6 git - the stupid content tracker
11 'git' [--version] [--exec-path[=GIT_EXEC_PATH]] [--help] COMMAND [ARGS]
15 'git' is both a program and a directory content tracker system.
16 The program 'git' is just a wrapper to reach the core git programs
17 (or a potty if you like, as it's not exactly porcelain but still
18 brings your stuff to the plumbing).
23 prints the git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
26 prints the synopsis and a list of available commands.
27 If a git command is named this option will bring up the
28 man-page for that command.
31 path to wherever your core git programs are installed.
32 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
33 environment variable. If no path is given 'git' will print
34 the current setting and then exit.
37 NOT LEARNING CORE GIT COMMANDS
38 ------------------------------
40 This manual is intended to give complete background information
41 and internal workings of git, which may be too much for most
42 people. The <<Discussion>> section below contains much useful
43 definition and clarification - read that first.
45 If you are interested in using git to manage (version control)
46 projects, use link:everyday.html[Everyday GIT] as a guide to the
47 minimum set of commands you need to know for day-to-day work.
48 Most likely, that will get you started, and you can go a long
49 way without knowing the low level details too much.
51 The link:tutorial.html[tutorial] document covers how things
54 If you are migrating from CVS, link:cvs-migration.html[cvs
55 migration] document may be helpful after you finish the
58 After you get the general feel from the tutorial and this
59 overview page, you may want to take a look at the
60 link:howto-index.html[howto] documents.
66 If you are writing your own Porcelain, you need to be familiar
67 with most of the low level commands --- I suggest starting from
68 gitlink:git-update-index[1] and gitlink:git-read-tree[1].
73 The git commands can helpfully be split into those that manipulate
74 the repository, the index and the files in the working tree, those that
75 interrogate and compare them, and those that moves objects and
76 references between repositories.
78 In addition, git itself comes with a spartan set of porcelain
79 commands. They are usable but are not meant to compete with real
82 There are also some ancillary programs that can be viewed as useful
83 aids for using the core commands but which are unlikely to be used by
84 SCMs layered over git.
88 gitlink:git-apply[1]::
89 Reads a "diff -up1" or git generated patch file and
90 applies it to the working tree.
92 gitlink:git-checkout-index[1]::
93 Copy files from the index to the working tree.
95 gitlink:git-commit-tree[1]::
96 Creates a new commit object.
98 gitlink:git-hash-object[1]::
99 Computes the object ID from a file.
101 gitlink:git-index-pack[1]::
102 Build pack idx file for an existing packed archive.
104 gitlink:git-init-db[1]::
105 Creates an empty git object database, or reinitialize an
108 gitlink:git-merge-index[1]::
109 Runs a merge for files needing merging.
111 gitlink:git-mktag[1]::
112 Creates a tag object.
114 gitlink:git-pack-objects[1]::
115 Creates a packed archive of objects.
117 gitlink:git-prune-packed[1]::
118 Remove extra objects that are already in pack files.
120 gitlink:git-read-tree[1]::
121 Reads tree information into the index.
123 gitlink:git-repo-config[1]::
124 Get and set options in .git/config.
126 gitlink:git-unpack-objects[1]::
127 Unpacks objects out of a packed archive.
129 gitlink:git-update-index[1]::
130 Registers files in the working tree to the index.
132 gitlink:git-write-tree[1]::
133 Creates a tree from the index.
136 Interrogation commands
137 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
139 gitlink:git-cat-file[1]::
140 Provide content or type/size information for repository objects.
142 gitlink:git-diff-index[1]::
143 Compares content and mode of blobs between the index and repository.
145 gitlink:git-diff-files[1]::
146 Compares files in the working tree and the index.
148 gitlink:git-diff-stages[1]::
149 Compares two "merge stages" in the index.
151 gitlink:git-diff-tree[1]::
152 Compares the content and mode of blobs found via two tree objects.
154 gitlink:git-fsck-objects[1]::
155 Verifies the connectivity and validity of the objects in the database.
157 gitlink:git-ls-files[1]::
158 Information about files in the index and the working tree.
160 gitlink:git-ls-tree[1]::
161 Displays a tree object in human readable form.
163 gitlink:git-merge-base[1]::
164 Finds as good common ancestors as possible for a merge.
166 gitlink:git-name-rev[1]::
167 Find symbolic names for given revs.
169 gitlink:git-pack-redundant[1]::
170 Find redundant pack files.
172 gitlink:git-rev-list[1]::
173 Lists commit objects in reverse chronological order.
175 gitlink:git-show-index[1]::
176 Displays contents of a pack idx file.
178 gitlink:git-tar-tree[1]::
179 Creates a tar archive of the files in the named tree object.
181 gitlink:git-unpack-file[1]::
182 Creates a temporary file with a blob's contents.
185 Displays a git logical variable.
187 gitlink:git-verify-pack[1]::
188 Validates packed git archive files.
190 In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
194 Synching repositories
195 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
197 gitlink:git-clone-pack[1]::
198 Clones a repository into the current repository (engine
199 for ssh and local transport).
201 gitlink:git-fetch-pack[1]::
202 Updates from a remote repository (engine for ssh and
205 gitlink:git-http-fetch[1]::
206 Downloads a remote git repository via HTTP by walking
209 gitlink:git-local-fetch[1]::
210 Duplicates another git repository on a local system by
211 walking commit chain.
213 gitlink:git-peek-remote[1]::
214 Lists references on a remote repository using
215 upload-pack protocol (engine for ssh and local
218 gitlink:git-receive-pack[1]::
219 Invoked by 'git-send-pack' to receive what is pushed to it.
221 gitlink:git-send-pack[1]::
222 Pushes to a remote repository, intelligently.
224 gitlink:git-http-push[1]::
225 Push missing objects using HTTP/DAV.
227 gitlink:git-shell[1]::
228 Restricted shell for GIT-only SSH access.
230 gitlink:git-ssh-fetch[1]::
231 Pulls from a remote repository over ssh connection by
232 walking commit chain.
234 gitlink:git-ssh-upload[1]::
235 Helper "server-side" program used by git-ssh-fetch.
237 gitlink:git-update-server-info[1]::
238 Updates auxiliary information on a dumb server to help
239 clients discover references and packs on it.
241 gitlink:git-upload-pack[1]::
242 Invoked by 'git-clone-pack' and 'git-fetch-pack' to push
246 Porcelain-ish Commands
247 ----------------------
250 Add paths to the index.
253 Apply patches from a mailbox, but cooler.
255 gitlink:git-applymbox[1]::
256 Apply patches from a mailbox, original version by Linus.
258 gitlink:git-bisect[1]::
259 Find the change that introduced a bug by binary search.
261 gitlink:git-branch[1]::
262 Create and Show branches.
264 gitlink:git-checkout[1]::
265 Checkout and switch to a branch.
267 gitlink:git-cherry-pick[1]::
268 Cherry-pick the effect of an existing commit.
270 gitlink:git-clone[1]::
271 Clones a repository into a new directory.
273 gitlink:git-commit[1]::
274 Record changes to the repository.
276 gitlink:git-diff[1]::
277 Show changes between commits, commit and working tree, etc.
279 gitlink:git-fetch[1]::
280 Download from a remote repository via various protocols.
282 gitlink:git-format-patch[1]::
283 Prepare patches for e-mail submission.
285 gitlink:git-grep[1]::
286 Print lines matching a pattern.
291 gitlink:git-ls-remote[1]::
292 Shows references in a remote or local repository.
294 gitlink:git-merge[1]::
295 Grand unified merge driver.
298 Move or rename a file, a directory, or a symlink.
300 gitlink:git-pull[1]::
301 Fetch from and merge with a remote repository.
303 gitlink:git-push[1]::
304 Update remote refs along with associated objects.
306 gitlink:git-rebase[1]::
307 Rebase local commits to the updated upstream head.
309 gitlink:git-repack[1]::
310 Pack unpacked objects in a repository.
312 gitlink:git-reset[1]::
313 Reset current HEAD to the specified state.
315 gitlink:git-resolve[1]::
318 gitlink:git-revert[1]::
319 Revert an existing commit.
321 gitlink:git-shortlog[1]::
322 Summarizes 'git log' output.
324 gitlink:git-show-branch[1]::
325 Show branches and their commits.
327 gitlink:git-status[1]::
328 Shows the working tree status.
330 gitlink:git-verify-tag[1]::
331 Check the GPG signature of tag.
333 gitlink:git-whatchanged[1]::
334 Shows commit logs and differences they introduce.
341 gitlink:git-applypatch[1]::
342 Apply one patch extracted from an e-mail.
344 gitlink:git-archimport[1]::
345 Import an arch repository into git.
347 gitlink:git-convert-objects[1]::
348 Converts old-style git repository.
350 gitlink:git-cvsimport[1]::
351 Salvage your data out of another SCM people love to hate.
353 gitlink:git-cvsexportcommit[1]::
354 Export a single commit to a CVS checkout.
356 gitlink:git-lost-found[1]::
357 Recover lost refs that luckily have not yet been pruned.
359 gitlink:git-merge-one-file[1]::
360 The standard helper program to use with `git-merge-index`.
362 gitlink:git-prune[1]::
363 Prunes all unreachable objects from the object database.
365 gitlink:git-relink[1]::
366 Hardlink common objects in local repositories.
368 gitlink:git-svnimport[1]::
369 Import a SVN repository into git.
371 gitlink:git-sh-setup[1]::
372 Common git shell script setup code.
374 gitlink:git-symbolic-ref[1]::
375 Read and modify symbolic refs.
378 An example script to create a tag object signed with GPG.
380 gitlink:git-update-ref[1]::
381 Update the object name stored in a ref safely.
386 gitlink:git-check-ref-format[1]::
387 Make sure ref name is well formed.
389 gitlink:git-cherry[1]::
390 Find commits not merged upstream.
392 gitlink:git-count-objects[1]::
393 Count unpacked number of objects and their disk consumption.
395 gitlink:git-daemon[1]::
396 A really simple server for git repositories.
398 gitlink:git-get-tar-commit-id[1]::
399 Extract commit ID from an archive created using git-tar-tree.
401 gitlink:git-mailinfo[1]::
402 Extracts patch and authorship information from a single
403 e-mail message, optionally transliterating the commit
406 gitlink:git-mailsplit[1]::
407 A stupid program to split UNIX mbox format mailbox into
408 individual pieces of e-mail.
410 gitlink:git-patch-id[1]::
411 Compute unique ID for a patch.
413 gitlink:git-parse-remote[1]::
414 Routines to help parsing `$GIT_DIR/remotes/` files.
416 gitlink:git-request-pull[1]::
419 gitlink:git-rev-parse[1]::
420 Pick out and massage parameters.
422 gitlink:git-send-email[1]::
423 Send patch e-mails out of "format-patch --mbox" output.
425 gitlink:git-symbolic-ref[1]::
426 Read and modify symbolic refs.
428 gitlink:git-stripspace[1]::
429 Filter out empty lines.
432 Commands not yet documented
433 ---------------------------
436 The gitk repository browser.
439 Configuration Mechanism
440 -----------------------
442 Starting from 0.99.9 (actually mid 0.99.8.GIT), `.git/config` file
443 is used to hold per-repository configuration options. It is a
444 simple text file modelled after `.ini` format familiar to some
445 people. Here is an example:
449 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
454 ; Don't trust file modes
459 name = "Junio C Hamano"
460 email = "junkio@twinsun.com"
464 Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
465 their operation accordingly.
468 Identifier Terminology
469 ----------------------
471 Indicates the object name for any type of object.
474 Indicates a blob object name.
477 Indicates a tree object name.
480 Indicates a commit object name.
483 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
484 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
485 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
486 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
489 Indicates that an object type is required.
490 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
493 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
494 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
498 Any git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
502 indicates the head of the current branch (i.e. the
503 contents of `$GIT_DIR/HEAD`).
507 (i.e. the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/tags/<tag>`).
511 (i.e. the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/heads/<head>`).
514 a valid snapshot 'name'
515 (i.e. the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/snap/<snap>`).
518 File/Directory Structure
519 ------------------------
521 Please see link:repository-layout.html[repository layout] document.
523 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
529 Please see link:glossary.html[glossary] document.
532 Environment Variables
533 ---------------------
534 Various git commands use the following environment variables:
538 These environment variables apply to 'all' core git commands. Nb: it
539 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
540 git so take care if using Cogito etc.
543 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
544 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
547 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
548 If the object storage directory is specified via this
549 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
550 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
553 'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
554 Due to the immutable nature of git objects, old objects can be
555 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
556 specifies a ":" separated list of git object directories which
557 can be used to search for git objects. New objects will not be
558 written to these directories.
561 If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it
562 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
563 for the base of the repository.
570 'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME'::
571 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL'::
572 see gitlink:git-commit-tree[1]
577 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
578 see the "generating patches" section in :
579 gitlink:git-diff-index[1];
580 gitlink:git-diff-files[1];
581 gitlink:git-diff-tree[1]
583 Discussion[[Discussion]]
584 ------------------------
589 * git's founding father is Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>.
590 * The current git nurse is Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>.
591 * The git potty was written by Andres Ericsson <ae@op5.se>.
592 * General upbringing is handled by the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
596 The documentation for git suite was started by David Greaves
597 <david@dgreaves.com>, and later enhanced greatly by the
598 contributors on the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
602 Part of the gitlink:git[7] suite