4 The parse-options API is used to parse and massage options in git
5 and to provide a usage help with consistent look.
10 The argument vector `argv[]` may usually contain mandatory or optional
11 'non-option arguments', e.g. a filename or a branch, and 'options'.
12 Options are optional arguments that start with a dash and
13 that allow to change the behavior of a command.
15 * There are basically three types of options:
17 options with (mandatory) 'arguments' and
18 options with 'optional arguments'
19 (i.e. a boolean option that can be adjusted).
21 * There are basically two forms of options:
22 'Short options' consist of one dash (`-`) and one alphanumeric
24 'Long options' begin with two dashes (`\--`) and some
25 alphanumeric characters.
27 * Options are case-sensitive.
28 Please define 'lower-case long options' only.
30 The parse-options API allows:
32 * 'sticked' and 'separate form' of options with arguments.
33 `-oArg` is sticked, `-o Arg` is separate form.
34 `\--option=Arg` is sticked, `\--option Arg` is separate form.
36 * Long options may be 'abbreviated', as long as the abbreviation
39 * Short options may be bundled, e.g. `-a -b` can be specified as `-ab`.
41 * Boolean long options can be 'negated' (or 'unset') by prepending
42 `no-`, e.g. `\--no-abbrev` instead of `\--abbrev`.
44 * Options and non-option arguments can clearly be separated using the `\--`
45 option, e.g. `-a -b \--option \-- \--this-is-a-file` indicates that
46 `\--this-is-a-file` must not be processed as an option.
48 Steps to parse options
49 ----------------------
51 . `#include "parse-options.h"`
53 . define a NULL-terminated
54 `static const char * const builtin_foo_usage[]` array
55 containing alternative usage strings
57 . define `builtin_foo_options` array as described below
58 in section 'Data Structure'.
60 . in `cmd_foo(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)`
63 argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, builtin_foo_options, builtin_foo_usage, flags);
65 `parse_options()` will filter out the processed options of `argv[]` and leave the
66 non-option arguments in `argv[]`.
67 `argc` is updated appropriately because of the assignment.
69 You can also pass NULL instead of a usage array as the fifth parameter of
70 parse_options(), to avoid displaying a help screen with usage info and
71 option list. This should only be done if necessary, e.g. to implement
72 a limited parser for only a subset of the options that needs to be run
73 before the full parser, which in turn shows the full help message.
75 Flags are the bitwise-or of:
77 `PARSE_OPT_KEEP_DASHDASH`::
78 Keep the `\--` that usually separates options from
81 `PARSE_OPT_STOP_AT_NON_OPTION`::
82 Usually the whole argument vector is massaged and reordered.
83 Using this flag, processing is stopped at the first non-option
86 `PARSE_OPT_KEEP_ARGV0`::
87 Keep the first argument, which contains the program name. It's
88 removed from argv[] by default.
90 `PARSE_OPT_KEEP_UNKNOWN`::
91 Keep unknown arguments instead of erroring out. This doesn't
92 work for all combinations of arguments as users might expect
93 it to do. E.g. if the first argument in `--unknown --known`
94 takes a value (which we can't know), the second one is
95 mistakenly interpreted as a known option. Similarly, if
96 `PARSE_OPT_STOP_AT_NON_OPTION` is set, the second argument in
97 `--unknown value` will be mistakenly interpreted as a
98 non-option, not as a value belonging to the unknown option,
99 the parser early. That's why parse_options() errors out if
100 both options are set.
102 `PARSE_OPT_NO_INTERNAL_HELP`::
103 By default, parse_options() handles `-h`, `--help` and
104 `--help-all` internally, by showing a help screen. This option
105 turns it off and allows one to add custom handlers for these
106 options, or to just leave them unknown.
111 The main data structure is an array of the `option` struct,
112 say `static struct option builtin_add_options[]`.
113 There are some macros to easily define options:
115 `OPT__ABBREV(&int_var)`::
116 Add `\--abbrev[=<n>]`.
118 `OPT__COLOR(&int_var, description)`::
119 Add `\--color[=<when>]` and `--no-color`.
121 `OPT__DRY_RUN(&int_var)`::
122 Add `-n, \--dry-run`.
124 `OPT__QUIET(&int_var)`::
127 `OPT__VERBOSE(&int_var)`::
128 Add `-v, \--verbose`.
130 `OPT_GROUP(description)`::
131 Start an option group. `description` is a short string that
132 describes the group or an empty string.
133 Start the description with an upper-case letter.
135 `OPT_BOOLEAN(short, long, &int_var, description)`::
136 Introduce a boolean option.
137 `int_var` is incremented on each use.
139 `OPT_BIT(short, long, &int_var, description, mask)`::
140 Introduce a boolean option.
141 If used, `int_var` is bitwise-ored with `mask`.
143 `OPT_NEGBIT(short, long, &int_var, description, mask)`::
144 Introduce a boolean option.
145 If used, `int_var` is bitwise-anded with the inverted `mask`.
147 `OPT_SET_INT(short, long, &int_var, description, integer)`::
148 Introduce a boolean option.
149 If used, set `int_var` to `integer`.
151 `OPT_SET_PTR(short, long, &ptr_var, description, ptr)`::
152 Introduce a boolean option.
153 If used, set `ptr_var` to `ptr`.
155 `OPT_STRING(short, long, &str_var, arg_str, description)`::
156 Introduce an option with string argument.
157 The string argument is put into `str_var`.
159 `OPT_INTEGER(short, long, &int_var, description)`::
160 Introduce an option with integer argument.
161 The integer is put into `int_var`.
163 `OPT_DATE(short, long, &int_var, description)`::
164 Introduce an option with date argument, see `approxidate()`.
165 The timestamp is put into `int_var`.
167 `OPT_CALLBACK(short, long, &var, arg_str, description, func_ptr)`::
168 Introduce an option with argument.
169 The argument will be fed into the function given by `func_ptr`
170 and the result will be put into `var`.
171 See 'Option Callbacks' below for a more elaborate description.
173 `OPT_FILENAME(short, long, &var, description)`::
174 Introduce an option with a filename argument.
175 The filename will be prefixed by passing the filename along with
176 the prefix argument of `parse_options()` to `prefix_filename()`.
178 `OPT_ARGUMENT(long, description)`::
179 Introduce a long-option argument that will be kept in `argv[]`.
181 `OPT_NUMBER_CALLBACK(&var, description, func_ptr)`::
182 Recognize numerical options like -123 and feed the integer as
183 if it was an argument to the function given by `func_ptr`.
184 The result will be put into `var`. There can be only one such
185 option definition. It cannot be negated and it takes no
186 arguments. Short options that happen to be digits take
189 `OPT_COLOR_FLAG(short, long, &int_var, description)`::
190 Introduce an option that takes an optional argument that can
191 have one of three values: "always", "never", or "auto". If the
192 argument is not given, it defaults to "always". The `--no-` form
193 works like `--long=never`; it cannot take an argument. If
194 "always", set `int_var` to 1; if "never", set `int_var` to 0; if
195 "auto", set `int_var` to 1 if stdout is a tty or a pager,
199 The last element of the array must be `OPT_END()`.
201 If not stated otherwise, interpret the arguments as follows:
203 * `short` is a character for the short option
204 (e.g. `{apostrophe}e{apostrophe}` for `-e`, use `0` to omit),
206 * `long` is a string for the long option
207 (e.g. `"example"` for `\--example`, use `NULL` to omit),
209 * `int_var` is an integer variable,
211 * `str_var` is a string variable (`char *`),
213 * `arg_str` is the string that is shown as argument
214 (e.g. `"branch"` will result in `<branch>`).
215 If set to `NULL`, three dots (`...`) will be displayed.
217 * `description` is a short string to describe the effect of the option.
218 It shall begin with a lower-case letter and a full stop (`.`) shall be
224 The function must be defined in this form:
226 int func(const struct option *opt, const char *arg, int unset)
228 The callback mechanism is as follows:
230 * Inside `func`, the only interesting member of the structure
231 given by `opt` is the void pointer `opt\->value`.
232 `\*opt\->value` will be the value that is saved into `var`, if you
233 use `OPT_CALLBACK()`.
234 For example, do `*(unsigned long *)opt\->value = 42;` to get 42
235 into an `unsigned long` variable.
237 * Return value `0` indicates success and non-zero return
238 value will invoke `usage_with_options()` and, thus, die.
240 * If the user negates the option, `arg` is `NULL` and `unset` is 1.
242 Sophisticated option parsing
243 ----------------------------
245 If you need, for example, option callbacks with optional arguments
246 or without arguments at all, or if you need other special cases,
247 that are not handled by the macros above, you need to specify the
248 members of the `option` structure manually.
250 This is not covered in this document, but well documented
251 in `parse-options.h` itself.
256 See `test-parse-options.c` and
263 for real-world examples.