6 git - the stupid content tracker
12 'git' [--version] [--help] [-c <name>=<value>]
13 [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
14 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare]
15 [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>]
20 Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
21 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
22 and full access to internals.
24 See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
25 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git] for a useful minimum set of
26 commands. The link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] has a more
27 in-depth introduction.
29 After you mastered the basic concepts, you can come back to this
30 page to learn what commands git offers. You can learn more about
31 individual git commands with "git help command". linkgit:gitcli[7]
32 manual page gives you an overview of the command line command syntax.
34 Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest git documentation
35 can be viewed at `http://git-htmldocs.googlecode.com/git/git.html`.
41 You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
42 unreleased) version of git, that is available from 'master'
43 branch of the `git.git` repository.
44 Documentation for older releases are available here:
46 * link:v1.8.1.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.1.5]
49 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.5.txt[1.8.1.5],
50 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.4.txt[1.8.1.4],
51 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.3.txt[1.8.1.3],
52 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.2.txt[1.8.1.2],
53 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.1.txt[1.8.1.1],
54 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.txt[1.8.1].
56 * link:v1.8.0.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.0.3]
59 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.3.txt[1.8.0.3],
60 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.2.txt[1.8.0.2],
61 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.1.txt[1.8.0.1],
62 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.txt[1.8.0].
64 * link:v1.7.12.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.12.4]
67 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.4.txt[1.7.12.4],
68 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.3.txt[1.7.12.3],
69 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.2.txt[1.7.12.2],
70 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.1.txt[1.7.12.1],
71 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.txt[1.7.12].
73 * link:v1.7.11.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.11.7]
76 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.7.txt[1.7.11.7],
77 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.6.txt[1.7.11.6],
78 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.5.txt[1.7.11.5],
79 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.4.txt[1.7.11.4],
80 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.3.txt[1.7.11.3],
81 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.2.txt[1.7.11.2],
82 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.1.txt[1.7.11.1],
83 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.txt[1.7.11].
85 * link:v1.7.10.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.10.5]
88 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.5.txt[1.7.10.5],
89 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.4.txt[1.7.10.4],
90 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.3.txt[1.7.10.3],
91 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.2.txt[1.7.10.2],
92 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.1.txt[1.7.10.1],
93 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.txt[1.7.10].
95 * link:v1.7.9.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.9.7]
98 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.7.txt[1.7.9.7],
99 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.6.txt[1.7.9.6],
100 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.5.txt[1.7.9.5],
101 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.4.txt[1.7.9.4],
102 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.3.txt[1.7.9.3],
103 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.2.txt[1.7.9.2],
104 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.1.txt[1.7.9.1],
105 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.txt[1.7.9].
107 * link:v1.7.8.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.8.6]
110 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.6.txt[1.7.8.6],
111 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.5.txt[1.7.8.5],
112 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.4.txt[1.7.8.4],
113 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.3.txt[1.7.8.3],
114 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.2.txt[1.7.8.2],
115 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.1.txt[1.7.8.1],
116 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.txt[1.7.8].
118 * link:v1.7.7.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.7.7]
121 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.7.txt[1.7.7.7],
122 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.6.txt[1.7.7.6],
123 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.5.txt[1.7.7.5],
124 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.4.txt[1.7.7.4],
125 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.3.txt[1.7.7.3],
126 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.2.txt[1.7.7.2],
127 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.1.txt[1.7.7.1],
128 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.txt[1.7.7].
130 * link:v1.7.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.6.6]
133 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.6.txt[1.7.6.6],
134 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.5.txt[1.7.6.5],
135 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.4.txt[1.7.6.4],
136 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.3.txt[1.7.6.3],
137 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.2.txt[1.7.6.2],
138 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.1.txt[1.7.6.1],
139 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.txt[1.7.6].
141 * link:v1.7.5.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.5.4]
144 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.4.txt[1.7.5.4],
145 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.3.txt[1.7.5.3],
146 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.2.txt[1.7.5.2],
147 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.1.txt[1.7.5.1],
148 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.txt[1.7.5].
150 * link:v1.7.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.4.5]
153 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.5.txt[1.7.4.5],
154 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.4.txt[1.7.4.4],
155 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.3.txt[1.7.4.3],
156 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.2.txt[1.7.4.2],
157 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.1.txt[1.7.4.1],
158 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.txt[1.7.4].
160 * link:v1.7.3.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.3.5]
163 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.5.txt[1.7.3.5],
164 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.4.txt[1.7.3.4],
165 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.3.txt[1.7.3.3],
166 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.2.txt[1.7.3.2],
167 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.1.txt[1.7.3.1],
168 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.txt[1.7.3].
170 * link:v1.7.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.2.5]
173 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.5.txt[1.7.2.5],
174 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.4.txt[1.7.2.4],
175 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.3.txt[1.7.2.3],
176 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.2.txt[1.7.2.2],
177 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.1.txt[1.7.2.1],
178 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.txt[1.7.2].
180 * link:v1.7.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.1.4]
183 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.4.txt[1.7.1.4],
184 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.3.txt[1.7.1.3],
185 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.2.txt[1.7.1.2],
186 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.1.txt[1.7.1.1],
187 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.txt[1.7.1].
189 * link:v1.7.0.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.0.9]
192 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.9.txt[1.7.0.9],
193 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.8.txt[1.7.0.8],
194 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.7.txt[1.7.0.7],
195 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.6.txt[1.7.0.6],
196 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.5.txt[1.7.0.5],
197 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.4.txt[1.7.0.4],
198 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.3.txt[1.7.0.3],
199 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.2.txt[1.7.0.2],
200 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.1.txt[1.7.0.1],
201 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.txt[1.7.0].
203 * link:v1.6.6.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.6.3]
206 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.3.txt[1.6.6.3],
207 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.2.txt[1.6.6.2],
208 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.1.txt[1.6.6.1],
209 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.txt[1.6.6].
211 * link:v1.6.5.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.5.9]
214 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.9.txt[1.6.5.9],
215 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.8.txt[1.6.5.8],
216 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.7.txt[1.6.5.7],
217 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.6.txt[1.6.5.6],
218 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.5.txt[1.6.5.5],
219 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.4.txt[1.6.5.4],
220 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.3.txt[1.6.5.3],
221 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.2.txt[1.6.5.2],
222 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.1.txt[1.6.5.1],
223 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.txt[1.6.5].
225 * link:v1.6.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.4.5]
228 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.5.txt[1.6.4.5],
229 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.4.txt[1.6.4.4],
230 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.3.txt[1.6.4.3],
231 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.2.txt[1.6.4.2],
232 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.1.txt[1.6.4.1],
233 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.txt[1.6.4].
235 * link:v1.6.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.3.4]
238 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.4.txt[1.6.3.4],
239 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.3.txt[1.6.3.3],
240 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.2.txt[1.6.3.2],
241 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.1.txt[1.6.3.1],
242 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.txt[1.6.3].
245 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.5.txt[1.6.2.5],
246 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.4.txt[1.6.2.4],
247 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.3.txt[1.6.2.3],
248 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.2.txt[1.6.2.2],
249 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.1.txt[1.6.2.1],
250 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.txt[1.6.2].
252 * link:v1.6.1.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.1.3]
255 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.3.txt[1.6.1.3],
256 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.2.txt[1.6.1.2],
257 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.1.txt[1.6.1.1],
258 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.txt[1.6.1].
260 * link:v1.6.0.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.0.6]
263 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.6.txt[1.6.0.6],
264 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5],
265 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4],
266 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.3.txt[1.6.0.3],
267 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2],
268 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1],
269 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.txt[1.6.0].
271 * link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6]
274 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6],
275 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5],
276 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4],
277 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3],
278 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2],
279 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1],
280 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.txt[1.5.6].
282 * link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6]
285 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6],
286 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5],
287 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4],
288 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3],
289 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2],
290 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1],
291 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.txt[1.5.5].
293 * link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7]
296 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7],
297 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6],
298 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5],
299 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4],
300 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3],
301 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2],
302 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1],
303 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.txt[1.5.4].
305 * link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8]
308 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8],
309 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7],
310 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6],
311 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5],
312 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4],
313 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3],
314 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2],
315 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1],
316 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.txt[1.5.3].
318 * link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5]
321 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5],
322 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4],
323 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3],
324 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2],
325 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1],
326 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.txt[1.5.2].
328 * link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6]
331 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6],
332 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5],
333 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4],
334 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3],
335 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2],
336 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
337 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
339 * link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
342 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
343 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
344 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
345 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
346 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
347 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
348 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
350 * documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
351 link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
352 link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
353 link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
362 Prints the git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
365 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
366 commands. If the option '--all' or '-a' is given then all
367 available commands are printed. If a git command is named this
368 option will bring up the manual page for that command.
370 Other options are available to control how the manual page is
371 displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
372 because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
376 Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
377 given will override values from configuration files.
378 The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by
379 'git config' (subkeys separated by dots).
381 --exec-path[=<path>]::
382 Path to wherever your core git programs are installed.
383 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
384 environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
385 the current setting and then exit.
388 Print the path, without trailing slash, where git's HTML
389 documentation is installed and exit.
392 Print the manpath (see `man(1)`) for the man pages for
393 this version of git and exit.
396 Print the path where the Info files documenting this
397 version of git are installed and exit.
401 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
402 output is a terminal. This overrides the `pager.<cmd>`
403 configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section
407 Do not pipe git output into a pager.
410 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
411 setting the GIT_DIR environment variable. It can be an absolute
412 path or relative path to current working directory.
415 Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path
416 or a path relative to the current working directory.
417 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
418 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
419 variable (see core.worktree in linkgit:git-config[1] for a
420 more detailed discussion).
423 Set the git namespace. See linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for more
424 details. Equivalent to setting the `GIT_NAMESPACE` environment
428 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR
429 environment is not set, it is set to the current working
432 --no-replace-objects::
433 Do not use replacement refs to replace git objects. See
434 linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information.
440 We divide git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
441 ("plumbing") commands.
443 High-level commands (porcelain)
444 -------------------------------
446 We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
447 ancillary user utilities.
449 Main porcelain commands
450 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
452 include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
458 include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
462 include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
465 Interacting with Others
466 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
468 These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
469 people via patch over e-mail.
471 include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
474 Low-level commands (plumbing)
475 -----------------------------
477 Although git includes its
478 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
479 development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains
480 might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
481 linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
483 The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
484 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
485 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
486 primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands
487 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
490 The following description divides
491 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
492 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
493 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
497 Manipulation commands
498 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
500 include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
503 Interrogation commands
504 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
506 include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
508 In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
512 Synching repositories
513 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
515 include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
517 The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
518 typically do not use them directly.
520 include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
523 Internal helper commands
524 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
526 These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
527 users typically do not use them directly.
529 include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
532 Configuration Mechanism
533 -----------------------
535 Git uses a simple text format to store customizations that are per
536 repository and are per user. Such a configuration file may look
541 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
546 ; Don't trust file modes
551 name = "Junio C Hamano"
552 email = "gitster@pobox.com"
556 Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
557 their operation accordingly. See linkgit:git-config[1] for a
558 list and more details about the configuration mechanism.
561 Identifier Terminology
562 ----------------------
564 Indicates the object name for any type of object.
567 Indicates a blob object name.
570 Indicates a tree object name.
573 Indicates a commit object name.
576 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
577 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
578 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
579 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
582 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A
583 command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
584 operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
585 <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
588 Indicates that an object type is required.
589 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
592 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
593 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
597 Any git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
601 indicates the head of the current branch.
605 (i.e. a `refs/tags/<tag>` reference).
609 (i.e. a `refs/heads/<head>` reference).
611 For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
612 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7].
615 File/Directory Structure
616 ------------------------
618 Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
620 Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
622 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
628 Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
631 Environment Variables
632 ---------------------
633 Various git commands use the following environment variables:
637 These environment variables apply to 'all' core git commands. Nb: it
638 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
639 git so take care if using Cogito etc.
642 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
643 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
646 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
647 If the object storage directory is specified via this
648 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
649 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
652 'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
653 Due to the immutable nature of git objects, old objects can be
654 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
655 specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
656 of git object directories which can be used to search for git
657 objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
660 If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it
661 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
662 for the base of the repository.
663 The '--git-dir' command-line option also sets this value.
666 Set the path to the working tree. The value will not be
667 used in combination with repositories found automatically in
668 a .git directory (i.e. $GIT_DIR is not set).
669 This can also be controlled by the '--work-tree' command line
670 option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
673 Set the git namespace; see linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for details.
674 The '--namespace' command-line option also sets this value.
676 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES'::
677 This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths. If
678 set, it is a list of directories that git should not chdir up
679 into while looking for a repository directory (useful for
680 excluding slow-loading network directories). It will not
681 exclude the current working directory or a GIT_DIR set on the
682 command line or in the environment. Normally, Git has to read
683 the entries in this list and resolve any symlink that
684 might be present in order to compare them with the current
685 directory. However, if even this access is slow, you
686 can add an empty entry to the list to tell Git that the
687 subsequent entries are not symlinks and needn't be resolved;
689 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES=/maybe/symlink::/very/slow/non/symlink'.
691 'GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM'::
692 When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
693 directory, git tries to find such a directory in the parent
694 directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
695 does not cross filesystem boundaries. This environment variable
696 can be set to true to tell git not to stop at filesystem
697 boundaries. Like 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES', this will not affect
698 an explicit repository directory set via 'GIT_DIR' or on the
706 'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME'::
707 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL'::
708 'GIT_COMMITTER_DATE'::
710 see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
715 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
716 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
717 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
718 value passed on the git diff command line.
720 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
721 When the environment variable 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is set, the
722 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
723 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
724 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 7 parameters:
726 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
730 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
731 contents of <old|new>,
732 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA1 hashes,
733 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
735 The file parameters can point at the user's working file
736 (e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
737 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
738 index). 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' should not worry about unlinking the
739 temporary file --- it is removed when 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' exits.
741 For a path that is unmerged, 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 1
746 'GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY'::
747 A number controlling the amount of output shown by
748 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity.
749 See linkgit:git-merge[1]
752 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
753 to an empty string or to the value "cat", git will not launch
754 a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in
755 linkgit:git-config[1].
758 This environment variable overrides `$EDITOR` and `$VISUAL`.
759 It is used by several git commands when, on interactive mode,
760 an editor is to be launched. See also linkgit:git-var[1]
761 and the `core.editor` option in linkgit:git-config[1].
764 If this environment variable is set then 'git fetch'
765 and 'git push' will use this command instead
766 of 'ssh' when they need to connect to a remote system.
767 The '$GIT_SSH' command will be given exactly two arguments:
768 the 'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the
769 shell command to execute on that remote system.
771 To pass options to the program that you want to list in GIT_SSH
772 you will need to wrap the program and options into a shell script,
773 then set GIT_SSH to refer to the shell script.
775 Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
776 personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation
780 If this environment variable is set, then git commands which need to
781 acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)
782 will call this program with a suitable prompt as command line argument
783 and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the 'core.askpass'
784 option in linkgit:git-config[1].
786 'GIT_CONFIG_NOSYSTEM'::
787 Whether to skip reading settings from the system-wide
788 `$(prefix)/etc/gitconfig` file. This environment variable can
789 be used along with `$HOME` and `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME` to create a
790 predictable environment for a picky script, or you can set it
791 temporarily to avoid using a buggy `/etc/gitconfig` file while
792 waiting for someone with sufficient permissions to fix it.
795 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
796 as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',
797 and 'git whatchanged' will force a flush of the output stream
798 after each commit-oriented record have been flushed. If this
799 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
800 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is
801 not set, git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
802 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
805 If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
806 is case insensitive), git will print `trace:` messages on
807 stderr telling about alias expansion, built-in command
808 execution and external command execution.
809 If this variable is set to an integer value greater than 1
810 and lower than 10 (strictly) then git will interpret this
811 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
812 trace messages into this file descriptor.
813 Alternatively, if this variable is set to an absolute path
814 (starting with a '/' character), git will interpret this
815 as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
818 Discussion[[Discussion]]
819 ------------------------
821 More detail on the following is available from the
822 link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
823 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
825 A git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
826 subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other
827 things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
828 of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
829 contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
830 as tags and branch heads.
832 The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
833 hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
834 directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
835 and some number of parent commits.
837 The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
838 "version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
839 represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one
840 parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
842 All objects are named by the SHA1 hash of their contents, normally
843 written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.
844 The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
845 just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
848 When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
849 efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
851 Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref
852 may contain the SHA1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs
853 with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA1 name of the most
854 recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA1 names of
855 tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named
856 `HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
858 The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
859 path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents
860 the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The
861 attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
862 corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the
863 working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may
864 be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
865 content stored in the index.
867 The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
868 for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various
869 unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
871 FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
872 ---------------------
874 See the references in the "description" section to get started
875 using git. The following is probably more detail than necessary
876 for a first-time user.
878 The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
879 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
880 introductions to the underlying git architecture.
882 See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.
884 See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
887 The internals are documented in the
888 link:technical/api-index.html[GIT API documentation].
890 Users migrating from CVS may also want to
891 read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7].
896 Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
897 C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the git mailing list
898 <git@vger.kernel.org>. http://www.ohloh.net/p/git/contributors/summary
899 gives you a more complete list of contributors.
901 If you have a clone of git.git itself, the
902 output of linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1] can show you
903 the authors for specific parts of the project.
908 Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the
909 development and maintenance is primarily done. You do not have to be
910 subscribed to the list to send a message there.
914 linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
915 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
916 linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
917 linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],
918 linkgit:gitworkflows[7]
922 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite