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10 .TH "GIT\-BISECT" "1" "2024-11-22" "Git 2\&.47\&.0\&.318\&.g04eaff" "Git Manual"
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31 git-bisect \- Use binary search to find the commit that introduced a bug
35 \fIgit bisect\fR <subcommand> <options>
39 The command takes various subcommands, and different options depending on the subcommand:
45 git bisect start [\-\-term\-(bad|new)=<term\-new> \-\-term\-(good|old)=<term\-old>]
46 [\-\-no\-checkout] [\-\-first\-parent] [<bad> [<good>\&.\&.\&.]] [\-\-] [<pathspec>\&.\&.\&.]
47 git bisect (bad|new|<term\-new>) [<rev>]
48 git bisect (good|old|<term\-old>) [<rev>\&.\&.\&.]
49 git bisect terms [\-\-term\-(good|old) | \-\-term\-(bad|new)]
50 git bisect skip [(<rev>|<range>)\&.\&.\&.]
51 git bisect reset [<commit>]
52 git bisect (visualize|view)
53 git bisect replay <logfile>
55 git bisect run <cmd> [<arg>\&.\&.\&.]
62 This command uses a binary search algorithm to find which commit in your project\(cqs history introduced a bug\&. You use it by first telling it a "bad" commit that is known to contain the bug, and a "good" commit that is known to be before the bug was introduced\&. Then \fBgit\fR \fBbisect\fR picks a commit between those two endpoints and asks you whether the selected commit is "good" or "bad"\&. It continues narrowing down the range until it finds the exact commit that introduced the change\&.
64 In fact, \fBgit\fR \fBbisect\fR can be used to find the commit that changed \fBany\fR property of your project; e\&.g\&., the commit that fixed a bug, or the commit that caused a benchmark\(cqs performance to improve\&. To support this more general usage, the terms "old" and "new" can be used in place of "good" and "bad", or you can choose your own terms\&. See section "Alternate terms" below for more information\&.
65 .SS "Basic bisect commands: start, bad, good"
67 As an example, suppose you are trying to find the commit that broke a feature that was known to work in version \fBv2\&.6\&.13\-rc2\fR of your project\&. You start a bisect session as follows:
74 $ git bisect bad # Current version is bad
75 $ git bisect good v2\&.6\&.13\-rc2 # v2\&.6\&.13\-rc2 is known to be good
81 Once you have specified at least one bad and one good commit, \fBgit\fR \fBbisect\fR selects a commit in the middle of that range of history, checks it out, and outputs something similar to the following:
87 Bisecting: 675 revisions left to test after this (roughly 10 steps)
93 You should now compile the checked\-out version and test it\&. If that version works correctly, type
105 If that version is broken, type
117 Then \fBgit\fR \fBbisect\fR will respond with something like
123 Bisecting: 337 revisions left to test after this (roughly 9 steps)
129 Keep repeating the process: compile the tree, test it, and depending on whether it is good or bad run \fBgit\fR \fBbisect\fR \fBgood\fR or \fBgit\fR \fBbisect\fR \fBbad\fR to ask for the next commit that needs testing\&.
131 Eventually there will be no more revisions left to inspect, and the command will print out a description of the first bad commit\&. The reference \fBrefs/bisect/bad\fR will be left pointing at that commit\&.
134 After a bisect session, to clean up the bisection state and return to the original HEAD, issue the following command:
146 By default, this will return your tree to the commit that was checked out before \fBgit\fR \fBbisect\fR \fBstart\fR\&. (A new \fBgit\fR \fBbisect\fR \fBstart\fR will also do that, as it cleans up the old bisection state\&.)
148 With an optional argument, you can return to a different commit instead:
154 $ git bisect reset <commit>
160 For example, \fBgit\fR \fBbisect\fR \fBreset\fR \fBbisect/bad\fR will check out the first bad revision, while \fBgit\fR \fBbisect\fR \fBreset\fR \fBHEAD\fR will leave you on the current bisection commit and avoid switching commits at all\&.
161 .SS "Alternate terms"
163 Sometimes you are not looking for the commit that introduced a breakage, but rather for a commit that caused a change between some other "old" state and "new" state\&. For example, you might be looking for the commit that introduced a particular fix\&. Or you might be looking for the first commit in which the source\-code filenames were finally all converted to your company\(cqs naming standard\&. Or whatever\&.
165 In such cases it can be very confusing to use the terms "good" and "bad" to refer to "the state before the change" and "the state after the change"\&. So instead, you can use the terms "old" and "new", respectively, in place of "good" and "bad"\&. (But note that you cannot mix "good" and "bad" with "old" and "new" in a single session\&.)
167 In this more general usage, you provide \fBgit\fR \fBbisect\fR with a "new" commit that has some property and an "old" commit that doesn\(cqt have that property\&. Each time \fBgit\fR \fBbisect\fR checks out a commit, you test if that commit has the property\&. If it does, mark the commit as "new"; otherwise, mark it as "old"\&. When the bisection is done, \fBgit\fR \fBbisect\fR will report which commit introduced the property\&.
169 To use "old" and "new" instead of "good" and bad, you must run \fBgit\fR \fBbisect\fR \fBstart\fR without commits as argument and then run the following commands to add the commits:
175 git bisect old [<rev>]
181 to indicate that a commit was before the sought change, or
187 git bisect new [<rev>\&.\&.\&.]
193 to indicate that it was after\&.
195 To get a reminder of the currently used terms, use
207 You can get just the old term with \fBgit\fR \fBbisect\fR \fBterms\fR \fB\-\-term\-old\fR or \fBgit\fR \fBbisect\fR \fBterms\fR \fB\-\-term\-good\fR; \fBgit\fR \fBbisect\fR \fBterms\fR \fB\-\-term\-new\fR and \fBgit\fR \fBbisect\fR \fBterms\fR \fB\-\-term\-bad\fR can be used to learn how to call the commits more recent than the sought change\&.
209 If you would like to use your own terms instead of "bad"/"good" or "new"/"old", you can choose any names you like (except existing bisect subcommands like \fBreset\fR, \fBstart\fR, \&...\:) by starting the bisection using
215 git bisect start \-\-term\-old <term\-old> \-\-term\-new <term\-new>
221 For example, if you are looking for a commit that introduced a performance regression, you might use
227 git bisect start \-\-term\-old fast \-\-term\-new slow
233 Or if you are looking for the commit that fixed a bug, you might use
239 git bisect start \-\-term\-new fixed \-\-term\-old broken
245 Then, use \fBgit\fR \fBbisect\fR \fI<term\-old>\fR and \fBgit\fR \fBbisect\fR \fI<term\-new>\fR instead of \fBgit\fR \fBbisect\fR \fBgood\fR and \fBgit\fR \fBbisect\fR \fBbad\fR to mark commits\&.
246 .SS "Bisect visualize/view"
248 To see the currently remaining suspects in \fIgitk\fR, issue the following command during the bisection process (the subcommand \fBview\fR can be used as an alternative to \fBvisualize\fR):
254 $ git bisect visualize
260 Git detects a graphical environment through various environment variables: \fBDISPLAY\fR, which is set in X Window System environments on Unix systems\&. \fBSESSIONNAME\fR, which is set under Cygwin in interactive desktop sessions\&. \fBMSYSTEM\fR, which is set under Msys2 and Git for Windows\&. \fBSECURITYSESSIONID\fR, which may be set on macOS in interactive desktop sessions\&.
262 If none of these environment variables is set, \fIgit log\fR is used instead\&. You can also give command\-line options such as \fB\-p\fR and \fB\-\-stat\fR\&.
268 $ git bisect visualize \-\-stat
273 .SS "Bisect log and bisect replay"
275 After having marked revisions as good or bad, issue the following command to show what has been done so far:
287 If you discover that you made a mistake in specifying the status of a revision, you can save the output of this command to a file, edit it to remove the incorrect entries, and then issue the following commands to return to a corrected state:
294 $ git bisect replay that\-file
299 .SS "Avoiding testing a commit"
301 If, in the middle of a bisect session, you know that the suggested revision is not a good one to test (e\&.g\&. it fails to build and you know that the failure does not have anything to do with the bug you are chasing), you can manually select a nearby commit and test that one instead\&.
309 $ git bisect good/bad # previous round was good or bad\&.
310 Bisecting: 337 revisions left to test after this (roughly 9 steps)
311 $ git bisect visualize # oops, that is uninteresting\&.
312 $ git reset \-\-hard HEAD~3 # try 3 revisions before what
319 Then compile and test the chosen revision, and afterwards mark the revision as good or bad in the usual manner\&.
322 Instead of choosing a nearby commit by yourself, you can ask Git to do it for you by issuing the command:
328 $ git bisect skip # Current version cannot be tested
334 However, if you skip a commit adjacent to the one you are looking for, Git will be unable to tell exactly which of those commits was the first bad one\&.
336 You can also skip a range of commits, instead of just one commit, using range notation\&. For example:
342 $ git bisect skip v2\&.5\&.\&.v2\&.6
348 This tells the bisect process that no commit after \fBv2\&.5\fR, up to and including \fBv2\&.6\fR, should be tested\&.
350 Note that if you also want to skip the first commit of the range you would issue the command:
356 $ git bisect skip v2\&.5 v2\&.5\&.\&.v2\&.6
362 This tells the bisect process that the commits between \fBv2\&.5\fR and \fBv2\&.6\fR (inclusive) should be skipped\&.
363 .SS "Cutting down bisection by giving more parameters to bisect start"
365 You can further cut down the number of trials, if you know what part of the tree is involved in the problem you are tracking down, by specifying pathspec parameters when issuing the \fBbisect\fR \fBstart\fR command:
371 $ git bisect start \-\- arch/i386 include/asm\-i386
377 If you know beforehand more than one good commit, you can narrow the bisect space down by specifying all of the good commits immediately after the bad commit when issuing the \fBbisect\fR \fBstart\fR command:
383 $ git bisect start v2\&.6\&.20\-rc6 v2\&.6\&.20\-rc4 v2\&.6\&.20\-rc1 \-\-
384 # v2\&.6\&.20\-rc6 is bad
385 # v2\&.6\&.20\-rc4 and v2\&.6\&.20\-rc1 are good
392 If you have a script that can tell if the current source code is good or bad, you can bisect by issuing the command:
398 $ git bisect run my_script arguments
404 Note that the script (\fBmy_script\fR in the above example) should exit with code 0 if the current source code is good/old, and exit with a code between 1 and 127 (inclusive), except 125, if the current source code is bad/new\&.
406 Any other exit code will abort the bisect process\&. It should be noted that a program that terminates via \fBexit\fR(\fB\-1\fR) leaves $? = 255, (see the exit(3) manual page), as the value is chopped with & \fB0377\fR\&.
408 The special exit code 125 should be used when the current source code cannot be tested\&. If the script exits with this code, the current revision will be skipped (see \fBgit\fR \fBbisect\fR \fBskip\fR above)\&. 125 was chosen as the highest sensible value to use for this purpose, because 126 and 127 are used by POSIX shells to signal specific error status (127 is for command not found, 126 is for command found but not executable\(em\:these details do not matter, as they are normal errors in the script, as far as \fBbisect\fR \fBrun\fR is concerned)\&.
410 You may often find that during a bisect session you want to have temporary modifications (e\&.g\&. s/#define DEBUG 0/#define DEBUG 1/ in a header file, or "revision that does not have this commit needs this patch applied to work around another problem this bisection is not interested in") applied to the revision being tested\&.
412 To cope with such a situation, after the inner \fIgit bisect\fR finds the next revision to test, the script can apply the patch before compiling, run the real test, and afterwards decide if the revision (possibly with the needed patch) passed the test and then rewind the tree to the pristine state\&. Finally the script should exit with the status of the real test to let the \fBgit\fR \fBbisect\fR \fBrun\fR command loop determine the eventual outcome of the bisect session\&.
417 Do not checkout the new working tree at each iteration of the bisection process\&. Instead just update the reference named
419 to make it point to the commit that should be tested\&.
421 This option may be useful when the test you would perform in each step does not require a checked out tree\&.
423 If the repository is bare,
424 \fB\-\-no\-checkout\fR
430 Follow only the first parent commit upon seeing a merge commit\&.
432 In detecting regressions introduced through the merging of a branch, the merge commit will be identified as introduction of the bug and its ancestors will be ignored\&.
434 This option is particularly useful in avoiding false positives when a merged branch contained broken or non\-buildable commits, but the merge itself was OK\&.
446 Automatically bisect a broken build between v1\&.2 and HEAD:
452 $ git bisect start HEAD v1\&.2 \-\- # HEAD is bad, v1\&.2 is good
453 $ git bisect run make # "make" builds the app
454 $ git bisect reset # quit the bisect session
469 Automatically bisect a test failure between origin and HEAD:
475 $ git bisect start HEAD origin \-\- # HEAD is bad, origin is good
476 $ git bisect run make test # "make test" builds and tests
477 $ git bisect reset # quit the bisect session
492 Automatically bisect a broken test case:
500 make || exit 125 # this skips broken builds
501 ~/check_test_case\&.sh # does the test case pass?
502 $ git bisect start HEAD HEAD~10 \-\- # culprit is among the last 10
503 $ git bisect run ~/test\&.sh
504 $ git bisect reset # quit the bisect session
512 custom script\&. In this script, if
514 fails, we skip the current commit\&.
515 \fBcheck_test_case\&.sh\fR
519 if the test case passes, and
527 \fBcheck_test_case\&.sh\fR
528 are outside the repository to prevent interactions between the bisect, make and test processes and the scripts\&.
539 Automatically bisect with temporary modifications (hot\-fix):
548 # tweak the working tree by merging the hot\-fix branch
549 # and then attempt a build
550 if git merge \-\-no\-commit \-\-no\-ff hot\-fix &&
553 # run project specific test and report its status
554 ~/check_test_case\&.sh
557 # tell the caller this is untestable
561 # undo the tweak to allow clean flipping to the next commit
571 This applies modifications from a hot\-fix branch before each test run, e\&.g\&. in case your build or test environment changed so that older revisions may need a fix which newer ones have already\&. (Make sure the hot\-fix branch is based off a commit which is contained in all revisions which you are bisecting, so that the merge does not pull in too much, or use
587 Automatically bisect a broken test case:
593 $ git bisect start HEAD HEAD~10 \-\- # culprit is among the last 10
594 $ git bisect run sh \-c "make || exit 125; ~/check_test_case\&.sh"
595 $ git bisect reset # quit the bisect session
601 This shows that you can do without a run script if you write the test on a single line\&.
612 Locate a good region of the object graph in a damaged repository
618 $ git bisect start HEAD <known\-good\-commit> [ <boundary\-commit> \&.\&.\&. ] \-\-no\-checkout
619 $ git bisect run sh \-c \*(Aq
620 GOOD=$(git for\-each\-ref "\-\-format=%(objectname)" refs/bisect/good\-*) &&
621 git rev\-list \-\-objects BISECT_HEAD \-\-not $GOOD >tmp\&.$$ &&
622 git pack\-objects \-\-stdout >/dev/null <tmp\&.$$
627 $ git bisect reset # quit the bisect session
635 finishes, bisect/bad will refer to a commit that has at least one parent whose reachable graph is fully traversable in the sense required by
636 \fIgit pack objects\fR\&.
647 Look for a fix instead of a regression in the code
654 $ git bisect new HEAD # current commit is marked as new
655 $ git bisect old HEAD~10 # the tenth commit from now is marked as old
668 $ git bisect start \-\-term\-old broken \-\-term\-new fixed
670 $ git bisect broken HEAD~10
677 Use \fBgit\fR \fBbisect\fR to get a short usage description, and \fBgit\fR \fBbisect\fR \fBhelp\fR or \fBgit\fR \fBbisect\fR \fB\-h\fR to get a long usage description\&.
680 \m[blue]\fBFighting regressions with git bisect\fR\m[]\&\s-2\u[1]\d\s+2, \fBgit-blame\fR(1)\&.
683 Part of the \fBgit\fR(1) suite
686 Fighting regressions with git bisect
688 \%git-htmldocs/git-bisect-lk2009.html