6 git-rebase - Forward-port local commits to the updated upstream head
11 'git rebase' [-i | --interactive] [options] [--onto <newbase>]
13 'git rebase' [-i | --interactive] [options] --onto <newbase>
16 'git rebase' --continue | --skip | --abort
20 If <branch> is specified, 'git rebase' will perform an automatic
21 `git checkout <branch>` before doing anything else. Otherwise
22 it remains on the current branch.
24 All changes made by commits in the current branch but that are not
25 in <upstream> are saved to a temporary area. This is the same set
26 of commits that would be shown by `git log <upstream>..HEAD` (or
27 `git log HEAD`, if --root is specified).
29 The current branch is reset to <upstream>, or <newbase> if the
30 --onto option was supplied. This has the exact same effect as
31 `git reset --hard <upstream>` (or <newbase>). ORIG_HEAD is set
32 to point at the tip of the branch before the reset.
34 The commits that were previously saved into the temporary area are
35 then reapplied to the current branch, one by one, in order. Note that
36 any commits in HEAD which introduce the same textual changes as a commit
37 in HEAD..<upstream> are omitted (i.e., a patch already accepted upstream
38 with a different commit message or timestamp will be skipped).
40 It is possible that a merge failure will prevent this process from being
41 completely automatic. You will have to resolve any such merge failure
42 and run `git rebase --continue`. Another option is to bypass the commit
43 that caused the merge failure with `git rebase --skip`. To restore the
44 original <branch> and remove the .git/rebase-apply working files, use the
45 command `git rebase --abort` instead.
47 Assume the following history exists and the current branch is "topic":
55 From this point, the result of either of the following commands:
59 git rebase master topic
69 The latter form is just a short-hand of `git checkout topic`
70 followed by `git rebase master`.
72 If the upstream branch already contains a change you have made (e.g.,
73 because you mailed a patch which was applied upstream), then that commit
74 will be skipped. For example, running `git rebase master` on the
75 following history (in which A' and A introduce the same set of changes,
76 but have different committer information):
92 Here is how you would transplant a topic branch based on one
93 branch to another, to pretend that you forked the topic branch
94 from the latter branch, using `rebase --onto`.
96 First let's assume your 'topic' is based on branch 'next'.
97 For example, a feature developed in 'topic' depends on some
98 functionality which is found in 'next'.
101 o---o---o---o---o master
103 o---o---o---o---o next
108 We want to make 'topic' forked from branch 'master'; for example,
109 because the functionality on which 'topic' depends was merged into the
110 more stable 'master' branch. We want our tree to look like this:
113 o---o---o---o---o master
117 o---o---o---o---o next
120 We can get this using the following command:
122 git rebase --onto master next topic
125 Another example of --onto option is to rebase part of a
126 branch. If we have the following situation:
138 git rebase --onto master topicA topicB
150 This is useful when topicB does not depend on topicA.
152 A range of commits could also be removed with rebase. If we have
153 the following situation:
156 E---F---G---H---I---J topicA
161 git rebase --onto topicA~5 topicA~3 topicA
163 would result in the removal of commits F and G:
166 E---H'---I'---J' topicA
169 This is useful if F and G were flawed in some way, or should not be
170 part of topicA. Note that the argument to --onto and the <upstream>
171 parameter can be any valid commit-ish.
173 In case of conflict, 'git rebase' will stop at the first problematic commit
174 and leave conflict markers in the tree. You can use 'git diff' to locate
175 the markers (<<<<<<) and make edits to resolve the conflict. For each
176 file you edit, you need to tell git that the conflict has been resolved,
177 typically this would be done with
183 After resolving the conflict manually and updating the index with the
184 desired resolution, you can continue the rebasing process with
187 git rebase --continue
190 Alternatively, you can undo the 'git rebase' with
199 Whether to show a diffstat of what changed upstream since the last
200 rebase. False by default.
205 Starting point at which to create the new commits. If the
206 --onto option is not specified, the starting point is
207 <upstream>. May be any valid commit, and not just an
208 existing branch name.
210 As a special case, you may use "A...B" as a shortcut for the
211 merge base of A and B if there is exactly one merge base. You can
212 leave out at most one of A and B, in which case it defaults to HEAD.
215 Upstream branch to compare against. May be any valid commit,
216 not just an existing branch name.
219 Working branch; defaults to HEAD.
222 Restart the rebasing process after having resolved a merge conflict.
225 Restore the original branch and abort the rebase operation.
228 Restart the rebasing process by skipping the current patch.
232 Use merging strategies to rebase. When the recursive (default) merge
233 strategy is used, this allows rebase to be aware of renames on the
236 Note that a rebase merge works by replaying each commit from the working
237 branch on top of the <upstream> branch. Because of this, when a merge
238 conflict happens, the side reported as 'ours' is the so-far rebased
239 series, starting with <upstream>, and 'theirs' is the working branch. In
240 other words, the sides are swapped.
243 --strategy=<strategy>::
244 Use the given merge strategy.
245 If there is no `-s` option 'git merge-recursive' is used
246 instead. This implies --merge.
248 Because 'git rebase' replays each commit from the working branch
249 on top of the <upstream> branch using the given strategy, using
250 the 'ours' strategy simply discards all patches from the <branch>,
251 which makes little sense.
255 Be quiet. Implies --no-stat.
259 Be verbose. Implies --stat.
262 Show a diffstat of what changed upstream since the last rebase. The
263 diffstat is also controlled by the configuration option rebase.stat.
267 Do not show a diffstat as part of the rebase process.
270 This option bypasses the pre-rebase hook. See also linkgit:githooks[5].
273 Ensure at least <n> lines of surrounding context match before
274 and after each change. When fewer lines of surrounding
275 context exist they all must match. By default no context is
280 Force the rebase even if the current branch is a descendant
281 of the commit you are rebasing onto. Normally non-interactive rebase will
282 exit with the message "Current branch is up to date" in such a
284 Incompatible with the --interactive option.
286 You may find this (or --no-ff with an interactive rebase) helpful after
287 reverting a topic branch merge, as this option recreates the topic branch with
288 fresh commits so it can be remerged successfully without needing to "revert
289 the reversion" (see the
290 link:howto/revert-a-faulty-merge.txt[revert-a-faulty-merge How-To] for details).
292 --ignore-whitespace::
293 --whitespace=<option>::
294 These flag are passed to the 'git apply' program
295 (see linkgit:git-apply[1]) that applies the patch.
296 Incompatible with the --interactive option.
298 --committer-date-is-author-date::
300 These flags are passed to 'git am' to easily change the dates
301 of the rebased commits (see linkgit:git-am[1]).
302 Incompatible with the --interactive option.
306 Make a list of the commits which are about to be rebased. Let the
307 user edit that list before rebasing. This mode can also be used to
308 split commits (see SPLITTING COMMITS below).
312 Instead of ignoring merges, try to recreate them.
315 Rebase all commits reachable from <branch>, instead of
316 limiting them with an <upstream>. This allows you to rebase
317 the root commit(s) on a branch. Must be used with --onto, and
318 will skip changes already contained in <newbase> (instead of
319 <upstream>). When used together with --preserve-merges, 'all'
320 root commits will be rewritten to have <newbase> as parent
324 When the commit log message begins with "squash! ..." (or
325 "fixup! ..."), and there is a commit whose title begins with
326 the same ..., automatically modify the todo list of rebase -i
327 so that the commit marked for squashing comes right after the
328 commit to be modified, and change the action of the moved
329 commit from `pick` to `squash` (or `fixup`).
331 This option is only valid when the '--interactive' option is used.
334 With --interactive, cherry-pick all rebased commits instead of
335 fast-forwarding over the unchanged ones. This ensures that the
336 entire history of the rebased branch is composed of new commits.
338 Without --interactive, this is a synonym for --force-rebase.
340 You may find this helpful after reverting a topic branch merge, as this option
341 recreates the topic branch with fresh commits so it can be remerged
342 successfully without needing to "revert the reversion" (see the
343 link:howto/revert-a-faulty-merge.txt[revert-a-faulty-merge How-To] for details).
345 include::merge-strategies.txt[]
350 You should understand the implications of using 'git rebase' on a
351 repository that you share. See also RECOVERING FROM UPSTREAM REBASE
354 When the git-rebase command is run, it will first execute a "pre-rebase"
355 hook if one exists. You can use this hook to do sanity checks and
356 reject the rebase if it isn't appropriate. Please see the template
357 pre-rebase hook script for an example.
359 Upon completion, <branch> will be the current branch.
364 Rebasing interactively means that you have a chance to edit the commits
365 which are rebased. You can reorder the commits, and you can
366 remove them (weeding out bad or otherwise unwanted patches).
368 The interactive mode is meant for this type of workflow:
370 1. have a wonderful idea
372 3. prepare a series for submission
375 where point 2. consists of several instances of
378 1. finish something worthy of a commit
381 1. realize that something does not work
385 Sometimes the thing fixed in b.2. cannot be amended to the not-quite
386 perfect commit it fixes, because that commit is buried deeply in a
387 patch series. That is exactly what interactive rebase is for: use it
388 after plenty of "a"s and "b"s, by rearranging and editing
389 commits, and squashing multiple commits into one.
391 Start it with the last commit you want to retain as-is:
393 git rebase -i <after-this-commit>
395 An editor will be fired up with all the commits in your current branch
396 (ignoring merge commits), which come after the given commit. You can
397 reorder the commits in this list to your heart's content, and you can
398 remove them. The list looks more or less like this:
400 -------------------------------------------
401 pick deadbee The oneline of this commit
402 pick fa1afe1 The oneline of the next commit
404 -------------------------------------------
406 The oneline descriptions are purely for your pleasure; 'git rebase' will
407 not look at them but at the commit names ("deadbee" and "fa1afe1" in this
408 example), so do not delete or edit the names.
410 By replacing the command "pick" with the command "edit", you can tell
411 'git rebase' to stop after applying that commit, so that you can edit
412 the files and/or the commit message, amend the commit, and continue
415 If you just want to edit the commit message for a commit, replace the
416 command "pick" with the command "reword".
418 If you want to fold two or more commits into one, replace the command
419 "pick" for the second and subsequent commits with "squash" or "fixup".
420 If the commits had different authors, the folded commit will be
421 attributed to the author of the first commit. The suggested commit
422 message for the folded commit is the concatenation of the commit
423 messages of the first commit and of those with the "squash" command,
424 but omits the commit messages of commits with the "fixup" command.
426 'git rebase' will stop when "pick" has been replaced with "edit" or
427 when a command fails due to merge errors. When you are done editing
428 and/or resolving conflicts you can continue with `git rebase --continue`.
430 For example, if you want to reorder the last 5 commits, such that what
431 was HEAD~4 becomes the new HEAD. To achieve that, you would call
432 'git rebase' like this:
434 ----------------------
435 $ git rebase -i HEAD~5
436 ----------------------
438 And move the first patch to the end of the list.
440 You might want to preserve merges, if you have a history like this:
450 Suppose you want to rebase the side branch starting at "A" to "Q". Make
451 sure that the current HEAD is "B", and call
453 -----------------------------
454 $ git rebase -i -p --onto Q O
455 -----------------------------
461 In interactive mode, you can mark commits with the action "edit". However,
462 this does not necessarily mean that 'git rebase' expects the result of this
463 edit to be exactly one commit. Indeed, you can undo the commit, or you can
464 add other commits. This can be used to split a commit into two:
466 - Start an interactive rebase with `git rebase -i <commit>^`, where
467 <commit> is the commit you want to split. In fact, any commit range
468 will do, as long as it contains that commit.
470 - Mark the commit you want to split with the action "edit".
472 - When it comes to editing that commit, execute `git reset HEAD^`. The
473 effect is that the HEAD is rewound by one, and the index follows suit.
474 However, the working tree stays the same.
476 - Now add the changes to the index that you want to have in the first
477 commit. You can use `git add` (possibly interactively) or
478 'git gui' (or both) to do that.
480 - Commit the now-current index with whatever commit message is appropriate
483 - Repeat the last two steps until your working tree is clean.
485 - Continue the rebase with `git rebase --continue`.
487 If you are not absolutely sure that the intermediate revisions are
488 consistent (they compile, pass the testsuite, etc.) you should use
489 'git stash' to stash away the not-yet-committed changes
490 after each commit, test, and amend the commit if fixes are necessary.
493 RECOVERING FROM UPSTREAM REBASE
494 -------------------------------
496 Rebasing (or any other form of rewriting) a branch that others have
497 based work on is a bad idea: anyone downstream of it is forced to
498 manually fix their history. This section explains how to do the fix
499 from the downstream's point of view. The real fix, however, would be
500 to avoid rebasing the upstream in the first place.
502 To illustrate, suppose you are in a situation where someone develops a
503 'subsystem' branch, and you are working on a 'topic' that is dependent
504 on this 'subsystem'. You might end up with a history like the
508 o---o---o---o---o---o---o---o---o master
510 o---o---o---o---o subsystem
515 If 'subsystem' is rebased against 'master', the following happens:
518 o---o---o---o---o---o---o---o master
520 o---o---o---o---o o'--o'--o'--o'--o' subsystem
525 If you now continue development as usual, and eventually merge 'topic'
526 to 'subsystem', the commits from 'subsystem' will remain duplicated forever:
529 o---o---o---o---o---o---o---o master
531 o---o---o---o---o o'--o'--o'--o'--o'--M subsystem
533 *---*---*-..........-*--* topic
536 Such duplicates are generally frowned upon because they clutter up
537 history, making it harder to follow. To clean things up, you need to
538 transplant the commits on 'topic' to the new 'subsystem' tip, i.e.,
539 rebase 'topic'. This becomes a ripple effect: anyone downstream from
540 'topic' is forced to rebase too, and so on!
542 There are two kinds of fixes, discussed in the following subsections:
544 Easy case: The changes are literally the same.::
546 This happens if the 'subsystem' rebase was a simple rebase and
549 Hard case: The changes are not the same.::
551 This happens if the 'subsystem' rebase had conflicts, or used
552 `\--interactive` to omit, edit, squash, or fixup commits; or
553 if the upstream used one of `commit \--amend`, `reset`, or
560 Only works if the changes (patch IDs based on the diff contents) on
561 'subsystem' are literally the same before and after the rebase
564 In that case, the fix is easy because 'git rebase' knows to skip
565 changes that are already present in the new upstream. So if you say
566 (assuming you're on 'topic')
568 $ git rebase subsystem
570 you will end up with the fixed history
572 o---o---o---o---o---o---o---o master
574 o'--o'--o'--o'--o' subsystem
583 Things get more complicated if the 'subsystem' changes do not exactly
584 correspond to the ones before the rebase.
586 NOTE: While an "easy case recovery" sometimes appears to be successful
587 even in the hard case, it may have unintended consequences. For
588 example, a commit that was removed via `git rebase
589 \--interactive` will be **resurrected**!
591 The idea is to manually tell 'git rebase' "where the old 'subsystem'
592 ended and your 'topic' began", that is, what the old merge-base
593 between them was. You will have to find a way to name the last commit
594 of the old 'subsystem', for example:
596 * With the 'subsystem' reflog: after 'git fetch', the old tip of
597 'subsystem' is at `subsystem@\{1}`. Subsequent fetches will
598 increase the number. (See linkgit:git-reflog[1].)
600 * Relative to the tip of 'topic': knowing that your 'topic' has three
601 commits, the old tip of 'subsystem' must be `topic~3`.
603 You can then transplant the old `subsystem..topic` to the new tip by
604 saying (for the reflog case, and assuming you are on 'topic' already):
606 $ git rebase --onto subsystem subsystem@{1}
609 The ripple effect of a "hard case" recovery is especially bad:
610 'everyone' downstream from 'topic' will now have to perform a "hard
616 Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> and
617 Johannes E. Schindelin <johannes.schindelin@gmx.de>
621 Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
625 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite