fixup links again, due to redirect taking over!

[gitolite-doc.git] / docs / sts.mkd

# ssh troubleshooting and tips

----

**This page must be read in full the first time.  If you start from some nice
looking section in the middle it may not help you unless you're already an
expert at ssh**.

This page should help you troubleshoot ssh-related problems in installing and
accessing gitolite.  It also has a section of random ssh-related tips and
tricks that gitolite can do.

# IMPORTANT -- READ THIS FIRST

## caveats

  * Before reading this page, it is **mandatory** to read and **completely
    understand** [this](glssh), which is a very detailed look at how gitolite
    uses ssh's features on the server side.  Don't assume you know all that;
    if you did, you wouldn't be needing *this* page either!

  * This page, and others linked from this, together comprise all the help I
    can give you in terms of the ssh aspect of using gitolite.  If you're
    installing gitolite, you're a "system admin", like it or not.  Ssh is
    therefore a necessary skill.  Please take the time to learn at least
    enough to get passwordless access working.

  * Please note that authentication is not really gitolite's job at all.  I'd
    rather spend time on actual gitolite features, code, and documentation
    than authentication (i.e., ssh, in the common case).

    Surprised?  [This][auth] might help explain better.

[auth]: concepts/#authentication-and-authorisation

## naming conventions used

  * Your workstation is the **client**.  Your userid on the client does not
    matter, and it has no relation to your gitolite username.

  * The server is called **server** and the "hosting user" is **git**.  If
    this is an RPM/DEB install, the hosting user is probably called
    "gitolite", however we will use "git" in this page.

## taking stock -- relevant files and directories

  * The client has a `~/.ssh` containing a few keypairs.  It may also have a
    `config` file.

  * The client also has a clone of the "gitolite-admin" repo, which contains a
    bunch of `*.pub` files in `keydir`.  We assume this clone is in `$HOME`;
    if it is not, adjust instructions accordingly when needed.

  * The git user on the server has a `~/.ssh/authorized_keys` file that the
    ssh daemon uses to authenticate incoming users.  We often call this file
    **authkeys** to save typing, and it always means the one on the server
    (we're not interested in this file on the client side).

  * The server also has a `~/.gitolite/keydir` which contains a bunch of
    `*.pub` files.

## normal gitolite key handling

Here's how normal gitolite key handling works:

  * (On client) pub key changes like adding new ones, deleting old ones, etc.,
    are done in the `keydir` directory in the gitolite-admin repo clone.  Then
    the admin `git add`s and `git commit`s those changes, then `git push`es
    them to the server.

  * (On server) a successful push from the client makes git invoke the
    post-update hook in the gitolite-admin repo.  This hook is installed by
    gitolite, and it does a bunch of things which are quite transparent to
    the admin, but we'll describe briefly here:

      * The pubkey files from this push are checked-out into
        `~/.gitolite/keydir` (and similarly the config files into
        `~/.gitolite/conf`).

      * The "compile" script then runs, which uses these files to populate
        `~/.ssh/authorized_keys` on the server.

        The authkeys file may have other, (non-gitolite) keys also.  Those
        lines are preserved.  Gitolite only touches lines that are found
        between gitolite's "marker" lines (`# gitolite start` and `# gitolite end`).

# common ssh problems

Since I'm pretty sure at least some of you didn't bother to read the
"IMPORTANT: PLEASE READ FIRST" section above, let me take a minute to point
you there again.  Especially the first bullet.

Done?  OK, read on...

The following problem(s) indicate that pubkey access is not working at all, so
you should start with [appendix 1][stsapp1].  If that doesn't fix the problem, continue
with the other appendices in sequence.

  * Running any git clone/fetch/ls-remote or just `ssh git@server info` asks
    you for a password.  (Or, if your sshd is set to use keys only, it just
    disconnects without doing anything).

The following problem(s) indicate that your pubkey is bypassing gitolite and
going straight to a shell.  You should start with [appendix 2][sshkeys-lint]
and continue with the rest in sequence.  [Appendix 5][ybpfail] has some
background info.

  * Running `ssh git@server info` gets you the output of the GNU 'info'
    command instead of gitolite's version and access info.

  * Running `git clone git@server:repositories/reponame` (note presence of
    `repositories/` in URL) works.

    [A proper gitolite key will only let you `git clone git@server:reponame`
    (note absence of `repositories/`)]

  * You are able to clone repositories but are unable to push changes back
    (the error complains about the `GL_BINDIR` environment variable not being
    set or about not being able to locate `Gitolite/Hooks/Update.pm`, and the
    `hooks/update` failing in some way).

    [If you run `git remote -v` you will find that your clone URL included the
    `repositories/` described above!]

  * Conversely, using the correct syntax, `git clone git@server:reponame`
    (note absence of `repositories/` in the URL), gets you
    `fatal: 'reponame' does not appear to be a git repository`, and yet
    you are sure 'reponame' exists, you haven't mis-spelled it, etc.

# step by step

Since I'm pretty sure at least some of you didn't bother to read the
"IMPORTANT: PLEASE READ FIRST" section above, let me take a minute to point
you there again.  Especially the first bullet.

Done?  OK, now the general outline for ssh troubleshooting is this:

  * Make sure the server's overall setup even *allows* pubkey based login.
    I.e., check that git fetch/clone/ls-remote commands or a plain
    `ssh git@server info` do NOT ask for a password.  If you do get asked for
    a password, see [appendix 1][stsapp1].

  * Match client-side pubkeys (`~/.ssh/*.pub`) with the server's authkeys
    file.  To do this, run `sshkeys-lint`, which tells you in detail what key
    has what access.  See [appendix 2][sshkeys-lint].

  * At this point, we know that we have the right key, and that if sshd
    receives that key, things will work.  But we're not done yet.  We still
    need to make sure that this specific key is being offered/sent by the
    client, instead of the default key.  See [appendix 3][stsapp3] and
    [appendix 4][ssh-ha].

# random tips, tricks, and notes

## giving shell access to gitolite users

Thanks to an idea from Jesse Keating, a single key can allow both gitolite
access *and* shell access.

<span class="gray">(v3.6.1+)</span> There are two ways to do this, both require uncommenting
and editing the 'Shell' line in the ENABLE list in the rc file.

If you have only a few users who need to get shell access, edit the line to
look like this (note the trailing comma!):

    'Shell alice bob',

If you have lots of users, add them to some file accessible to gitolite, (one
per line, no extra whitespace), then specify the full path of the file.  For
example:

    "Shell $ENV{HOME}/.gitolite.shell-users",

(Note in this case we have to use double quotes since we are using a variable
that needs to be interpolated into the value).

Then run `gitolite compile; gitolite trigger POST_COMPILE` or push a dummy
change to the admin repo.

### the SHELL\_USERS\_LIST

If you're using gitolite v3.6 or below, it's slightly different.  You have to
enable the trigger by uncommenting the 'Shell' line in the ENABLE list, but
you cannot list the users directly on the 'Shell' line in the rc file, nor can
you put the file name on that line. Instead, you have to go to the variables
section in the rc file and set the SHELL\_USERS\_LIST variable to the
filename.  For example:

    SHELL_USERS_LIST        =>  "$ENV{HOME}/.gitolite.shell-users",

Then run `gitolite compile; gitolite trigger POST_COMPILE` or push a dummy
change to the admin repo.

**NOTE**: to maintain backward compatibility, this method will continue to
work in 3.6.\*, but when 3.7 is released (whenever that may be), it will not
work, and you will have to use the new syntax described above.

## distinguishing one key from another

Since a user can have [more than one key][multi-key], it is sometimes useful
to distinguish one key from another.  Sshd does not tell you even the
fingerprint of the key that finally matched, so normally all you have is the
`GL_USER` env var.

[multi-key]: basic-admin/#multiple-keys-per-user

However, if you replace

    'ssh-authkeys',

in the ENABLE list with

    'ssh-authkeys --key-file-name',

then an extra argument is added after the username in the "command" variable
of the authkeys file.  That is, instead of this:

    command="/home/g3/gitolite/src/gitolite-shell u3",no-port-forwarding,...

you get this:

    command="/home/g3/gitolite/src/gitolite-shell u3 keydir/u3.pub",no-port-forwarding,...

You can then write an INPUT trigger to do whatever you need with the file
name, which is in `$ARGV[1]` (the second argument).  The actual file is
available at `$ENV{GL_ADMIN_BASE}/$ARGV[1]` if you need its contents.

## simulating ssh-copy-id

don't have `ssh-copy-id`?  This is broadly what that command does, if you want
to replicate it manually.  The input is your pubkey, typically
`~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub` from your client/workstation.

  * It copies it to the server as some file.

  * It appends that file to `~/.ssh/authorized_keys` on the server
    (creating it if it doesn't already exist).

  * It then makes sure that all these files/directories have go-w perms
    set (assuming user is "git"):

        /home/git/.ssh/authorized_keys
        /home/git/.ssh
        /home/git

[Actually, `sshd` requires that even directories *above* `~` (`/`, `/home`,
typically) also must be `go-w`, but that needs root.  And typically
they're already set that way anyway.  (Or if they're not, you've got
bigger problems than gitolite install not working!)]

## problems with using non-openssh public keys

Gitolite accepts public keys only in openssh format.  Trying to use an "ssh2"
key (used by proprietary SSH software) will not be a happy experience.
src/triggers/post-compile/ssh-authkeys can be made to detect non-openssh
formats and automatically convert them; patches welcome!

The actual conversion command, if you want to just do it manually for now and
be done with it, is:

    ssh-keygen -i -f /tmp/ssh2/YourName.pub > /tmp/openssh/YourName.pub

then use the resulting pubkey as you normally would in gitolite.

## windows issues

On windows, I have only used msysgit, and the openssh that comes with it.
Over time, I have grown to distrust putty/plink due to the number of people
who seem to have trouble when those beasts are involved (I myself have never
used them for any kind of git access).  If you have unusual ssh problems that
just don't seem to have any explanation, try removing all traces of
putty/plink, including environment variables, etc., and then try again.

Thankfully, someone contributed [this](contrib/putty).

# appendix 1: ssh daemon asks for a password

>   **NOTE**: This section should be useful to anyone trying to get
>   password-less access working.  It is not necessarily specific to gitolite,
>   so keep that in mind if the wording feels a little more general than you
>   were expecting.

You have generated a keypair on your workstation (`ssh-keygen`) and copied the
public part of it (`~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub`, by default) to the server.

On the server you have appended this file to `~/.ssh/authorized_keys`.  Or you
ran something, like the `gitolite setup` step during a gitolite install, which
should have done that for you.

You now expect to log in without having to type in a password, but when you
try, you are being asked for a password.

This is a quick checklist:

  * Make sure you're being asked for a password and not a pass*phrase*.  Do
    not confuse or mistake a prompt saying
    `Enter passphrase for key '/home/sitaram/.ssh/id_rsa':` for a password
    prompt from the remote server!

    When you create an ssh keypair using `ssh-keygen`, you have the option of
    protecting it with a passphrase.  When you subsequently use that keypair
    to access a remote host, your *local* ssh client needs to unlock the
    corresponding private key, and ssh will probably ask for the passphrase
    you set when you created the keypair.

    You have two choices to avoid this prompt every time you try to use the
    private key.  The first is to create keypairs *without* a passphrase (just
    hit enter when prompted for one).  **Be sure to add a passphrase later,
    once everything is working, using `ssh-keygen -p`**.

    The second is to use `ssh-agent` (or `keychain`, which in turn uses
    `ssh-agent`) or something like that to manage your keys.  Other than
    discussing one more potential trouble-spot with ssh-agent (see below),
    further discussion of ssh-agent/keychain is out of scope of this page.

  * Ssh is very sensitive to permissions.  An extremely conservative setup is
    given below, but be sure to do this on **both the client and the server**:

        cd $HOME
        chmod go-rwx .
        chmod -R go-rwx .ssh

  * Actually, every component of the path to `~/.ssh/authorized_keys` all the
    way upto the root directory must be at least `chmod go-w`.  So be sure to
    check `/` and `/home` also.

  * While you're doing this, make sure the owner and group info for each of
    these components are correct.  `ls -ald ~ ~/.ssh ~/.ssh/authorized_keys`
    will tell you what they are.

  * You may also want to check `/etc/ssh/sshd_config` to see if the "git" user
    is allowed to login at all.  For example, if that file contains an
    `AllowUsers` config entry, then only users mentioned in that line are
    allowed to log in!

  * While you're in there, check that file does NOT have a setting for
    `AuthorizedKeysFile`.  See `man sshd_config` for details.  This setting is
    a show stopper for gitolite to use ssh.

  * Some OSs/distributions require that the "git" user should have a password
    and/or not be a locked account.  You may want to check that as well.

  * If your server is running SELinux, and you install gitolite to
    `/var/gitolite` or another location unsupported by default SELinux
    policies, then SELinux will prevent sshd from reading
    `.ssh/authorized_keys`. Consider installing gitolite to
    `/var/lib/gitolite`, which is a supported location by default SELinux
    policies.

  * If all that fails, log onto the server as root, `cd /var/log`, and look
    for a file called `auth.log` or `secure` or some such name.  Look inside
    this file for messages matching the approximate time of your last attempt
    to login, to see if they tell you what is the problem.

# appendix 2: which key is which -- running sshkeys-lint

The sshkeys-lint program can be run on the server or the client.  Run it with
'-h' to get a help message.

On the server you can run `gitolite sshkeys-lint` and it will tell you, for
each key in the admin directory's keydir, what access is available.  This is
especially good at finding duplicate keys and such.

To run it on the client you have to copy the file src/commands/sshkeys-lint
from some gitolite clone, then follow these steps:

  * Get a copy of `~/.ssh/authorized_keys` from the server and put it in
    `/tmp/foo` or something.

  * cd to `~/.ssh`.

  * Run `/path/to/sshkeys-lint *.pub < /tmp/foo`.

Note that it is not trying to log in or anything -- it's just comparing
fingerprints as computed by `ssh-keygen -l`.

If the pubkey file you're interested in appears to have the correct access to
the server, you're done with this step.

Otherwise you have to rename some keypairs and try again to get the effect you
need.  Be careful:

  * Do not just rename the ".pub" file; you will have to rename the
    corresponding private key also (the one with the same basename but without
    an extension).

  * If you're running ssh-agent, you may have to delete (using `ssh-add -D`)
    and re-add identities for it to pick up the renamed ones correctly.

## typical cause(s)

The admin often has passwordless shell access to `git@server` already, and
then used that same key to get access to gitolite (i.e., copied that same
pubkey as YourName.pub and ran `gitolite setup` on it).

As a result, the same key appears twice in the authkeys file now, and since
the ssh server will always use the first match, the second occurrence (which
invokes gitolite) is ignored.

To fix this, you have to use a different keypair for gitolite access.  The
best way to do this is to create a new keypair, copy the pubkey to the server
as YourName.pub, then run `gitolite setup -pk YourName.pub` on the server.
Remember to adjust your agent identities using ssh-add -D and ssh-add if
you're using ssh-agent, otherwise these new keys may not work.

# appendix 3: ssh client may not be offering the right key

  * Make sure the right private key is being offered.  Run ssh in very
    verbose mode and look for the word "Offering", like so:

        ssh -vvv user@host pwd 2> >(grep -i offer)

    If some keys *are* being offered, but not the key that was supposed to be
    used, you may be using ssh-agent (next bullet).  You may also need to
    create some host aliases in `~/.ssh/config` ([appendix 4][ssh-ha]).

  * (ssh-agent issues) If `ssh-add -l` responds with either "The agent has no
    identities." or "Could not open a connection to your authentication
    agent.", then you can skip this bullet.

    However, if `ssh-add -l` lists *any* keys at all, then something weird
    happens.  Due to a quirk in ssh-agent, ssh will now *only* use one of
    those keys, *even if you explicitly ask* for some other key to be used.

    In that case, add the key you want using `ssh-add ~/.ssh/YourName` and try
    the access again.

# appendix 4: ssh host aliases

(or "making git use the right options for ssh")

The ssh command has several options for non-default items to be specified.
Two common examples are `-p` for the port number if it is not 22, and `-i` for
the public key file if you do not want to use just `~/.ssh/id_rsa` or such.

Git has two ssh-based URL syntaxes, but neither allows specifying a
non-default public key file.  And a port number is only allowed in one of
them.  (See `man git-clone` for details).  Finally, hosts often have to be
referred with IP addresses (such is life), or the name is very long, or hard
to remember.

Using a "host" para in `~/.ssh/config` lets you nicely encapsulate all this
within ssh and give it a short, easy-to-remember, name.  Example:

```sshconfig
host gitolite
    user git
    hostname a.long.server.name.or.annoying.IP.address
    port 22
    identityfile ~/.ssh/id_rsa
```

Now you can simply use the one word `gitolite` (which is the host alias we
defined here) and ssh will infer all those details defined under it -- just
say `ssh gitolite` and `git clone gitolite:reponame` and things will work.

(By the way, the 'port' and 'identityfile' lines are needed only if you have
non-default values, although I put them in anyway just to be complete).

## more than one keypair

If you have *more than one* pubkey with access to the *same* server, you
**must** use this method to make git pick up the right key.  There is no other
way to do this, as far as I know.

A typical example would be if you wanted shell access to the gitolite server
using one keypair, and gitolite-mediated access using another.  Here's how I
do that, where my "id\_rsa" keypair has shell access, and my "sitaram" keypair
has gitolite access:

```sshconfig
host gitolite
    user git
    hostname gitolite.mydomain.com
    port 22
    identityfile ~/.ssh/sitaram

host gitolite-sh
    user git
    hostname gitolite.mydomain.com
    port 22
    identityfile ~/.ssh/id_rsa
```

Then I would use "ssh gitolite-ssh" to get a command line, and use the host
alias "gitolite" in git clone and other commands, as well as for gitolite
commands (like "ssh gitolite info").

Just to be clear, please note that this assumes the authorized keys file on
the gitolite hosting user has my "id\_rsa.pub" line, **without** the gitolite
related forced command and options.

[tut]: http://sites.google.com/site/senawario/home/gitolite-tutorial

# appendix 5: why bypassing gitolite causes a problem

When you bypass gitolite, you end up running your normal shell instead of the
special gitolite entry point script `gitolite-shell`.

This means commands (like 'info') are interpreted by the shell instead of
gitolite.

It also means git operations look for repos in `$HOME`.

However, gitolite places all your repos in `~/repositories`, and internally
prefixes this before calling the actual git command you invoked.  Thus, the
pathname of the repo that you use on the client is almost never the correct
pathname on the server.  (This is by design.  Don't argue...)

This means that, you get 2 kinds of errors if you bypass gitolite

  * When you use `git@server:reponame` with a key that bypasses gitolite
    (i.e., gets you a shell), this prefixing does not happen, and so the repo
    is not found.  Neither a clone/fetch nor a push will work.

  * Conversely, consider `git@server:repositories/reponame.git`.  The clone
    operation will work -- you're using the full Unix path, and so the shell
    finds the repo where you said it would be.  However, when you push,
    gitolite's **update hook** kicks in, and fails to run because some of the
    environment variables it is expecting are not present.

[stsapp1]: sts/#appendix-1-ssh-daemon-asks-for-a-password
[stsapp3]: sts/#appendix-3-ssh-client-may-not-be-offering-the-right-key
[sshkeys-lint]: sts/#appendix-2-which-key-is-which-running-sshkeys-lint
[ybpfail]: sts/#appendix-5-why-bypassing-gitolite-causes-a-problem
[ssh-ha]: sts/#appendix-4-ssh-host-aliases