7 git-read-tree - Reads tree information into the directory cache
12 'git-read-tree' (<tree-ish> | [-m [-u|-i]] <tree-ish1> [<tree-ish2> [<tree-ish3>]])
17 Reads the tree information given by <tree-ish> into the directory cache,
18 but does not actually *update* any of the files it "caches". (see:
21 Optionally, it can merge a tree into the cache, perform a
22 fast-forward (i.e. 2-way) merge, or a 3-way merge, with the -m
23 flag. When used with -m, the -u flag causes it to also update
24 the files in the work tree with the result of the merge.
26 Trivial merges are done by "git-read-tree" itself. Only conflicting paths
27 will be in unmerged state when "git-read-tree" returns.
32 Perform a merge, not just a read.
35 After a successful merge, update the files in the work
36 tree with the result of the merge.
39 Usually a merge requires the index file as well as the
40 files in the working tree are up to date with the
41 current head commit, in order not to lose local
42 changes. This flag disables the check with the working
43 tree and is meant to be used when creating a merge of
44 trees that are not directly related to the current
45 working tree status into a temporary index file.
49 The id of the tree object(s) to be read/merged.
54 If '-m' is specified, "git-read-tree" can perform 3 kinds of
55 merge, a single tree merge if only 1 tree is given, a
56 fast-forward merge with 2 trees, or a 3-way merge if 3 trees are
62 If only 1 tree is specified, git-read-tree operates as if the user did not
63 specify '-m', except that if the original cache has an entry for a
64 given pathname, and the contents of the path matches with the tree
65 being read, the stat info from the cache is used. (In other words, the
66 cache's stat()s take precedence over the merged tree's).
68 That means that if you do a "git-read-tree -m <newtree>" followed by a
69 "git-checkout-index -f -u -a", the "git-checkout-index" only checks out
70 the stuff that really changed.
72 This is used to avoid unnecessary false hits when "git-diff-files" is
73 run after git-read-tree.
79 Typically, this is invoked as "git-read-tree -m $H $M", where $H
80 is the head commit of the current repository, and $M is the head
81 of a foreign tree, which is simply ahead of $H (i.e. we are in a
82 fast forward situation).
84 When two trees are specified, the user is telling git-read-tree
87 (1) The current index and work tree is derived from $H, but
88 the user may have local changes in them since $H;
90 (2) The user wants to fast-forward to $M.
92 In this case, the "git-read-tree -m $H $M" command makes sure
93 that no local change is lost as the result of this "merge".
94 Here are the "carry forward" rules:
97 -------------------------------------------------------
98 0 nothing nothing nothing (does not happen)
99 1 nothing nothing exists use M
100 2 nothing exists nothing remove path from cache
101 3 nothing exists exists use M
105 4 yes N/A N/A nothing nothing keep index
106 5 no N/A N/A nothing nothing keep index
108 6 yes N/A yes nothing exists keep index
109 7 no N/A yes nothing exists keep index
110 8 yes N/A no nothing exists fail
111 9 no N/A no nothing exists fail
113 10 yes yes N/A exists nothing remove path from cache
114 11 no yes N/A exists nothing fail
115 12 yes no N/A exists nothing fail
116 13 no no N/A exists nothing fail
120 14 yes exists exists keep index
121 15 no exists exists keep index
123 clean I==H I==M (H!=M)
125 16 yes no no exists exists fail
126 17 no no no exists exists fail
127 18 yes no yes exists exists keep index
128 19 no no yes exists exists keep index
129 20 yes yes no exists exists use M
130 21 no yes no exists exists fail
132 In all "keep index" cases, the cache entry stays as in the
133 original index file. If the entry were not up to date,
134 git-read-tree keeps the copy in the work tree intact when
135 operating under the -u flag.
137 When this form of git-read-tree returns successfully, you can
138 see what "local changes" you made are carried forward by running
139 "git-diff-index --cached $M". Note that this does not
140 necessarily match "git-diff-index --cached $H" would have
141 produced before such a two tree merge. This is because of cases
142 18 and 19 --- if you already had the changes in $M (e.g. maybe
143 you picked it up via e-mail in a patch form), "git-diff-index
144 --cached $H" would have told you about the change before this
145 merge, but it would not show in "git-diff-index --cached $M"
146 output after two-tree merge.
151 Each "index" entry has two bits worth of "stage" state. stage 0 is the
152 normal one, and is the only one you'd see in any kind of normal use.
154 However, when you do "git-read-tree" with three trees, the "stage"
157 This means that you can do
159 git-read-tree -m <tree1> <tree2> <tree3>
161 and you will end up with an index with all of the <tree1> entries in
162 "stage1", all of the <tree2> entries in "stage2" and all of the
163 <tree3> entries in "stage3".
165 Furthermore, "git-read-tree" has special-case logic that says: if you see
166 a file that matches in all respects in the following states, it
167 "collapses" back to "stage0":
169 - stage 2 and 3 are the same; take one or the other (it makes no
170 difference - the same work has been done on stage 2 and 3)
172 - stage 1 and stage 2 are the same and stage 3 is different; take
173 stage 3 (some work has been done on stage 3)
175 - stage 1 and stage 3 are the same and stage 2 is different take
176 stage 2 (some work has been done on stage 2)
178 The "git-write-tree" command refuses to write a nonsensical tree, and it
179 will complain about unmerged entries if it sees a single entry that is not
182 Ok, this all sounds like a collection of totally nonsensical rules,
183 but it's actually exactly what you want in order to do a fast
184 merge. The different stages represent the "result tree" (stage 0, aka
185 "merged"), the original tree (stage 1, aka "orig"), and the two trees
186 you are trying to merge (stage 2 and 3 respectively).
188 The order of stages 1, 2 and 3 (hence the order of three
189 <tree-ish> command line arguments) are significant when you
190 start a 3-way merge with an index file that is already
191 populated. Here is an outline of how the algorithm works:
193 - if a file exists in identical format in all three trees, it will
194 automatically collapse to "merged" state by git-read-tree.
196 - a file that has _any_ difference what-so-ever in the three trees
197 will stay as separate entries in the index. It's up to "porcelain
198 policy" to determine how to remove the non-0 stages, and insert a
201 - the index file saves and restores with all this information, so you
202 can merge things incrementally, but as long as it has entries in
203 stages 1/2/3 (ie "unmerged entries") you can't write the result. So
204 now the merge algorithm ends up being really simple:
206 * you walk the index in order, and ignore all entries of stage 0,
207 since they've already been done.
209 * if you find a "stage1", but no matching "stage2" or "stage3", you
210 know it's been removed from both trees (it only existed in the
211 original tree), and you remove that entry.
213 * if you find a matching "stage2" and "stage3" tree, you remove one
214 of them, and turn the other into a "stage0" entry. Remove any
215 matching "stage1" entry if it exists too. .. all the normal
218 You would normally use "git-merge-index" with supplied
219 "git-merge-one-file" to do this last step. The script
220 does not touch the files in the work tree, and the entire merge
221 happens in the index file. In other words, there is no need to
222 worry about what is in the working directory, since it is never
223 shown and never used.
225 When you start a 3-way merge with an index file that is already
226 populated, it is assumed that it represents the state of the
227 files in your work tree, and you can even have files with
228 changes unrecorded in the index file. It is further assumed
229 that this state is "derived" from the stage 2 tree. The 3-way
230 merge refuses to run if it finds an entry in the original index
231 file that does not match stage 2.
233 This is done to prevent you from losing your work-in-progress
234 changes. To illustrate, suppose you start from what has been
235 commited last to your repository:
238 $ git-checkout-index -f -u -a $JC
240 You do random edits, without running git-update-index. And then
241 you notice that the tip of your "upstream" tree has advanced
242 since you pulled from him:
244 $ git-fetch rsync://.... linus
245 $ LT=`cat .git/MERGE_HEAD`
247 Your work tree is still based on your HEAD ($JC), but you have
248 some edits since. Three-way merge makes sure that you have not
249 added or modified cache entries since $JC, and if you haven't,
250 then does the right thing. So with the following sequence:
252 $ git-read-tree -m -u `git-merge-base $JC $LT` $JC $LT
253 $ git-merge-index git-merge-one-file -a
254 $ echo "Merge with Linus" | \
255 git-commit-tree `git-write-tree` -p $JC -p $LT
257 what you would commit is a pure merge between $JC and LT without
258 your work-in-progress changes, and your work tree would be
259 updated to the result of the merge.
264 gitlink:git-write-tree[1]; gitlink:git-ls-files[1]
269 Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
273 Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
277 Part of the gitlink:git[7] suite