2 .\" Title: git-diff-tree
3 .\" Author: [FIXME: author] [see http://www.docbook.org/tdg5/en/html/author]
4 .\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets vsnapshot <http://docbook.sf.net/>
7 .\" Source: Git 2.42.0.rc1
10 .TH "GIT\-DIFF\-TREE" "1" "2023\-08\-09" "Git 2\&.42\&.0\&.rc1" "Git Manual"
11 .\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
12 .\" * Define some portability stuff
13 .\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
14 .\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
15 .\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
16 .\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
17 .\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
20 .\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
21 .\" * set default formatting
22 .\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
23 .\" disable hyphenation
25 .\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
27 .\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
28 .\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
29 .\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
31 git-diff-tree \- Compares the content and mode of blobs found via two tree objects
35 \fIgit diff\-tree\fR [\-\-stdin] [\-m] [\-s] [\-v] [\-\-no\-commit\-id] [\-\-pretty]
36 [\-t] [\-r] [\-c | \-\-cc] [\-\-combined\-all\-paths] [\-\-root] [\-\-merge\-base]
37 [<common\-diff\-options>] <tree\-ish> [<tree\-ish>] [<path>\&...]
42 Compares the content and mode of the blobs found via two tree objects\&.
44 If there is only one <tree\-ish> given, the commit is compared with its parents (see \-\-stdin below)\&.
46 Note that \fIgit diff\-tree\fR can use the tree encapsulated in a commit object\&.
51 Generate patch (see section titled "Generating patch text with \-p")\&.
56 Suppress all output from the diff machinery\&. Useful for commands like
58 that show the patch by default to squelch their output, or to cancel the effect of options like
61 earlier on the command line in an alias\&.
64 \-U<n>, \-\-unified=<n>
66 Generate diffs with <n> lines of context instead of the usual three\&. Implies
72 Output to a specific file instead of stdout\&.
75 \-\-output\-indicator\-new=<char>, \-\-output\-indicator\-old=<char>, \-\-output\-indicator\-context=<char>
77 Specify the character used to indicate new, old or context lines in the generated patch\&. Normally they are
80 and \*(Aq \*(Aq respectively\&.
85 Generate the diff in raw format\&. This is the default\&.
96 Enable the heuristic that shifts diff hunk boundaries to make patches easier to read\&. This is the default\&.
99 \-\-no\-indent\-heuristic
101 Disable the indent heuristic\&.
106 Spend extra time to make sure the smallest possible diff is produced\&.
111 Generate a diff using the "patience diff" algorithm\&.
116 Generate a diff using the "histogram diff" algorithm\&.
121 Generate a diff using the "anchored diff" algorithm\&.
123 This option may be specified more than once\&.
125 If a line exists in both the source and destination, exists only once, and starts with this text, this algorithm attempts to prevent it from appearing as a deletion or addition in the output\&. It uses the "patience diff" algorithm internally\&.
128 \-\-diff\-algorithm={patience|minimal|histogram|myers}
130 Choose a diff algorithm\&. The variants are as follows:
132 \fBdefault\fR, \fBmyers\fR
134 The basic greedy diff algorithm\&. Currently, this is the default\&.
139 Spend extra time to make sure the smallest possible diff is produced\&.
144 Use "patience diff" algorithm when generating patches\&.
149 This algorithm extends the patience algorithm to "support low\-occurrence common elements"\&.
152 For instance, if you configured the
153 \fBdiff\&.algorithm\fR
154 variable to a non\-default value and want to use the default one, then you have to use
155 \fB\-\-diff\-algorithm=default\fR
159 \-\-stat[=<width>[,<name\-width>[,<count>]]]
161 Generate a diffstat\&. By default, as much space as necessary will be used for the filename part, and the rest for the graph part\&. Maximum width defaults to terminal width, or 80 columns if not connected to a terminal, and can be overridden by
162 \fB<width>\fR\&. The width of the filename part can be limited by giving another width
164 after a comma\&. The width of the graph part can be limited by using
165 \fB\-\-stat\-graph\-width=<width>\fR
166 (affects all commands generating a stat graph) or by setting
167 \fBdiff\&.statGraphWidth=<width>\fR
169 \fBgit format\-patch\fR)\&. By giving a third parameter
170 \fB<count>\fR, you can limit the output to the first
176 These parameters can also be set individually with
177 \fB\-\-stat\-width=<width>\fR,
178 \fB\-\-stat\-name\-width=<name\-width>\fR
180 \fB\-\-stat\-count=<count>\fR\&.
185 Output a condensed summary of extended header information such as file creations or deletions ("new" or "gone", optionally "+l" if it\(cqs a symlink) and mode changes ("+x" or "\-x" for adding or removing executable bit respectively) in diffstat\&. The information is put between the filename part and the graph part\&. Implies
192 \fB\-\-stat\fR, but shows number of added and deleted lines in decimal notation and pathname without abbreviation, to make it more machine friendly\&. For binary files, outputs two
200 Output only the last line of the
202 format containing total number of modified files, as well as number of added and deleted lines\&.
205 \-X[<param1,param2,\&...>], \-\-dirstat[=<param1,param2,\&...>]
207 Output the distribution of relative amount of changes for each sub\-directory\&. The behavior of
209 can be customized by passing it a comma separated list of parameters\&. The defaults are controlled by the
211 configuration variable (see
212 \fBgit-config\fR(1))\&. The following parameters are available:
216 Compute the dirstat numbers by counting the lines that have been removed from the source, or added to the destination\&. This ignores the amount of pure code movements within a file\&. In other words, rearranging lines in a file is not counted as much as other changes\&. This is the default behavior when no parameter is given\&.
221 Compute the dirstat numbers by doing the regular line\-based diff analysis, and summing the removed/added line counts\&. (For binary files, count 64\-byte chunks instead, since binary files have no natural concept of lines)\&. This is a more expensive
225 behavior, but it does count rearranged lines within a file as much as other changes\&. The resulting output is consistent with what you get from the other
232 Compute the dirstat numbers by counting the number of files changed\&. Each changed file counts equally in the dirstat analysis\&. This is the computationally cheapest
234 behavior, since it does not have to look at the file contents at all\&.
239 Count changes in a child directory for the parent directory as well\&. Note that when using
240 \fBcumulative\fR, the sum of the percentages reported may exceed 100%\&. The default (non\-cumulative) behavior can be specified with the
247 An integer parameter specifies a cut\-off percent (3% by default)\&. Directories contributing less than this percentage of the changes are not shown in the output\&.
250 Example: The following will count changed files, while ignoring directories with less than 10% of the total amount of changed files, and accumulating child directory counts in the parent directories:
251 \fB\-\-dirstat=files,10,cumulative\fR\&.
256 Synonym for \-\-dirstat=cumulative
259 \-\-dirstat\-by\-file[=<param1,param2>\&...]
261 Synonym for \-\-dirstat=files,param1,param2\&...
266 Output a condensed summary of extended header information such as creations, renames and mode changes\&.
269 \-\-patch\-with\-stat
272 \fB\-p \-\-stat\fR\&.
282 \fB\-\-name\-status\fR
283 has been given, do not munge pathnames and use NULs as output field terminators\&.
285 Without this option, pathnames with "unusual" characters are quoted as explained for the configuration variable
286 \fBcore\&.quotePath\fR
288 \fBgit-config\fR(1))\&.
293 Show only names of changed files\&. The file names are often encoded in UTF\-8\&. For more information see the discussion about encoding in the
300 Show only names and status of changed files\&. See the description of the
301 \fB\-\-diff\-filter\fR
302 option on what the status letters mean\&. Just like
304 the file names are often encoded in UTF\-8\&.
307 \-\-submodule[=<format>]
309 Specify how differences in submodules are shown\&. When specifying
310 \fB\-\-submodule=short\fR
313 format is used\&. This format just shows the names of the commits at the beginning and end of the range\&. When
316 \fB\-\-submodule=log\fR
319 format is used\&. This format lists the commits in the range like
320 \fBgit-submodule\fR(1)
323 \fB\-\-submodule=diff\fR
326 format is used\&. This format shows an inline diff of the changes in the submodule contents between the commit range\&. Defaults to
327 \fBdiff\&.submodule\fR
330 format if the config option is unset\&.
338 \fI=<when>\fR) is the same as
339 \fB\-\-color=always\fR\&.
349 Turn off colored diff\&. It is the same as
350 \fB\-\-color=never\fR\&.
353 \-\-color\-moved[=<mode>]
355 Moved lines of code are colored differently\&. The <mode> defaults to
357 if the option is not given and to
359 if the option with no mode is given\&. The mode must be one of:
363 Moved lines are not highlighted\&.
369 \fBzebra\fR\&. This may change to a more sensible mode in the future\&.
374 Any line that is added in one location and was removed in another location will be colored with
375 \fIcolor\&.diff\&.newMoved\fR\&. Similarly
376 \fIcolor\&.diff\&.oldMoved\fR
377 will be used for removed lines that are added somewhere else in the diff\&. This mode picks up any moved line, but it is not very useful in a review to determine if a block of code was moved without permutation\&.
382 Blocks of moved text of at least 20 alphanumeric characters are detected greedily\&. The detected blocks are painted using either the
383 \fIcolor\&.diff\&.{old,new}Moved\fR
384 color\&. Adjacent blocks cannot be told apart\&.
389 Blocks of moved text are detected as in
391 mode\&. The blocks are painted using either the
392 \fIcolor\&.diff\&.{old,new}Moved\fR
394 \fIcolor\&.diff\&.{old,new}MovedAlternative\fR\&. The change between the two colors indicates that a new block was detected\&.
400 \fIzebra\fR, but additional dimming of uninteresting parts of moved code is performed\&. The bordering lines of two adjacent blocks are considered interesting, the rest is uninteresting\&.
402 is a deprecated synonym\&.
408 Turn off move detection\&. This can be used to override configuration settings\&. It is the same as
409 \fB\-\-color\-moved=no\fR\&.
412 \-\-color\-moved\-ws=<modes>
414 This configures how whitespace is ignored when performing the move detection for
415 \fB\-\-color\-moved\fR\&. These modes can be given as a comma separated list:
419 Do not ignore whitespace when performing move detection\&.
422 ignore\-space\-at\-eol
424 Ignore changes in whitespace at EOL\&.
427 ignore\-space\-change
429 Ignore changes in amount of whitespace\&. This ignores whitespace at line end, and considers all other sequences of one or more whitespace characters to be equivalent\&.
434 Ignore whitespace when comparing lines\&. This ignores differences even if one line has whitespace where the other line has none\&.
437 allow\-indentation\-change
439 Initially ignore any whitespace in the move detection, then group the moved code blocks only into a block if the change in whitespace is the same per line\&. This is incompatible with the other modes\&.
443 \-\-no\-color\-moved\-ws
445 Do not ignore whitespace when performing move detection\&. This can be used to override configuration settings\&. It is the same as
446 \fB\-\-color\-moved\-ws=no\fR\&.
449 \-\-word\-diff[=<mode>]
451 Show a word diff, using the <mode> to delimit changed words\&. By default, words are delimited by whitespace; see
452 \fB\-\-word\-diff\-regex\fR
453 below\&. The <mode> defaults to
454 \fIplain\fR, and must be one of:
458 Highlight changed words using only colors\&. Implies
467 \fB{+added+}\fR\&. Makes no attempts to escape the delimiters if they appear in the input, so the output may be ambiguous\&.
472 Use a special line\-based format intended for script consumption\&. Added/removed/unchanged runs are printed in the usual unified diff format, starting with a
473 \fB+\fR/\fB\-\fR/` ` character at the beginning of the line and extending to the end of the line\&. Newlines in the input are represented by a tilde
475 on a line of its own\&.
480 Disable word diff again\&.
483 Note that despite the name of the first mode, color is used to highlight the changed parts in all modes if enabled\&.
486 \-\-word\-diff\-regex=<regex>
488 Use <regex> to decide what a word is, instead of considering runs of non\-whitespace to be a word\&. Also implies
490 unless it was already enabled\&.
492 Every non\-overlapping match of the <regex> is considered a word\&. Anything between these matches is considered whitespace and ignored(!) for the purposes of finding differences\&. You may want to append
494 to your regular expression to make sure that it matches all non\-whitespace characters\&. A match that contains a newline is silently truncated(!) at the newline\&.
497 \fB\-\-word\-diff\-regex=\&.\fR
498 will treat each character as a word and, correspondingly, show differences character by character\&.
500 The regex can also be set via a diff driver or configuration option, see
501 \fBgitattributes\fR(5)
503 \fBgit-config\fR(1)\&. Giving it explicitly overrides any diff driver or configuration setting\&. Diff drivers override configuration settings\&.
506 \-\-color\-words[=<regex>]
509 \fB\-\-word\-diff=color\fR
510 plus (if a regex was specified)
511 \fB\-\-word\-diff\-regex=<regex>\fR\&.
516 Turn off rename detection, even when the configuration file gives the default to do so\&.
519 \-\-[no\-]rename\-empty
521 Whether to use empty blobs as rename source\&.
526 Warn if changes introduce conflict markers or whitespace errors\&. What are considered whitespace errors is controlled by
527 \fBcore\&.whitespace\fR
528 configuration\&. By default, trailing whitespaces (including lines that consist solely of whitespaces) and a space character that is immediately followed by a tab character inside the initial indent of the line are considered whitespace errors\&. Exits with non\-zero status if problems are found\&. Not compatible with \-\-exit\-code\&.
531 \-\-ws\-error\-highlight=<kind>
533 Highlight whitespace errors in the
538 lines of the diff\&. Multiple values are separated by comma,
540 resets previous values,
547 \fBold,new,context\fR\&. When this option is not given, and the configuration variable
548 \fBdiff\&.wsErrorHighlight\fR
549 is not set, only whitespace errors in
551 lines are highlighted\&. The whitespace errors are colored with
552 \fBcolor\&.diff\&.whitespace\fR\&.
557 Instead of the first handful of characters, show the full pre\- and post\-image blob object names on the "index" line when generating patch format output\&.
563 \fB\-\-full\-index\fR, output a binary diff that can be applied with
564 \fBgit\-apply\fR\&. Implies
570 Instead of showing the full 40\-byte hexadecimal object name in diff\-raw format output and diff\-tree header lines, show the shortest prefix that is at least
572 hexdigits long that uniquely refers the object\&. In diff\-patch output format,
573 \fB\-\-full\-index\fR
574 takes higher precedence, i\&.e\&. if
575 \fB\-\-full\-index\fR
576 is specified, full blob names will be shown regardless of
577 \fB\-\-abbrev\fR\&. Non default number of digits can be specified with
578 \fB\-\-abbrev=<n>\fR\&.
581 \-B[<n>][/<m>], \-\-break\-rewrites[=[<n>][/<m>]]
583 Break complete rewrite changes into pairs of delete and create\&. This serves two purposes:
585 It affects the way a change that amounts to a total rewrite of a file not as a series of deletion and insertion mixed together with a very few lines that happen to match textually as the context, but as a single deletion of everything old followed by a single insertion of everything new, and the number
587 controls this aspect of the \-B option (defaults to 60%)\&.
589 specifies that less than 30% of the original should remain in the result for Git to consider it a total rewrite (i\&.e\&. otherwise the resulting patch will be a series of deletion and insertion mixed together with context lines)\&.
591 When used with \-M, a totally\-rewritten file is also considered as the source of a rename (usually \-M only considers a file that disappeared as the source of a rename), and the number
593 controls this aspect of the \-B option (defaults to 50%)\&.
595 specifies that a change with addition and deletion compared to 20% or more of the file\(cqs size are eligible for being picked up as a possible source of a rename to another file\&.
598 \-M[<n>], \-\-find\-renames[=<n>]
602 is specified, it is a threshold on the similarity index (i\&.e\&. amount of addition/deletions compared to the file\(cqs size)\&. For example,
604 means Git should consider a delete/add pair to be a rename if more than 90% of the file hasn\(cqt changed\&. Without a
606 sign, the number is to be read as a fraction, with a decimal point before it\&. I\&.e\&.,
608 becomes 0\&.5, and is thus the same as
609 \fB\-M50%\fR\&. Similarly,
612 \fB\-M5%\fR\&. To limit detection to exact renames, use
613 \fB\-M100%\fR\&. The default similarity index is 50%\&.
616 \-C[<n>], \-\-find\-copies[=<n>]
618 Detect copies as well as renames\&. See also
619 \fB\-\-find\-copies\-harder\fR\&. If
621 is specified, it has the same meaning as for
625 \-\-find\-copies\-harder
627 For performance reasons, by default,
629 option finds copies only if the original file of the copy was modified in the same changeset\&. This flag makes the command inspect unmodified files as candidates for the source of copy\&. This is a very expensive operation for large projects, so use it with caution\&. Giving more than one
631 option has the same effect\&.
634 \-D, \-\-irreversible\-delete
636 Omit the preimage for deletes, i\&.e\&. print only the header but not the diff between the preimage and
637 \fB/dev/null\fR\&. The resulting patch is not meant to be applied with
640 \fBgit apply\fR; this is solely for people who want to just concentrate on reviewing the text after the change\&. In addition, the output obviously lacks enough information to apply such a patch in reverse, even manually, hence the name of the option\&.
642 When used together with
643 \fB\-B\fR, omit also the preimage in the deletion part of a delete/create pair\&.
652 options involve some preliminary steps that can detect subsets of renames/copies cheaply, followed by an exhaustive fallback portion that compares all remaining unpaired destinations to all relevant sources\&. (For renames, only remaining unpaired sources are relevant; for copies, all original sources are relevant\&.) For N sources and destinations, this exhaustive check is O(N^2)\&. This option prevents the exhaustive portion of rename/copy detection from running if the number of source/destination files involved exceeds the specified number\&. Defaults to diff\&.renameLimit\&. Note that a value of 0 is treated as unlimited\&.
655 \-\-diff\-filter=[(A|C|D|M|R|T|U|X|B)\&...[*]]
657 Select only files that are Added (\fBA\fR), Copied (\fBC\fR), Deleted (\fBD\fR), Modified (\fBM\fR), Renamed (\fBR\fR), have their type (i\&.e\&. regular file, symlink, submodule, \&...) changed (\fBT\fR), are Unmerged (\fBU\fR), are Unknown (\fBX\fR), or have had their pairing Broken (\fBB\fR)\&. Any combination of the filter characters (including none) can be used\&. When
659 (All\-or\-none) is added to the combination, all paths are selected if there is any file that matches other criteria in the comparison; if there is no file that matches other criteria, nothing is selected\&.
661 Also, these upper\-case letters can be downcased to exclude\&. E\&.g\&.
662 \fB\-\-diff\-filter=ad\fR
663 excludes added and deleted paths\&.
665 Note that not all diffs can feature all types\&. For instance, copied and renamed entries cannot appear if detection for those types is disabled\&.
670 Look for differences that change the number of occurrences of the specified string (i\&.e\&. addition/deletion) in a file\&. Intended for the scripter\(cqs use\&.
672 It is useful when you\(cqre looking for an exact block of code (like a struct), and want to know the history of that block since it first came into being: use the feature iteratively to feed the interesting block in the preimage back into
673 \fB\-S\fR, and keep going until you get the very first version of the block\&.
675 Binary files are searched as well\&.
680 Look for differences whose patch text contains added/removed lines that match <regex>\&.
682 To illustrate the difference between
683 \fB\-S<regex> \-\-pickaxe\-regex\fR
685 \fB\-G<regex>\fR, consider a commit with the following diff in the same file:
691 + return frotz(nitfol, two\->ptr, 1, 0);
693 \- hit = frotz(nitfol, mf2\&.ptr, 1, 0);
700 \fBgit log \-G"frotz\e(nitfol"\fR
701 will show this commit,
702 \fBgit log \-S"frotz\e(nitfol" \-\-pickaxe\-regex\fR
703 will not (because the number of occurrences of that string did not change)\&.
707 is supplied patches of binary files without a textconv filter will be ignored\&.
713 for more information\&.
716 \-\-find\-object=<object\-id>
718 Look for differences that change the number of occurrences of the specified object\&. Similar to
719 \fB\-S\fR, just the argument is different in that it doesn\(cqt search for a specific string but for a specific object id\&.
721 The object can be a blob or a submodule commit\&. It implies the
725 to also find trees\&.
734 finds a change, show all the changes in that changeset, not just the files that contain the change in <string>\&.
739 Treat the <string> given to
741 as an extended POSIX regular expression to match\&.
746 Control the order in which files appear in the output\&. This overrides the
747 \fBdiff\&.orderFile\fR
748 configuration variable (see
749 \fBgit-config\fR(1))\&. To cancel
750 \fBdiff\&.orderFile\fR, use
751 \fB\-O/dev/null\fR\&.
753 The output order is determined by the order of glob patterns in <orderfile>\&. All files with pathnames that match the first pattern are output first, all files with pathnames that match the second pattern (but not the first) are output next, and so on\&. All files with pathnames that do not match any pattern are output last, as if there was an implicit match\-all pattern at the end of the file\&. If multiple pathnames have the same rank (they match the same pattern but no earlier patterns), their output order relative to each other is the normal order\&.
755 <orderfile> is parsed as follows:
765 Blank lines are ignored, so they can be used as separators for readability\&.
776 Lines starting with a hash ("\fB#\fR") are ignored, so they can be used for comments\&. Add a backslash ("\fB\e\fR") to the beginning of the pattern if it starts with a hash\&.
787 Each other line contains a single pattern\&.
790 Patterns have the same syntax and semantics as patterns used for fnmatch(3) without the FNM_PATHNAME flag, except a pathname also matches a pattern if removing any number of the final pathname components matches the pattern\&. For example, the pattern "\fBfoo*bar\fR" matches "\fBfooasdfbar\fR" and "\fBfoo/bar/baz/asdf\fR" but not "\fBfoobarx\fR"\&.
793 \-\-skip\-to=<file>, \-\-rotate\-to=<file>
795 Discard the files before the named <file> from the output (i\&.e\&.
796 \fIskip to\fR), or move them to the end of the output (i\&.e\&.
797 \fIrotate to\fR)\&. These were invented primarily for use of the
799 command, and may not be very useful otherwise\&.
804 Swap two inputs; that is, show differences from index or on\-disk file to tree contents\&.
807 \-\-relative[=<path>], \-\-no\-relative
809 When run from a subdirectory of the project, it can be told to exclude changes outside the directory and show pathnames relative to it with this option\&. When you are not in a subdirectory (e\&.g\&. in a bare repository), you can name which subdirectory to make the output relative to by giving a <path> as an argument\&.
810 \fB\-\-no\-relative\fR
811 can be used to countermand both
812 \fBdiff\&.relative\fR
813 config option and previous
814 \fB\-\-relative\fR\&.
819 Treat all files as text\&.
822 \-\-ignore\-cr\-at\-eol
824 Ignore carriage\-return at the end of line when doing a comparison\&.
827 \-\-ignore\-space\-at\-eol
829 Ignore changes in whitespace at EOL\&.
832 \-b, \-\-ignore\-space\-change
834 Ignore changes in amount of whitespace\&. This ignores whitespace at line end, and considers all other sequences of one or more whitespace characters to be equivalent\&.
837 \-w, \-\-ignore\-all\-space
839 Ignore whitespace when comparing lines\&. This ignores differences even if one line has whitespace where the other line has none\&.
842 \-\-ignore\-blank\-lines
844 Ignore changes whose lines are all blank\&.
847 \-I<regex>, \-\-ignore\-matching\-lines=<regex>
849 Ignore changes whose all lines match <regex>\&. This option may be specified more than once\&.
852 \-\-inter\-hunk\-context=<lines>
854 Show the context between diff hunks, up to the specified number of lines, thereby fusing hunks that are close to each other\&. Defaults to
855 \fBdiff\&.interHunkContext\fR
856 or 0 if the config option is unset\&.
859 \-W, \-\-function\-context
861 Show whole function as context lines for each change\&. The function names are determined in the same way as
863 works out patch hunk headers (see
864 \fIDefining a custom hunk\-header\fR
866 \fBgitattributes\fR(5))\&.
871 Make the program exit with codes similar to diff(1)\&. That is, it exits with 1 if there were differences and 0 means no differences\&.
876 Disable all output of the program\&. Implies
877 \fB\-\-exit\-code\fR\&.
882 Allow an external diff helper to be executed\&. If you set an external diff driver with
883 \fBgitattributes\fR(5), you need to use this option with
890 Disallow external diff drivers\&.
893 \-\-textconv, \-\-no\-textconv
895 Allow (or disallow) external text conversion filters to be run when comparing binary files\&. See
896 \fBgitattributes\fR(5)
897 for details\&. Because textconv filters are typically a one\-way conversion, the resulting diff is suitable for human consumption, but cannot be applied\&. For this reason, textconv filters are enabled by default only for
900 \fBgit-log\fR(1), but not for
901 \fBgit-format-patch\fR(1)
902 or diff plumbing commands\&.
905 \-\-ignore\-submodules[=<when>]
907 Ignore changes to submodules in the diff generation\&. <when> can be either "none", "untracked", "dirty" or "all", which is the default\&. Using "none" will consider the submodule modified when it either contains untracked or modified files or its HEAD differs from the commit recorded in the superproject and can be used to override any settings of the
912 \fBgitmodules\fR(5)\&. When "untracked" is used submodules are not considered dirty when they only contain untracked content (but they are still scanned for modified content)\&. Using "dirty" ignores all changes to the work tree of submodules, only changes to the commits stored in the superproject are shown (this was the behavior until 1\&.7\&.0)\&. Using "all" hides all changes to submodules\&.
915 \-\-src\-prefix=<prefix>
917 Show the given source prefix instead of "a/"\&.
920 \-\-dst\-prefix=<prefix>
922 Show the given destination prefix instead of "b/"\&.
927 Do not show any source or destination prefix\&.
932 Use the default source and destination prefixes ("a/" and "b/")\&. This is usually the default already, but may be used to override config such as
933 \fBdiff\&.noprefix\fR\&.
936 \-\-line\-prefix=<prefix>
938 Prepend an additional prefix to every line of output\&.
941 \-\-ita\-invisible\-in\-index
943 By default entries added by "git add \-N" appear as an existing empty file in "git diff" and a new file in "git diff \-\-cached"\&. This option makes the entry appear as a new file in "git diff" and non\-existent in "git diff \-\-cached"\&. This option could be reverted with
944 \fB\-\-ita\-visible\-in\-index\fR\&. Both options are experimental and could be removed in future\&.
947 For more detailed explanation on these common options, see also \fBgitdiffcore\fR(7)\&.
951 The id of a tree object\&.
956 If provided, the results are limited to a subset of files matching one of the provided pathspecs\&.
961 recurse into sub\-trees
966 show tree entry itself as well as subtrees\&. Implies \-r\&.
973 is specified the initial commit will be shown as a big creation event\&. This is equivalent to a diff against the NULL tree\&.
978 Instead of comparing the <tree\-ish>s directly, use the merge base between the two <tree\-ish>s as the "before" side\&. There must be two <tree\-ish>s given and they must both be commits\&.
985 is specified, the command does not take <tree\-ish> arguments from the command line\&. Instead, it reads lines containing either two <tree>, one <commit>, or a list of <commit> from its standard input\&. (Use a single space as separator\&.)
987 When two trees are given, it compares the first tree with the second\&. When a single commit is given, it compares the commit with its parents\&. The remaining commits, when given, are used as if they are parents of the first commit\&.
989 When comparing two trees, the ID of both trees (separated by a space and terminated by a newline) is printed before the difference\&. When comparing commits, the ID of the first (or only) commit, followed by a newline, is printed\&.
991 The following flags further affect the behavior when comparing commits (but not trees)\&.
997 \fIgit diff\-tree \-\-stdin\fR
998 does not show differences for merge commits\&. With this flag, it shows differences to that commit from all of its parents\&. See also
1005 \fIgit diff\-tree \-\-stdin\fR
1006 shows differences, either in machine\-readable form (without
1007 \fB\-p\fR) or in patch form (with
1008 \fB\-p\fR)\&. This output can be suppressed\&. It is only useful with
1016 \fIgit diff\-tree \-\-stdin\fR
1017 to also show the commit message before the differences\&.
1020 \-\-pretty[=<format>], \-\-format=<format>
1022 Pretty\-print the contents of the commit logs in a given format, where
1033 \fIformat:<string>\fR
1035 \fItformat:<string>\fR\&. When
1037 is none of the above, and has
1039 in it, it acts as if
1040 \fI\-\-pretty=tformat:<format>\fR
1043 See the "PRETTY FORMATS" section for some additional details for each format\&. When
1045 part is omitted, it defaults to
1048 Note: you can specify the default pretty format in the repository configuration (see
1049 \fBgit-config\fR(1))\&.
1054 Instead of showing the full 40\-byte hexadecimal commit object name, show a prefix that names the object uniquely\&. "\-\-abbrev=<n>" (which also modifies diff output, if it is displayed) option can be used to specify the minimum length of the prefix\&.
1056 This should make "\-\-pretty=oneline" a whole lot more readable for people using 80\-column terminals\&.
1059 \-\-no\-abbrev\-commit
1061 Show the full 40\-byte hexadecimal commit object name\&. This negates
1062 \fB\-\-abbrev\-commit\fR, either explicit or implied by other options such as "\-\-oneline"\&. It also overrides the
1063 \fBlog\&.abbrevCommit\fR
1069 This is a shorthand for "\-\-pretty=oneline \-\-abbrev\-commit" used together\&.
1072 \-\-encoding=<encoding>
1074 Commit objects record the character encoding used for the log message in their encoding header; this option can be used to tell the command to re\-code the commit log message in the encoding preferred by the user\&. For non plumbing commands this defaults to UTF\-8\&. Note that if an object claims to be encoded in
1076 and we are outputting in
1077 \fBX\fR, we will output the object verbatim; this means that invalid sequences in the original commit may be copied to the output\&. Likewise, if iconv(3) fails to convert the commit, we will quietly output the original object verbatim\&.
1080 \-\-expand\-tabs=<n>, \-\-expand\-tabs, \-\-no\-expand\-tabs
1082 Perform a tab expansion (replace each tab with enough spaces to fill to the next display column that is multiple of
1083 \fI<n>\fR) in the log message before showing it in the output\&.
1084 \fB\-\-expand\-tabs\fR
1085 is a short\-hand for
1086 \fB\-\-expand\-tabs=8\fR, and
1087 \fB\-\-no\-expand\-tabs\fR
1088 is a short\-hand for
1089 \fB\-\-expand\-tabs=0\fR, which disables tab expansion\&.
1091 By default, tabs are expanded in pretty formats that indent the log message by 4 spaces (i\&.e\&.
1092 \fImedium\fR, which is the default,
1100 \fBgit-notes\fR(1)) that annotate the commit, when showing the commit log message\&. This is the default for
1104 \fBgit whatchanged\fR
1105 commands when there is no
1107 \fB\-\-format\fR, or
1109 option given on the command line\&.
1111 By default, the notes shown are from the notes refs listed in the
1112 \fBcore\&.notesRef\fR
1114 \fBnotes\&.displayRef\fR
1115 variables (or corresponding environment overrides)\&. See
1121 argument, use the ref to find the notes to display\&. The ref can specify the full refname when it begins with
1122 \fBrefs/notes/\fR; when it begins with
1127 is prefixed to form a full name of the ref\&.
1129 Multiple \-\-notes options can be combined to control which notes are being displayed\&. Examples: "\-\-notes=foo" will show only notes from "refs/notes/foo"; "\-\-notes=foo \-\-notes" will show both notes from "refs/notes/foo" and from the default notes ref(s)\&.
1134 Do not show notes\&. This negates the above
1136 option, by resetting the list of notes refs from which notes are shown\&. Options are parsed in the order given on the command line, so e\&.g\&. "\-\-notes \-\-notes=foo \-\-no\-notes \-\-notes=bar" will only show notes from "refs/notes/bar"\&.
1139 \-\-show\-notes[=<ref>], \-\-[no\-]standard\-notes
1141 These options are deprecated\&. Use the above \-\-notes/\-\-no\-notes options instead\&.
1146 Check the validity of a signed commit object by passing the signature to
1147 \fBgpg \-\-verify\fR
1148 and show the output\&.
1153 \fIgit diff\-tree\fR
1154 outputs a line with the commit ID when applicable\&. This flag suppressed the commit ID output\&.
1159 This flag changes the way a merge commit is displayed (which means it is useful only when the command is given one <tree\-ish>, or
1160 \fB\-\-stdin\fR)\&. It shows the differences from each of the parents to the merge result simultaneously instead of showing pairwise diff between a parent and the result one at a time (which is what the
1162 option does)\&. Furthermore, it lists only files which were modified from all parents\&.
1167 This flag changes the way a merge commit patch is displayed, in a similar way to the
1169 option\&. It implies the
1173 options and further compresses the patch output by omitting uninteresting hunks whose the contents in the parents have only two variants and the merge result picks one of them without modification\&. When all hunks are uninteresting, the commit itself and the commit log message is not shown, just like in any other "empty diff" case\&.
1176 \-\-combined\-all\-paths
1178 This flag causes combined diffs (used for merge commits) to list the name of the file from all parents\&. It thus only has effect when \-c or \-\-cc are specified, and is likely only useful if filename changes are detected (i\&.e\&. when either rename or copy detection have been requested)\&.
1183 Show the commit itself and the commit log message even if the diff itself is empty\&.
1185 .SH "PRETTY FORMATS"
1187 If the commit is a merge, and if the pretty\-format is not \fIoneline\fR, \fIemail\fR or \fIraw\fR, an additional line is inserted before the \fIAuthor:\fR line\&. This line begins with "Merge: " and the hashes of ancestral commits are printed, separated by spaces\&. Note that the listed commits may not necessarily be the list of the \fBdirect\fR parent commits if you have limited your view of history: for example, if you are only interested in changes related to a certain directory or file\&.
1189 There are several built\-in formats, and you can define additional formats by setting a pretty\&.<name> config option to either another format name, or a \fIformat:\fR string, as described below (see \fBgit-config\fR(1))\&. Here are the details of the built\-in formats:
1193 \h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
1205 <hash> <title\-line>
1211 This is designed to be as compact as possible\&.
1216 \h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
1248 \h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
1262 Date: <author\-date>
1282 <full\-commit\-message>
1291 \h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
1325 <full\-commit\-message>
1334 \h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
1348 AuthorDate: <author\-date>
1350 CommitDate: <committer\-date>
1370 <full\-commit\-message>
1379 \h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
1391 <abbrev\-hash> (<title\-line>, <short\-author\-date>)
1397 This format is used to refer to another commit in a commit message and is the same as
1398 \fB\-\-pretty=\*(Aqformat:%C(auto)%h (%s, %ad)\*(Aq\fR\&. By default, the date is formatted with
1399 \fB\-\-date=short\fR
1402 option is explicitly specified\&. As with any
1404 with format placeholders, its output is not affected by other options like
1407 \fB\-\-walk\-reflogs\fR\&.
1412 \h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
1426 Date: <author\-date>
1427 Subject: [PATCH] <title\-line>
1437 <full\-commit\-message>
1446 \h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
1455 \fIemail\fR, but lines in the commit message starting with "From " (preceded by zero or more ">") are quoted with ">" so they aren\(cqt confused as starting a new commit\&.
1460 \h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
1470 format shows the entire commit exactly as stored in the commit object\&. Notably, the hashes are displayed in full, regardless of whether \-\-abbrev or \-\-no\-abbrev are used, and
1472 information show the true parent commits, without taking grafts or history simplification into account\&. Note that this format affects the way commits are displayed, but not the way the diff is shown e\&.g\&. with
1473 \fBgit log \-\-raw\fR\&. To get full object names in a raw diff format, use
1474 \fB\-\-no\-abbrev\fR\&.
1479 \h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
1485 \fIformat:<format\-string>\fR
1488 \fIformat:<format\-string>\fR
1489 format allows you to specify which information you want to show\&. It works a little bit like printf format, with the notable exception that you get a newline with
1495 \fIformat:"The author of %h was %an, %ar%nThe title was >>%s<<%n"\fR
1496 would show something like this:
1502 The author of fe6e0ee was Junio C Hamano, 23 hours ago
1503 The title was >>t4119: test autocomputing \-p<n> for traditional diff input\&.<<
1509 The placeholders are:
1513 \h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
1519 Placeholders that expand to a single literal character:
1534 print a byte from a hex code
1540 \h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
1546 Placeholders that affect formatting of later placeholders:
1555 switch color to green
1560 switch color to blue
1570 color specification, as described under Values in the "CONFIGURATION FILE" section of
1571 \fBgit-config\fR(1)\&. By default, colors are shown only when enabled for log output (by
1573 \fBcolor\&.ui\fR, or
1574 \fB\-\-color\fR, and respecting the
1576 settings of the former if we are going to a terminal)\&.
1577 \fB%C(auto,\&.\&.\&.)\fR
1578 is accepted as a historical synonym for the default (e\&.g\&.,
1579 \fB%C(auto,red)\fR)\&. Specifying
1580 \fB%C(always,\&.\&.\&.)\fR
1581 will show the colors even when color is not otherwise enabled (though consider just using
1582 \fB\-\-color=always\fR
1583 to enable color for the whole output, including this format and anything else git might color)\&.
1586 \fB%C(auto)\fR) will turn on auto coloring on the next placeholders until the color is switched again\&.
1591 left (\fB<\fR), right (\fB>\fR) or boundary (\fB\-\fR) mark
1594 \fI%w([<w>[,<i1>[,<i2>]]])\fR
1596 switch line wrapping, like the \-w option of
1597 \fBgit-shortlog\fR(1)\&.
1600 \fI%<( <N> [,trunc|ltrunc|mtrunc])\fR
1602 make the next placeholder take at least N column widths, padding spaces on the right if necessary\&. Optionally truncate (with ellipsis
1603 \fI\&.\&.\fR) at the left (ltrunc)
1604 \fB\&.\&.ft\fR, the middle (mtrunc)
1605 \fBmi\&.\&.le\fR, or the end (trunc)
1606 \fBrig\&.\&.\fR, if the output is longer than N columns\&. Note 1: that truncating only works correctly with N >= 2\&. Note 2: spaces around the N and M (see below) values are optional\&. Note 3: Emojis and other wide characters will take two display columns, which may over\-run column boundaries\&. Note 4: decomposed character combining marks may be misplaced at padding boundaries\&.
1611 make the next placeholder take at least until Mth display column, padding spaces on the right if necessary\&. Use negative M values for column positions measured from the right hand edge of the terminal window\&.
1614 \fI%>( <N> )\fR, \fI%>|( <M> )\fR
1619 respectively, but padding spaces on the left
1622 \fI%>>( <N> )\fR, \fI%>>|( <M> )\fR
1627 respectively, except that if the next placeholder takes more spaces than given and there are spaces on its left, use those spaces
1630 \fI%><( <N> )\fR, \fI%><|( <M> )\fR
1635 respectively, but padding both sides (i\&.e\&. the text is centered)
1641 \h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
1647 Placeholders that expand to information extracted from the commit:
1656 abbreviated commit hash
1666 abbreviated tree hash
1676 abbreviated parent hashes
1686 author name (respecting \&.mailmap, see
1687 \fBgit-shortlog\fR(1)
1699 author email (respecting \&.mailmap, see
1700 \fBgit-shortlog\fR(1)
1707 author email local\-part (the part before the
1714 author local\-part (see
1715 \fI%al\fR) respecting \&.mailmap, see
1716 \fBgit-shortlog\fR(1)
1723 author date (format respects \-\-date= option)
1728 author date, RFC2822 style
1733 author date, relative
1738 author date, UNIX timestamp
1743 author date, ISO 8601\-like format
1748 author date, strict ISO 8601 format
1753 author date, short format (\fBYYYY\-MM\-DD\fR)
1758 author date, human style (like the
1759 \fB\-\-date=human\fR
1761 \fBgit-rev-list\fR(1))
1771 committer name (respecting \&.mailmap, see
1772 \fBgit-shortlog\fR(1)
1784 committer email (respecting \&.mailmap, see
1785 \fBgit-shortlog\fR(1)
1792 committer email local\-part (the part before the
1799 committer local\-part (see
1800 \fI%cl\fR) respecting \&.mailmap, see
1801 \fBgit-shortlog\fR(1)
1808 committer date (format respects \-\-date= option)
1813 committer date, RFC2822 style
1818 committer date, relative
1823 committer date, UNIX timestamp
1828 committer date, ISO 8601\-like format
1833 committer date, strict ISO 8601 format
1838 committer date, short format (\fBYYYY\-MM\-DD\fR)
1843 committer date, human style (like the
1844 \fB\-\-date=human\fR
1846 \fBgit-rev-list\fR(1))
1851 ref names, like the \-\-decorate option of
1857 ref names without the " (", ")" wrapping\&.
1860 \fI%(describe[:options])\fR
1862 human\-readable name, like
1863 \fBgit-describe\fR(1); empty string for undescribable commits\&. The
1865 string may be followed by a colon and zero or more comma\-separated options\&. Descriptions can be inconsistent when tags are added or removed at the same time\&.
1869 \h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
1875 \fItags[=<bool\-value>]\fR: Instead of only considering annotated tags, consider lightweight tags as well\&.
1880 \h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
1886 \fIabbrev=<number>\fR: Instead of using the default number of hexadecimal digits (which will vary according to the number of objects in the repository with a default of 7) of the abbreviated object name, use <number> digits, or as many digits as needed to form a unique object name\&.
1891 \h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
1897 \fImatch=<pattern>\fR: Only consider tags matching the given
1899 pattern, excluding the "refs/tags/" prefix\&.
1904 \h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
1910 \fIexclude=<pattern>\fR: Do not consider tags matching the given
1912 pattern, excluding the "refs/tags/" prefix\&.
1918 ref name given on the command line by which the commit was reached (like
1919 \fBgit log \-\-source\fR), only works with
1935 sanitized subject line, suitable for a filename
1945 raw body (unwrapped subject and body)
1955 raw verification message from GPG for a signed commit
1960 show "G" for a good (valid) signature, "B" for a bad signature, "U" for a good signature with unknown validity, "X" for a good signature that has expired, "Y" for a good signature made by an expired key, "R" for a good signature made by a revoked key, "E" if the signature cannot be checked (e\&.g\&. missing key) and "N" for no signature
1965 show the name of the signer for a signed commit
1970 show the key used to sign a signed commit
1975 show the fingerprint of the key used to sign a signed commit
1980 show the fingerprint of the primary key whose subkey was used to sign a signed commit
1985 show the trust level for the key used to sign a signed commit
1990 reflog selector, e\&.g\&.,
1991 \fBrefs/stash@{1}\fR
1993 \fBrefs/stash@{2 minutes ago}\fR; the format follows the rules described for the
1995 option\&. The portion before the
1997 is the refname as given on the command line (so
1998 \fBgit log \-g refs/heads/master\fR
2000 \fBrefs/heads/master@{0}\fR)\&.
2005 shortened reflog selector; same as
2006 \fB%gD\fR, but the refname portion is shortened for human readability (so
2007 \fBrefs/heads/master\fR
2014 reflog identity name
2019 reflog identity name (respecting \&.mailmap, see
2020 \fBgit-shortlog\fR(1)
2027 reflog identity email
2032 reflog identity email (respecting \&.mailmap, see
2033 \fBgit-shortlog\fR(1)
2043 \fI%(trailers[:options])\fR
2045 display the trailers of the body as interpreted by
2046 \fBgit-interpret-trailers\fR(1)\&. The
2048 string may be followed by a colon and zero or more comma\-separated options\&. If any option is provided multiple times the last occurrence wins\&.
2052 \h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
2058 \fIkey=<key>\fR: only show trailers with specified <key>\&. Matching is done case\-insensitively and trailing colon is optional\&. If option is given multiple times trailer lines matching any of the keys are shown\&. This option automatically enables the
2060 option so that non\-trailer lines in the trailer block are hidden\&. If that is not desired it can be disabled with
2061 \fBonly=false\fR\&. E\&.g\&.,
2062 \fB%(trailers:key=Reviewed\-by)\fR
2063 shows trailer lines with key
2064 \fBReviewed\-by\fR\&.
2069 \h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
2075 \fIonly[=<bool>]\fR: select whether non\-trailer lines from the trailer block should be included\&.
2080 \h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
2086 \fIseparator=<sep>\fR: specify a separator inserted between trailer lines\&. When this option is not given each trailer line is terminated with a line feed character\&. The string <sep> may contain the literal formatting codes described above\&. To use comma as separator one must use
2088 as it would otherwise be parsed as next option\&. E\&.g\&.,
2089 \fB%(trailers:key=Ticket,separator=%x2C )\fR
2090 shows all trailer lines whose key is "Ticket" separated by a comma and a space\&.
2095 \h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
2101 \fIunfold[=<bool>]\fR: make it behave as if interpret\-trailer\(cqs
2103 option was given\&. E\&.g\&.,
2104 \fB%(trailers:only,unfold=true)\fR
2105 unfolds and shows all trailer lines\&.
2110 \h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
2116 \fIkeyonly[=<bool>]\fR: only show the key part of the trailer\&.
2121 \h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
2127 \fIvalueonly[=<bool>]\fR: only show the value part of the trailer\&.
2132 \h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
2138 \fIkey_value_separator=<sep>\fR: specify a separator inserted between trailer lines\&. When this option is not given each trailer key\-value pair is separated by ": "\&. Otherwise it shares the same semantics as
2139 \fIseparator=<sep>\fR
2150 .nr an-no-space-flag 1
2158 Some placeholders may depend on other options given to the revision traversal engine\&. For example, the \fB%g*\fR reflog options will insert an empty string unless we are traversing reflog entries (e\&.g\&., by \fBgit log \-g\fR)\&. The \fB%d\fR and \fB%D\fR placeholders will use the "short" decoration format if \fB\-\-decorate\fR was not already provided on the command line\&.
2162 The boolean options accept an optional value \fB[=<bool\-value>]\fR\&. The values \fBtrue\fR, \fBfalse\fR, \fBon\fR, \fBoff\fR etc\&. are all accepted\&. See the "boolean" sub\-section in "EXAMPLES" in \fBgit-config\fR(1)\&. If a boolean option is given with no value, it\(cqs enabled\&.
2164 If you add a \fB+\fR (plus sign) after \fI%\fR of a placeholder, a line\-feed is inserted immediately before the expansion if and only if the placeholder expands to a non\-empty string\&.
2166 If you add a \fB\-\fR (minus sign) after \fI%\fR of a placeholder, all consecutive line\-feeds immediately preceding the expansion are deleted if and only if the placeholder expands to an empty string\&.
2168 If you add a ` ` (space) after \fI%\fR of a placeholder, a space is inserted immediately before the expansion if and only if the placeholder expands to a non\-empty string\&.
2172 \h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
2182 format works exactly like
2183 \fIformat:\fR, except that it provides "terminator" semantics instead of "separator" semantics\&. In other words, each commit has the message terminator character (usually a newline) appended, rather than a separator placed between entries\&. This means that the final entry of a single\-line format will be properly terminated with a new line, just as the "oneline" format does\&. For example:
2189 $ git log \-2 \-\-pretty=format:%h 4da45bef \e
2190 | perl \-pe \*(Aq$_ \&.= " \-\- NO NEWLINE\en" unless /\en/\*(Aq
2192 7134973 \-\- NO NEWLINE
2194 $ git log \-2 \-\-pretty=tformat:%h 4da45bef \e
2195 | perl \-pe \*(Aq$_ \&.= " \-\- NO NEWLINE\en" unless /\en/\*(Aq
2203 In addition, any unrecognized string that has a
2205 in it is interpreted as if it has
2207 in front of it\&. For example, these two are equivalent:
2213 $ git log \-2 \-\-pretty=tformat:%h 4da45bef
2214 $ git log \-2 \-\-pretty=%h 4da45bef
2221 .SH "RAW OUTPUT FORMAT"
2223 The raw output format from "git\-diff\-index", "git\-diff\-tree", "git\-diff\-files" and "git diff \-\-raw" are very similar\&.
2225 These commands all compare two sets of things; what is compared differs:
2227 git\-diff\-index <tree\-ish>
2229 compares the <tree\-ish> and the files on the filesystem\&.
2232 git\-diff\-index \-\-cached <tree\-ish>
2234 compares the <tree\-ish> and the index\&.
2237 git\-diff\-tree [\-r] <tree\-ish\-1> <tree\-ish\-2> [<pattern>\&...]
2239 compares the trees named by the two arguments\&.
2242 git\-diff\-files [<pattern>\&...]
2244 compares the index and the files on the filesystem\&.
2247 The "git\-diff\-tree" command begins its output by printing the hash of what is being compared\&. After that, all the commands print one output line per changed file\&.
2249 An output line is formatted this way:
2255 in\-place edit :100644 100644 bcd1234 0123456 M file0
2256 copy\-edit :100644 100644 abcd123 1234567 C68 file1 file2
2257 rename\-edit :100644 100644 abcd123 1234567 R86 file1 file3
2258 create :000000 100644 0000000 1234567 A file4
2259 delete :100644 000000 1234567 0000000 D file5
2260 unmerged :000000 000000 0000000 0000000 U file6
2267 That is, from the left to the right:
2288 mode for "src"; 000000 if creation or unmerged\&.
2310 mode for "dst"; 000000 if deletion or unmerged\&.
2332 sha1 for "src"; 0{40} if creation or unmerged\&.
2354 sha1 for "dst"; 0{40} if deletion, unmerged or "work tree out of sync with the index"\&.
2376 status, followed by optional "score" number\&.
2413 option is used; only exists for C or R\&.
2424 path for "dst"; only exists for C or R\&.
2437 option is used, to terminate the record\&.
2440 Possible status letters are:
2444 \h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
2450 A: addition of a file
2455 \h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
2461 C: copy of a file into a new one
2466 \h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
2472 D: deletion of a file
2477 \h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
2483 M: modification of the contents or mode of a file
2488 \h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
2494 R: renaming of a file
2499 \h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
2505 T: change in the type of the file (regular file, symbolic link or submodule)
2510 \h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
2516 U: file is unmerged (you must complete the merge before it can be committed)
2521 \h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
2527 X: "unknown" change type (most probably a bug, please report it)
2530 Status letters C and R are always followed by a score (denoting the percentage of similarity between the source and target of the move or copy)\&. Status letter M may be followed by a score (denoting the percentage of dissimilarity) for file rewrites\&.
2532 The sha1 for "dst" is shown as all 0\(cqs if a file on the filesystem is out of sync with the index\&.
2540 :100644 100644 5be4a4a 0000000 M file\&.c
2547 Without the \fB\-z\fR option, pathnames with "unusual" characters are quoted as explained for the configuration variable \fBcore\&.quotePath\fR (see \fBgit-config\fR(1))\&. Using \fB\-z\fR the filename is output verbatim and the line is terminated by a NUL byte\&.
2548 .SH "DIFF FORMAT FOR MERGES"
2550 "git\-diff\-tree", "git\-diff\-files" and "git\-diff \-\-raw" can take \fB\-c\fR or \fB\-\-cc\fR option to generate diff output also for merge commits\&. The output differs from the format described above in the following way:
2560 there is a colon for each parent
2571 there are more "src" modes and "src" sha1
2582 status is concatenated status characters for each parent
2593 no optional "score" number
2604 tab\-separated pathname(s) of the file
2607 For \fB\-c\fR and \fB\-\-cc\fR, only the destination or final path is shown even if the file was renamed on any side of history\&. With \fB\-\-combined\-all\-paths\fR, the name of the path in each parent is shown followed by the name of the path in the merge commit\&.
2609 Examples for \fB\-c\fR and \fB\-\-cc\fR without \fB\-\-combined\-all\-paths\fR:
2615 ::100644 100644 100644 fabadb8 cc95eb0 4866510 MM desc\&.c
2616 ::100755 100755 100755 52b7a2d 6d1ac04 d2ac7d7 RM bar\&.sh
2617 ::100644 100644 100644 e07d6c5 9042e82 ee91881 RR phooey\&.c
2624 Examples when \fB\-\-combined\-all\-paths\fR added to either \fB\-c\fR or \fB\-\-cc\fR:
2630 ::100644 100644 100644 fabadb8 cc95eb0 4866510 MM desc\&.c desc\&.c desc\&.c
2631 ::100755 100755 100755 52b7a2d 6d1ac04 d2ac7d7 RM foo\&.sh bar\&.sh bar\&.sh
2632 ::100644 100644 100644 e07d6c5 9042e82 ee91881 RR fooey\&.c fuey\&.c phooey\&.c
2639 Note that \fIcombined diff\fR lists only files which were modified from all parents\&.
2640 .SH "GENERATING PATCH TEXT WITH \-P"
2642 Running \fBgit-diff\fR(1), \fBgit-log\fR(1), \fBgit-show\fR(1), \fBgit-diff-index\fR(1), \fBgit-diff-tree\fR(1), or \fBgit-diff-files\fR(1) with the \fB\-p\fR option produces patch text\&. You can customize the creation of patch text via the \fBGIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF\fR and the \fBGIT_DIFF_OPTS\fR environment variables (see \fBgit\fR(1)), and the \fBdiff\fR attribute (see \fBgitattributes\fR(5))\&.
2644 What the \-p option produces is slightly different from the traditional diff format:
2654 It is preceded with a "git diff" header that looks like this:
2660 diff \-\-git a/file1 b/file2
2670 filenames are the same unless rename/copy is involved\&. Especially, even for a creation or a deletion,
2674 used in place of the
2680 When rename/copy is involved,
2684 show the name of the source file of the rename/copy and the name of the file that rename/copy produces, respectively\&.
2695 It is followed by one or more extended header lines:
2703 deleted file mode <mode>
2704 new file mode <mode>
2709 similarity index <number>
2710 dissimilarity index <number>
2711 index <hash>\&.\&.<hash> <mode>
2717 File modes are printed as 6\-digit octal numbers including the file type and file permission bits\&.
2719 Path names in extended headers do not include the
2725 The similarity index is the percentage of unchanged lines, and the dissimilarity index is the percentage of changed lines\&. It is a rounded down integer, followed by a percent sign\&. The similarity index value of 100% is thus reserved for two equal files, while 100% dissimilarity means that no line from the old file made it into the new one\&.
2727 The index line includes the blob object names before and after the change\&. The <mode> is included if the file mode does not change; otherwise, separate lines indicate the old and the new mode\&.
2738 Pathnames with "unusual" characters are quoted as explained for the configuration variable
2739 \fBcore\&.quotePath\fR
2741 \fBgit-config\fR(1))\&.
2754 files in the output refer to files before the commit, and all the
2756 files refer to files after the commit\&. It is incorrect to apply each change to each file sequentially\&. For example, this patch will swap a and b:
2762 diff \-\-git a/a b/b
2765 diff \-\-git a/b b/a
2782 Hunk headers mention the name of the function to which the hunk applies\&. See "Defining a custom hunk\-header" in
2783 \fBgitattributes\fR(5)
2784 for details of how to tailor to this to specific languages\&.
2786 .SH "COMBINED DIFF FORMAT"
2788 Any diff\-generating command can take the \fB\-c\fR or \fB\-\-cc\fR option to produce a \fIcombined diff\fR when showing a merge\&. This is the default format when showing merges with \fBgit-diff\fR(1) or \fBgit-show\fR(1)\&. Note also that you can give suitable \fB\-\-diff\-merges\fR option to any of these commands to force generation of diffs in specific format\&.
2790 A "combined diff" format looks like this:
2796 diff \-\-combined describe\&.c
2797 index fabadb8,cc95eb0\&.\&.4866510
2798 \-\-\- a/describe\&.c
2800 @@@ \-98,20 \-98,12 +98,20 @@@
2801 return (a_date > b_date) ? \-1 : (a_date == b_date) ? 0 : 1;
2804 \- static void describe(char *arg)
2805 \-static void describe(struct commit *cmit, int last_one)
2806 ++static void describe(char *arg, int last_one)
2808 + unsigned char sha1[20];
2809 + struct commit *cmit;
2810 struct commit_list *list;
2811 static int initialized = 0;
2812 struct commit_name *n;
2814 + if (get_sha1(arg, sha1) < 0)
2815 + usage(describe_usage);
2816 + cmit = lookup_commit_reference(sha1);
2818 + usage(describe_usage);
2822 for_each_ref(get_name);
2838 It is preceded with a "git diff" header, that looks like this (when the
2846 diff \-\-combined file
2852 or like this (when the
2875 It is followed by one or more extended header lines (this example shows a merge with two parents):
2881 index <hash>,<hash>\&.\&.<hash>
2882 mode <mode>,<mode>\&.\&.<mode>
2883 new file mode <mode>
2884 deleted file mode <mode>,<mode>
2891 \fBmode <mode>,<mode>\&.\&.<mode>\fR
2892 line appears only if at least one of the <mode> is different from the rest\&. Extended headers with information about detected contents movement (renames and copying detection) are designed to work with diff of two <tree\-ish> and are not used by combined diff format\&.
2903 It is followed by two\-line from\-file/to\-file header
2916 Similar to two\-line header for traditional
2920 is used to signal created or deleted files\&.
2922 However, if the \-\-combined\-all\-paths option is provided, instead of a two\-line from\-file/to\-file you get a N+1 line from\-file/to\-file header, where N is the number of parents in the merge commit
2937 This extended format can be useful if rename or copy detection is active, to allow you to see the original name of the file in different parents\&.
2948 Chunk header format is modified to prevent people from accidentally feeding it to
2949 \fBpatch \-p1\fR\&. Combined diff format was created for review of merge commit changes, and was not meant to be applied\&. The change is similar to the change in the extended
2957 @@@ <from\-file\-range> <from\-file\-range> <to\-file\-range> @@@
2963 There are (number of parents + 1)
2965 characters in the chunk header for combined diff format\&.
2968 Unlike the traditional \fIunified\fR diff format, which shows two files A and B with a single column that has \fB\-\fR (minus \(em appears in A but removed in B), \fB+\fR (plus \(em missing in A but added to B), or \fB" "\fR (space \(em unchanged) prefix, this format compares two or more files file1, file2,\&... with one file X, and shows how X differs from each of fileN\&. One column for each of fileN is prepended to the output line to note how X\(cqs line is different from it\&.
2970 A \fB\-\fR character in the column N means that the line appears in fileN but it does not appear in the result\&. A \fB+\fR character in the column N means that the line appears in the result, and fileN does not have that line (in other words, the line was added, from the point of view of that parent)\&.
2972 In the above example output, the function signature was changed from both files (hence two \fB\-\fR removals from both file1 and file2, plus \fB++\fR to mean one line that was added does not appear in either file1 or file2)\&. Also eight other lines are the same from file1 but do not appear in file2 (hence prefixed with \fB+\fR)\&.
2974 When shown by \fBgit diff\-tree \-c\fR, it compares the parents of a merge commit with the merge result (i\&.e\&. file1\&.\&.fileN are the parents)\&. When shown by \fBgit diff\-files \-c\fR, it compares the two unresolved merge parents with the working tree file (i\&.e\&. file1 is stage 2 aka "our version", file2 is stage 3 aka "their version")\&.
2975 .SH "OTHER DIFF FORMATS"
2977 The \fB\-\-summary\fR option describes newly added, deleted, renamed and copied files\&. The \fB\-\-stat\fR option adds diffstat(1) graph to the output\&. These options can be combined with other options, such as \fB\-p\fR, and are meant for human consumption\&.
2979 When showing a change that involves a rename or a copy, \fB\-\-stat\fR output formats the pathnames compactly by combining common prefix and suffix of the pathnames\&. For example, a change that moves \fBarch/i386/Makefile\fR to \fBarch/x86/Makefile\fR while modifying 4 lines will be shown like this:
2985 arch/{i386 => x86}/Makefile | 4 +\-\-
2992 The \fB\-\-numstat\fR option gives the diffstat(1) information but is designed for easier machine consumption\&. An entry in \fB\-\-numstat\fR output looks like this:
2999 3 1 arch/{i386 => x86}/Makefile
3006 That is, from left to right:
3016 the number of added lines;
3038 the number of deleted lines;
3060 pathname (possibly with rename/copy information);
3074 When \fB\-z\fR output option is in effect, the output is formatted this way:
3081 3 1 NUL arch/i386/Makefile NUL arch/x86/Makefile NUL
3098 the number of added lines;
3120 the number of deleted lines;
3142 a NUL (only exists if renamed/copied);
3153 pathname in preimage;
3164 a NUL (only exists if renamed/copied);
3175 pathname in postimage (only exists if renamed/copied);
3189 The extra \fBNUL\fR before the preimage path in renamed case is to allow scripts that read the output to tell if the current record being read is a single\-path record or a rename/copy record without reading ahead\&. After reading added and deleted lines, reading up to \fBNUL\fR would yield the pathname, but if that is \fBNUL\fR, the record will show two paths\&.
3192 Part of the \fBgit\fR(1) suite