily-blobless"]
 682         uri = 2022-02-09-1644442631-daily-blobless.bundle
 683         creationToken = 1644442631
 684         filter = blob:none</pre>
 685 </div>
 686 </div>
 687 <div class="literalblock">
 688 <div class="content">
 689 <pre>[bundle "2022-02-02-1643842568-blobless"]
 690         uri = /git/git/2022-02-02-1643842568-blobless.bundle
 691         creationToken = 1643842568
 692         filter = blob:none</pre>
 693 </div>
 694 </div>
 695 <div class="paragraph">
 696 <p>This example uses <code>bundle.mode=all</code> as well as the
 697 <code>bundle.&lt;id&gt;.creationToken</code> heuristic. It also uses the <code>bundle.&lt;id&gt;.filter</code>
 698 options to present two parallel sets of bundles: one for full clones and
 699 another for blobless partial clones.</p>
 700 </div>
 701 <div class="paragraph">
 702 <p>Suppose that this bundle list was found at the URI
 703 <code>https://bundles.example.com/git/git/</code> and so the two blobless bundles have
 704 the following fully-expanded URIs:</p>
 705 </div>
 706 <div class="ulist">
 707 <ul>
 708 <li>
 709 <p><code>https://bundles.example.com/git/git/2022-02-09-1644442631-daily-blobless.bundle</code></p>
 710 </li>
 711 <li>
 712 <p><code>https://bundles.example.com/git/git/2022-02-02-1643842568-blobless.bundle</code></p>
 713 </li>
 714 </ul>
 715 </div>
 716 </div>
 717 </div>
 718 <div class="sect1">
 719 <h2 id="_advertising_bundle_uris">Advertising Bundle URIs</h2>
 720 <div class="sectionbody">
 721 <div class="paragraph">
 722 <p>If a user knows a bundle URI for the repository they are cloning, then
 723 they can specify that URI manually through a command-line option. However,
 724 a Git host may want to advertise bundle URIs during the clone operation,
 725 helping users unaware of the feature.</p>
 726 </div>
 727 <div class="paragraph">
 728 <p>The only thing required for this feature is that the server can advertise
 729 one or more bundle URIs. This advertisement takes the form of a new
 730 protocol v2 capability specifically for discovering bundle URIs.</p>
 731 </div>
 732 <div class="paragraph">
 733 <p>The client could choose an arbitrary bundle URI as an option <em>or</em> select
 734 the URI with best performance by some exploratory checks. It is up to the
 735 bundle provider to decide if having multiple URIs is preferable to a
 736 single URI that is geodistributed through server-side infrastructure.</p>
 737 </div>
 738 </div>
 739 </div>
 740 <div class="sect1">
 741 <h2 id="_cloning_with_bundle_uris">Cloning with Bundle URIs</h2>
 742 <div class="sectionbody">
 743 <div class="paragraph">
 744 <p>The primary need for bundle URIs is to speed up clones. The Git client
 745 will interact with bundle URIs according to the following flow:</p>
 746 </div>
 747 <div class="olist arabic">
 748 <ol class="arabic">
 749 <li>
 750 <p>The user specifies a bundle URI with the <code>--bundle-uri</code> command-line
 751 option <em>or</em> the client discovers a bundle list advertised by the
 752 Git server.</p>
 753 </li>
 754 <li>
 755 <p>If the downloaded data from a bundle URI is a bundle, then the client
 756 inspects the bundle headers to check that the prerequisite commit OIDs
 757 are present in the client repository. If some are missing, then the
 758 client delays unbundling until other bundles have been unbundled,
 759 making those OIDs present. When all required OIDs are present, the
 760 client unbundles that data using a refspec. The default refspec is
 761 <code>+refs/heads/*:refs/bundles/*</code>, but this can be configured. These refs
 762 are stored so that later <code>git fetch</code> negotiations can communicate each
 763 bundled ref as a <code>have</code>, reducing the size of the fetch over the Git
 764 protocol. To allow pruning refs from this ref namespace, Git may
 765 introduce a numbered namespace (such as <code>refs/bundles/&lt;i&gt;/*</code>) such that
 766 stale bundle refs can be deleted.</p>
 767 </li>
 768 <li>
 769 <p>If the file is instead a bundle list, then the client inspects the
 770 <code>bundle.mode</code> to see if the list is of the <code>all</code> or <code>any</code> form.</p>
 771 <div class="olist loweralpha">
 772 <ol class="loweralpha">
 773 <li>
 774 <p>If <code>bundle.mode=all</code>, then the client considers all bundle
 775 URIs. The list is reduced based on the <code>bundle.&lt;id&gt;.filter</code> options
 776 matching the client repository&#8217;s partial clone filter. Then, all
 777 bundle URIs are requested. If the <code>bundle.&lt;id&gt;.creationToken</code>
 778 heuristic is provided, then the bundles are downloaded in decreasing
 779 order by the creation token, stopping when a bundle has all required
 780 OIDs. The bundles can then be unbundled in increasing creation token
 781 order. The client stores the latest creation token as a heuristic
 782 for avoiding future downloads if the bundle list does not advertise
 783 bundles with larger creation tokens.</p>
 784 </li>
 785 <li>
 786 <p>If <code>bundle.mode=any</code>, then the client can choose any one of the
 787 bundle URIs to inspect. The client can use a variety of ways to
 788 choose among these URIs. The client can also fallback to another URI
 789 if the initial choice fails to return a result.</p>
 790 </li>
 791 </ol>
 792 </div>
 793 </li>
 794 </ol>
 795 </div>
 796 <div class="paragraph">
 797 <p>Note that during a clone we expect that all bundles will be required, and
 798 heuristics such as <code>bundle.&lt;uri&gt;.creationToken</code> can be used to download
 799 bundles in chronological order or in parallel.</p>
 800 </div>
 801 <div class="paragraph">
 802 <p>If a given bundle URI is a bundle list with a <code>bundle.heuristic</code>
 803 value, then the client can choose to store that URI as its chosen bundle
 804 URI. The client can then navigate directly to that URI during later <code>git
 805 fetch</code> calls.</p>
 806 </div>
 807 <div class="paragraph">
 808 <p>When downloading bundle URIs, the client can choose to inspect the initial
 809 content before committing to downloading the entire content. This may
 810 provide enough information to determine if the URI is a bundle list or
 811 a bundle. In the case of a bundle, the client may inspect the bundle
 812 header to determine that all advertised tips are already in the client
 813 repository and cancel the remaining download.</p>
 814 </div>
 815 </div>
 816 </div>
 817 <div class="sect1">
 818 <h2 id="_fetching_with_bundle_uris">Fetching with Bundle URIs</h2>
 819 <div class="sectionbody">
 820 <div class="paragraph">
 821 <p>When the client fetches new data, it can decide to fetch from bundle
 822 servers before fetching from the origin remote. This could be done via a
 823 command-line option, but it is more likely useful to use a config value
 824 such as the one specified during the clone.</p>
 825 </div>
 826 <div class="paragraph">
 827 <p>The fetch operation follows the same procedure to download bundles from a
 828 bundle list (although we do <em>not</em> want to use parallel downloads here). We
 829 expect that the process will end when all prerequisite commit OIDs in a
 830 thin bundle are already in the object database.</p>
 831 </div>
 832 <div class="paragraph">
 833 <p>When using the <code>creationToken</code> heuristic, the client can avoid downloading
 834 any bundles if their creation tokens are not larger than the stored
 835 creation token. After fetching new bundles, Git updates this local
 836 creation token.</p>
 837 </div>
 838 <div class="paragraph">
 839 <p>If the bundle provider does not provide a heuristic, then the client
 840 should attempt to inspect the bundle headers before downloading the full
 841 bundle data in case the bundle tips already exist in the client
 842 repository.</p>
 843 </div>
 844 </div>
 845 </div>
 846 <div class="sect1">
 847 <h2 id="_error_conditions">Error Conditions</h2>
 848 <div class="sectionbody">
 849 <div class="paragraph">
 850 <p>If the Git client discovers something unexpected while downloading
 851 information according to a bundle URI or the bundle list found at that
 852 location, then Git can ignore that data and continue as if it was not
 853 given a bundle URI. The remote Git server is the ultimate source of truth,
 854 not the bundle URI.</p>
 855 </div>
 856 <div class="paragraph">
 857 <p>Here are a few example error conditions:</p>
 858 </div>
 859 <div class="ulist">
 860 <ul>
 861 <li>
 862 <p>The client fails to connect with a server at the given URI or a connection
 863 is lost without any chance to recover.</p>
 864 </li>
 865 <li>
 866 <p>The client receives a 400-level response (such as <code>404 Not Found</code> or
 867 <code>401 Not Authorized</code>). The client should use the credential helper to
 868 find and provide a credential for the URI, but match the semantics of
 869 Git&#8217;s other HTTP protocols in terms of handling specific 400-level
 870 errors.</p>
 871 </li>
 872 <li>
 873 <p>The server reports any other failure response.</p>
 874 </li>
 875 <li>
 876 <p>The client receives data that is not parsable as a bundle or bundle list.</p>
 877 </li>
 878 <li>
 879 <p>A bundle includes a filter that does not match expectations.</p>
 880 </li>
 881 <li>
 882 <p>The client cannot unbundle the bundles because the prerequisite commit OIDs
 883 are not in the object database and there are no more bundles to download.</p>
 884 </li>
 885 </ul>
 886 </div>
 887 <div class="paragraph">
 888 <p>There are also situations that could be seen as wasteful, but are not
 889 error conditions:</p>
 890 </div>
 891 <div class="ulist">
 892 <ul>
 893 <li>
 894 <p>The downloaded bundles contain more information than is requested by
 895 the clone or fetch request. A primary example is if the user requests
 896 a clone with <code>--single-branch</code> but downloads bundles that store every
 897 reachable commit from all <code>refs/heads/*</code> references. This might be
 898 initially wasteful, but perhaps these objects will become reachable by
 899 a later ref update that the client cares about.</p>
 900 </li>
 901 <li>
 902 <p>A bundle download during a <code>git fetch</code> contains objects already in the
 903 object database. This is probably unavoidable if we are using bundles
 904 for fetches, since the client will almost always be slightly ahead of
 905 the bundle servers after performing its "catch-up" fetch to the remote
 906 server. This extra work is most wasteful when the client is fetching
 907 much more frequently than the server is computing bundles, such as if
 908 the client is using hourly prefetches with background maintenance, but
 909 the server is computing bundles weekly. For this reason, the client
 910 should not use bundle URIs for fetch unless the server has explicitly
 911 recommended it through a <code>bundle.heuristic</code> value.</p>
 912 </li>
 913 </ul>
 914 </div>
 915 </div>
 916 </div>
 917 <div class="sect1">
 918 <h2 id="_example_bundle_provider_organization">Example Bundle Provider organization</h2>
 919 <div class="sectionbody">
 920 <div class="paragraph">
 921 <p>The bundle URI feature is intentionally designed to be flexible to
 922 different ways a bundle provider wants to organize the object data.
 923 However, it can be helpful to have a complete organization model described
 924 here so providers can start from that base.</p>
 925 </div>
 926 <div class="paragraph">
 927 <p>This example organization is a simplified model of what is used by the
 928 GVFS Cache Servers (see section near the end of this document) which have
 929 been beneficial in speeding up clones and fetches for very large
 930 repositories, although using extra software outside of Git.</p>
 931 </div>
 932 <div class="paragraph">
 933 <p>The bundle provider deploys servers across multiple geographies. Each
 934 server manages its own bundle set. The server can track a number of Git
 935 repositories, but provides a bundle list for each based on a pattern. For
 936 example, when mirroring a repository at <code>https://&lt;domain&gt;/&lt;org&gt;/&lt;repo&gt;</code>
 937 the bundle server could have its bundle list available at
 938 <code>https://&lt;server-url&gt;/&lt;domain&gt;/&lt;org&gt;/&lt;repo&gt;</code>. The origin Git server can
 939 list all of these servers under the "any" mode:</p>
 940 </div>
 941 <div class="literalblock">
 942 <div class="content">
 943 <pre>[bundle]
 944         version = 1
 945         mode = any</pre>
 946 </div>
 947 </div>
 948 <div class="literalblock">
 949 <div class="content">
 950 <pre>[bundle "eastus"]
 951         uri = https://eastus.example.com/&lt;domain&gt;/&lt;org&gt;/&lt;repo&gt;</pre>
 952 </div>
 953 </div>
 954 <div class="literalblock">
 955 <div class="content">
 956 <pre>[bundle "europe"]
 957         uri = https://europe.example.com/&lt;domain&gt;/&lt;org&gt;/&lt;repo&gt;</pre>
 958 </div>
 959 </div>
 960 <div class="literalblock">
 961 <div class="content">
 962 <pre>[bundle "apac"]
 963         uri = https://apac.example.com/&lt;domain&gt;/&lt;org&gt;/&lt;repo&gt;</pre>
 964 </div>
 965 </div>
 966 <div class="paragraph">
 967 <p>This "list of lists" is static and only changes if a bundle server is
 968 added or removed.</p>
 969 </div>
 970 <div class="paragraph">
 971 <p>Each bundle server manages its own set of bundles. The initial bundle list
 972 contains only a single bundle, containing all of the objects received from
 973 cloning the repository from the origin server. The list uses the
 974 <code>creationToken</code> heuristic and a <code>creationToken</code> is made for the bundle
 975 based on the server&#8217;s timestamp.</p>
 976 </div>
 977 <div class="paragraph">
 978 <p>The bundle server runs regularly-scheduled updates for the bundle list,
 979 such as once a day. During this task, the server fetches the latest
 980 contents from the origin server and generates a bundle containing the
 981 objects reachable from the latest origin refs, but not contained in a
 982 previously-computed bundle. This bundle is added to the list, with care
 983 that the <code>creationToken</code> is strictly greater than the previous maximum
 984 <code>creationToken</code>.</p>
 985 </div>
 986 <div class="paragraph">
 987 <p>When the bundle list grows too large, say more than 30 bundles, then the
 988 oldest "<em>N</em> minus 30" bundles are combined into a single bundle. This
 989 bundle&#8217;s <code>creationToken</code> is equal to the maximum <code>creationToken</code> among the
 990 merged bundles.</p>
 991 </div>
 992 <div class="paragraph">
 993 <p>An example bundle list is provided here, although it only has two daily
 994 bundles and not a full list of 30:</p>
 995 </div>
 996 <div class="literalblock">
 997 <div class="content">
 998 <pre>[bundle]
 999         version = 1
1000         mode = all
1001         heuristic = creationToken</pre>
1002 </div>
1003 </div>
1004 <div class="literalblock">
1005 <div class="content">
1006 <pre>[bundle "2022-02-13-1644770820-daily"]
1007         uri = https://eastus.example.com/&lt;domain&gt;/&lt;org&gt;/&lt;repo&gt;/2022-02-09-1644770820-daily.bundle
1008         creationToken = 1644770820</pre>
1009 </div>
1010 </div>
1011 <div class="literalblock">
1012 <div class="content">
1013 <pre>[bundle "2022-02-09-1644442601-daily"]
1014         uri = https://eastus.example.com/&lt;domain&gt;/&lt;org&gt;/&lt;repo&gt;/2022-02-09-1644442601-daily.bundle
1015         creationToken = 1644442601</pre>
1016 </div>
1017 </div>
1018 <div class="literalblock">
1019 <div class="content">
1020 <pre>[bundle "2022-02-02-1643842562"]
1021         uri = https://eastus.example.com/&lt;domain&gt;/&lt;org&gt;/&lt;repo&gt;/2022-02-02-1643842562.bundle
1022         creationToken = 1643842562</pre>
1023 </div>
1024 </div>
1025 <div class="paragraph">
1026 <p>To avoid storing and serving object data in perpetuity despite becoming
1027 unreachable in the origin server, this bundle merge can be more careful.
1028 Instead of taking an absolute union of the old bundles, instead the bundle
1029 can be created by looking at the newer bundles and ensuring that their
1030 necessary commits are all available in this merged bundle (or in another
1031 one of the newer bundles). This allows "expiring" object data that is not
1032 being used by new commits in this window of time. That data could be
1033 reintroduced by a later push.</p>
1034 </div>
1035 <div class="paragraph">
1036 <p>The intention of this data organization has two main goals. First, initial
1037 clones of the repository become faster by downloading precomputed object
1038 data from a closer source. Second, <code>git fetch</code> commands can be faster,
1039 especially if the client has not fetched for a few days. However, if a
1040 client does not fetch for 30 days, then the bundle list organization would
1041 cause redownloading a large amount of object data.</p>
1042 </div>
1043 <div class="paragraph">
1044 <p>One way to make this organization more useful to users who fetch frequently
1045 is to have more frequent bundle creation. For example, bundles could be
1046 created every hour, and then once a day those "hourly" bundles could be
1047 merged into a "daily" bundle. The daily bundles are merged into the
1048 oldest bundle after 30 days.</p>
1049 </div>
1050 <div class="paragraph">
1051 <p>It is recommended that this bundle strategy is repeated with the <code>blob:none</code>
1052 filter if clients of this repository are expecting to use blobless partial
1053 clones. This list of blobless bundles stays in the same list as the full
1054 bundles, but uses the <code>bundle.&lt;id&gt;.filter</code> key to separate the two groups.
1055 For very large repositories, the bundle provider may want to <em>only</em> provide
1056 blobless bundles.</p>
1057 </div>
1058 </div>
1059 </div>
1060 <div class="sect1">
1061 <h2 id="_implementation_plan">Implementation Plan</h2>
1062 <div class="sectionbody">
1063 <div class="paragraph">
1064 <p>This design document is being submitted on its own as an aspirational
1065 document, with the goal of implementing all of the mentioned client
1066 features over the course of several patch series. Here is a potential
1067 outline for submitting these features:</p>
1068 </div>
1069 <div class="olist arabic">
1070 <ol class="arabic">
1071 <li>
1072 <p>Integrate bundle URIs into <code>git clone</code> with a <code>--bundle-uri</code> option.
1073 This will include a new <code>git fetch --bundle-uri</code> mode for use as the
1074 implementation underneath <code>git clone</code>. The initial version here will
1075 expect a single bundle at the given URI.</p>
1076 </li>
1077 <li>
1078 <p>Implement the ability to parse a bundle list from a bundle URI and
1079 update the <code>git fetch --bundle-uri</code> logic to properly distinguish
1080 between <code>bundle.mode</code> options. Specifically design the feature so
1081 that the config format parsing feeds a list of key-value pairs into the
1082 bundle list logic.</p>
1083 </li>
1084 <li>
1085 <p>Create the <code>bundle-uri</code> protocol v2 command so Git servers can advertise
1086 bundle URIs using the key-value pairs. Plug into the existing key-value
1087 input to the bundle list logic. Allow <code>git clone</code> to discover these
1088 bundle URIs and bootstrap the client repository from the bundle data.
1089 (This choice is an opt-in via a config option and a command-line
1090 option.)</p>
1091 </li>
1092 <li>
1093 <p>Allow the client to understand the <code>bundle.heuristic</code> configuration key
1094 and the <code>bundle.&lt;id&gt;.creationToken</code> heuristic. When <code>git clone</code>
1095 discovers a bundle URI with <code>bundle.heuristic</code>, it configures the client
1096 repository to check that bundle URI during later <code>git fetch &lt;remote&gt;</code>
1097 commands.</p>
1098 </li>
1099 <li>
1100 <p>Allow clients to discover bundle URIs during <code>git fetch</code> and configure
1101 a bundle URI for later fetches if <code>bundle.heuristic</code> is set.</p>
1102 </li>
1103 <li>
1104 <p>Implement the "inspect headers" heuristic to reduce data downloads when
1105 the <code>bundle.&lt;id&gt;.creationToken</code> heuristic is not available.</p>
1106 </li>
1107 </ol>
1108 </div>
1109 <div class="paragraph">
1110 <p>As these features are reviewed, this plan might be updated. We also expect
1111 that new designs will be discovered and implemented as this feature
1112 matures and becomes used in real-world scenarios.</p>
1113 </div>
1114 </div>
1115 </div>
1116 <div class="sect1">
1117 <h2 id="_related_work_packfile_uris">Related Work: Packfile URIs</h2>
1118 <div class="sectionbody">
1119 <div class="paragraph">
1120 <p>The Git protocol already has a capability where the Git server can list
1121 a set of URLs along with the packfile response when serving a client
1122 request. The client is then expected to download the packfiles at those
1123 locations in order to have a complete understanding of the response.</p>
1124 </div>
1125 <div class="paragraph">
1126 <p>This mechanism is used by the Gerrit server (implemented with JGit) and
1127 has been effective at reducing CPU load and improving user performance for
1128 clones.</p>
1129 </div>
1130 <div class="paragraph">
1131 <p>A major downside to this mechanism is that the origin server needs to know
1132 <em>exactly</em> what is in those packfiles, and the packfiles need to be available
1133 to the user for some time after the server has responded. This coupling
1134 between the origin and the packfile data is difficult to manage.</p>
1135 </div>
1136 <div class="paragraph">
1137 <p>Further, this implementation is extremely hard to make work with fetches.</p>
1138 </div>
1139 </div>
1140 </div>
1141 <div class="sect1">
1142 <h2 id="_related_work_gvfs_cache_servers">Related Work: GVFS Cache Servers</h2>
1143 <div class="sectionbody">
1144 <div class="paragraph">
1145 <p>The GVFS Protocol [2] is a set of HTTP endpoints designed independently of
1146 the Git project before Git&#8217;s partial clone was created. One feature of this
1147 protocol is the idea of a "cache server" which can be colocated with build
1148 machines or developer offices to transfer Git data without overloading the
1149 central server.</p>
1150 </div>
1151 <div class="paragraph">
1152 <p>The endpoint that VFS for Git is famous for is the <code>GET /gvfs/objects/{oid}</code>
1153 endpoint, which allows downloading an object on-demand. This is a critical
1154 piece of the filesystem virtualization of that product.</p>
1155 </div>
1156 <div class="paragraph">
1157 <p>However, a more subtle need is the <code>GET /gvfs/prefetch?lastPackTimestamp=&lt;t&gt;</code>
1158 endpoint. Given an optional timestamp, the cache server responds with a list
1159 of precomputed packfiles containing the commits and trees that were introduced
1160 in those time intervals.</p>
1161 </div>
1162 <div class="paragraph">
1163 <p>The cache server computes these "prefetch" packfiles using the following
1164 strategy:</p>
1165 </div>
1166 <div class="olist arabic">
1167 <ol class="arabic">
1168 <li>
1169 <p>Every hour, an "hourly" pack is generated with a given timestamp.</p>
1170 </li>
1171 <li>
1172 <p>Nightly, the previous 24 hourly packs are rolled up into a "daily" pack.</p>
1173 </li>
1174 <li>
1175 <p>Nightly, all prefetch packs more than 30 days old are rolled up into
1176 one pack.</p>
1177 </li>
1178 </ol>
1179 </div>
1180 <div class="paragraph">
1181 <p>When a user runs <code>gvfs clone</code> or <code>scalar clone</code> against a repo with cache
1182 servers, the client requests all prefetch packfiles, which is at most
1183 <code>24 + 30 + 1</code> packfiles downloading only commits and trees. The client
1184 then follows with a request to the origin server for the references, and
1185 attempts to checkout that tip reference. (There is an extra endpoint that
1186 helps get all reachable trees from a given commit, in case that commit
1187 was not already in a prefetch packfile.)</p>
1188 </div>
1189 <div class="paragraph">
1190 <p>During a <code>git fetch</code>, a hook requests the prefetch endpoint using the
1191 most-recent timestamp from a previously-downloaded prefetch packfile.
1192 Only the list of packfiles with later timestamps are downloaded. Most
1193 users fetch hourly, so they get at most one hourly prefetch pack. Users
1194 whose machines have been off or otherwise have not fetched in over 30 days
1195 might redownload all prefetch packfiles. This is rare.</p>
1196 </div>
1197 <div class="paragraph">
1198 <p>It is important to note that the clients always contact the origin server
1199 for the refs advertisement, so the refs are frequently "ahead" of the
1200 prefetched pack data. The missing objects are downloaded on-demand using
1201 the <code>GET gvfs/objects/{oid}</code> requests, when needed by a command such as
1202 <code>git checkout</code> or <code>git log</code>. Some Git optimizations disable checks that
1203 would cause these on-demand downloads to be too aggressive.</p>
1204 </div>
1205 </div>
1206 </div>
1207 <div class="sect1">
1208 <h2 id="_see_also">See Also</h2>
1209 <div class="sectionbody">
1210 <div class="paragraph">
1211 <p>[1] <a href="https://lore.kernel.org/git/RFC-cover-00.13-0000000000-20210805T150534Z-avarab@gmail.com/" class="bare">https://lore.kernel.org/git/RFC-cover-00.13-0000000000-20210805T150534Z-avarab@gmail.com/</a>
1212     An earlier RFC for a bundle URI feature.</p>
1213 </div>
1214 <div class="paragraph">
1215 <p>[2] <a href="https://github.com/microsoft/VFSForGit/blob/master/Protocol.md" class="bare">https://github.com/microsoft/VFSForGit/blob/master/Protocol.md</a>
1216     The GVFS Protocol</p>
1217 </div>
1218 </div>
1219 </div>
1220 </div>
1221 <div id="footer">
1222 <div id="footer-text">
1223 Last updated 2023-02-22 15:29:29 -0800
1224 </div>
1225 </div>
1226 </body>
1227 </html>