| blob | ec6720a804114f7242aa630de6ac360a5c0aefb2 |
1 # @(#)europe 7.95
3 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
4 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
5 # tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
7 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
8 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
9 # Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (5th edition),
10 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1999).
11 #
12 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source
13 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
14 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
15 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
16 # of the IATA's data after 1990.
17 #
18 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks is the source for entries through 1991,
19 # and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
20 #
21 # Other sources occasionally used include:
22 #
23 # Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
24 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
25 # which I found in the UCLA library.
26 #
27 # <a href="http://www.pettswoodvillage.co.uk/Daylight_Savings_William_Willett.pdf">
28 # William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
29 # </a> (1914-03)
30 #
31 # Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH),
32 # <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm">
33 # History of Summer Time
34 # </a> (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
36 #
37 # I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
38 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
39 # Corrections are welcome!
40 # std dst 2dst
41 # LMT Local Mean Time
42 # -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic
43 # -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland*
44 # -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
45 # 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer
46 # 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
47 # 0:00 WET WEST WEMT Western Europe
48 # 0:19:32.13 AMT NST Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)*
49 # 0:20 NET NEST Netherlands (1937-1940)*
50 # 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
51 # 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)*
52 # 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
53 # 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow
54 #
55 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
56 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
58 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04),
59 # The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
60 # Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
61 # Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
62 # Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
63 # Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
64 # Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
65 # entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
66 # on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
67 # referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
68 # Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
69 # ...
70 # Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
71 # I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
72 # ...
73 # There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
74 # A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
75 # national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
76 # different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
77 # in the Directive.
80 ###############################################################################
82 # Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
84 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
85 #
86 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
87 # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
88 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
89 # of the text said:
90 #
91 # `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
92 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
93 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
94 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
95 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
96 # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
97 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
98 #
99 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
100 # position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should
101 # be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
102 #
103 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
105 # From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
106 #
107 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
108 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
109 # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
110 # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
111 # and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
112 # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
113 # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
114 # (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
115 # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
116 # adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
117 # The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
118 # and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
119 # railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
120 # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
121 # on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
122 # one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
123 # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
124 # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
125 # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
126 # of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
127 #
128 # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
129 # transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much
130 # about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
132 # From Paul Eggert (2003-09-27):
133 # Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
134 # a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
135 # who circulated a pamphlet ``The Waste of Daylight'' (1907)
136 # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
137 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
138 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
139 # but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
140 # Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
141 # it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
142 # See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
143 # A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
144 # a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
145 # subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith,
146 # designed by G. W. Miller, is the the William Willett Memorial Sundial,
147 # which is permanently set to Summer Time.
149 # From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
150 # It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
151 # summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
152 # between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
153 # plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
154 # foundations of civilization throughout the world.
155 # -- <a href="http://www.winstonchurchill.org/fh114willett.htm">
156 # "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly
157 # </a>
159 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
160 # The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving''
161 # when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
162 # term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
163 # proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''.
165 # From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
166 #
167 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
168 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
170 # Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
171 # From: Jonathan Leffler
172 # [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
173 # If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
174 # politics making a fortune, not computing.
176 # From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
177 # I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
178 # acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
179 # time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
180 # if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
182 # From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
183 # ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
184 # main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
185 # agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
187 # From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
188 # On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
189 # Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
190 # official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
191 # but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
192 # Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
193 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
194 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ho-19410421.png
196 # From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
197 # [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
198 # which is to be introduced in May....
199 # I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
200 # which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
202 # From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
203 # Howse writes (p 157) `DBST' too, but `BDST' seems to have been common
204 # and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
205 # so we use `BDST'.
207 # Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
208 # the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
209 # Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
210 # and extending this list, which can be found in
211 # <a href="http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/">
212 # History of legal time in Britain
213 # </a>
215 # From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
216 #
217 # The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
218 # see Lord Tanlaw's speech
219 # <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0">
220 # (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976)
221 # </a>.
223 # From Paul Eggert (2001-07-18):
224 #
225 # For lack of other data, we'll follow Shanks for Eire in 1940-1948.
226 #
227 # Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks are incorrect:
228 # * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
229 # 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
230 # Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
231 # * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
232 # It actually just had one transition.
233 # * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
234 # Actually, it conformed to Britain.
235 # * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
236 # Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
237 # Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
238 #
239 # Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks:
240 # * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
241 # to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
242 # conform with Great Britain.
243 # S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
244 #
245 # The following claim by Shanks is possible though doubtful;
246 # we'll ignore it for now.
247 # * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
248 #
249 #
250 # Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than Shanks.
251 # Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
252 # (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
253 # to London. For example:
254 #
255 # "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time."
256 # -- James Joyce, Ulysses
258 # From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
259 # Irish laws are available online at www.irishstatutebook.ie. These include
260 # various relating to legal time, for example:
261 #
262 # ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
263 #
264 # ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
265 # ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
266 #
267 # ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
268 # ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
269 # ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
270 #
271 # ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
272 # ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
273 # ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
274 #
275 # [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
276 # <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]
277 #
278 # (These are those I found, but there could be more. In any case these
279 # should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover
280 # the laws applicable in Ireland.)
281 #
282 # (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined
283 # in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it
284 # is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time
285 # being GMT+1.)
287 # From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
288 # Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
289 # reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
290 # (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
291 # Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
292 # trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
293 # and Frethun run in CT.
294 # My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
295 # the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
296 # and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
297 # If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
298 # I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
299 # This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
301 # From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
302 # The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
303 # which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
304 # Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
305 # regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
306 # Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
307 # "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
309 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
310 # Summer Time Act, 1916
311 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
312 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
313 # S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
314 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
315 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
316 # S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
317 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
318 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
319 # S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
320 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
321 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
322 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
323 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
324 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
325 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
326 # S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
327 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
328 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
329 # S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
330 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
331 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
332 # The Summer Time Act, 1922
333 Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
334 Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
335 Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
336 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
337 # The Summer Time Act, 1925
338 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
339 Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
340 Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
341 Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
342 Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
343 Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
344 Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
345 Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
346 Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
347 Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
348 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
349 # S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
350 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
351 # S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
352 Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST
353 # S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
354 Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
355 Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
356 # S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
357 Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
358 # S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
359 Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
360 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
361 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
362 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
363 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
364 Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
365 Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
366 # The Summer Time Act, 1947
367 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
368 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
369 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
370 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
371 # Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
372 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
373 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT
374 # Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
375 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
376 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT
377 # Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
378 # Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
379 # Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
380 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
381 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
382 # revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
383 Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
384 Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
385 Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
386 Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
387 Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
388 Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
389 Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
390 # Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
391 # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
392 # Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
393 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
394 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
395 # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
396 # Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
397 # Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
398 Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
399 # Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
400 Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
401 # The British Standard Time Act, 1968
402 # (no summer time)
403 # The Summer Time Act, 1972
404 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
405 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
406 # Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
407 # Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
408 # Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
409 # Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
410 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
411 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
412 # Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
413 # Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
414 # Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
415 Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
416 # Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
417 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
419 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
420 Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1
421 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
422 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
423 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
424 0:00 EU GMT/BST
425 Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
426 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00
427 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
428 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
429 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
430 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
431 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
432 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
433 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
434 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
435 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
436 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
437 0:00 EU GMT/IST
439 ###############################################################################
441 # Continental Europe
443 # EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
444 # Common Market, etc.
446 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
447 Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
448 Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
449 Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
450 Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
451 Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
452 Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
453 # The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
454 # <a href="http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/lif/dat/2000/en_300L0084.html"
455 # Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
456 # of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
457 # </a>
459 # W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
460 Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
461 Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
462 Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
463 Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
464 Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
465 Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
467 # Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
468 # From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
469 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
470 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
471 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
472 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
473 Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
474 Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
475 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
476 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
477 Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
478 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
479 Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
480 Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
481 Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
482 Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
483 Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
484 Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
485 Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
487 # E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
488 Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
489 Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
490 Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
491 Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
492 Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
493 Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
495 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
496 Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
497 Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
498 Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
499 Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST
500 Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
501 Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S
502 Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 -
503 Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
504 Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
505 Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S
506 Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
507 # Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
508 Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
509 Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
510 # Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
511 # Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
512 Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
513 Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
514 #
515 Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S
516 Rule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 -
517 Rule Russia 1993 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
518 Rule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
519 Rule Russia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
521 # These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
523 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
524 Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
525 Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
526 Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
527 Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
529 # Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
530 # for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
532 # From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
533 # The official German names ... are
534 #
535 # Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
536 # Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
537 #
538 # as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
539 # 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
540 # I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
541 #
542 # Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
543 # Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
544 # Postfach 3345
545 # D-38023 Braunschweig
546 # phone: +49 531 592-0
547 #
548 # ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
549 # department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
550 # PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
551 #
552 # Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
553 # Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
556 # Albania
557 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
558 Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
559 Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
560 Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
561 Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
562 Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
563 Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
564 Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
565 Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
566 Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
567 Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
568 Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
569 Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
570 Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
571 Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
572 Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
573 Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
574 Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
575 Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
576 Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
577 Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
578 Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
579 Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
580 Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
581 Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
582 Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
583 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
584 Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
585 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
586 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
587 1:00 EU CE%sT
589 # Andorra
590 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
591 Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
592 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
593 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
594 1:00 EU CE%sT
596 # Austria
598 # From Paul Eggert (2003-02-28): Shanks gives 1918-06-16 and
599 # 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
600 # Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
601 # date of 1945-04-12 with no time. For the 1980-04-06 transition
602 # Shanks gives 02:00, the BEV 00:00. Go with the BEV, and guess 02:00
603 # for 1945-04-12.
605 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
606 Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
607 Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
608 Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
609 Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
610 Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
611 Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
612 Rule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S
613 Rule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
614 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
615 Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr
616 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920
617 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s
618 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
619 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s
620 1:00 - CET 1946
621 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
622 1:00 EU CE%sT
624 # Belarus
625 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
626 Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
627 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
628 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
629 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
630 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
631 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
632 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
633 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
634 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00s
635 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00s
636 2:00 Russia EE%sT
638 # Belgium
639 #
640 # From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
641 # Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
642 # Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
643 # Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991
644 # (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
645 # pp 8-9.
646 # LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
647 # Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
648 # Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references.
649 # The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
650 # Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
651 #
652 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
653 Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
654 Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
655 Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
656 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
657 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
658 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
659 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
660 Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
661 Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
662 Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
663 Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
664 Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
665 # DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
666 # Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
667 # to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
668 # changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
669 Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
670 Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
671 Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
672 Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
673 Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
674 Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
675 Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
676 Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
677 Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
678 Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
679 Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
680 Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
681 Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
682 Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
683 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
684 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
685 Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S
686 Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
687 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
688 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
689 Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
690 Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
691 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
692 Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
693 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
694 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
695 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
696 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
697 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
698 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
699 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
700 1:00 EU CE%sT
702 # Bosnia and Herzegovina
703 # see Serbia and Montenegro
705 # Bulgaria
706 #
707 # From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
708 # A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says:
709 # EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
710 # EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
711 #
712 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
713 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
714 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
715 Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat<=7 23:00 1:00 S
716 Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
717 Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
718 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
719 Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
720 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
721 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
722 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 3:00
723 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
724 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00
725 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
726 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
727 2:00 EU EE%sT
729 # Croatia
730 # see Serbia and Montenegro
732 # Cyprus
733 # Please see the `asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
735 # Czech Republic
736 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
737 Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
738 Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
739 Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
740 Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
741 Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S
742 Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
743 Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
744 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
745 Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
746 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
747 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
748 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
749 1:00 EU CE%sT
751 # Denmark, Faeroe Islands, and Greenland
753 # From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
754 # http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
755 # [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
756 # The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
757 # confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
758 #
759 # The EU treaty with effect from 1973:
760 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
761 #
762 # This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
763 # in subsequenet decrees with the law
764 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
765 #
766 # It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980. I have
767 # not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
768 # changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to
769 # 1980-09-28 at 02:00. If this is true, this differs slightly from
770 # the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00. We don't know
771 # when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only
772 # confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:
773 # The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
774 # working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
775 # was suspended on that night):
776 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL
778 # From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
779 # The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
780 # Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
782 # From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
783 # Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
784 # wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.
786 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
787 Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
788 Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
789 Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
790 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
791 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
792 Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
793 Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
794 Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
795 Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
796 Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
797 Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
798 #
799 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
800 Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
801 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Jan 1 # Copenhagen MT
802 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
803 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
804 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
805 1:00 EU CE%sT
806 Zone Atlantic/Faeroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn
807 0:00 - WET 1981
808 0:00 EU WE%sT
809 #
810 # From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
811 # During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
812 # East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
813 # My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
814 #
815 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
816 # Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
817 # and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
818 # rules at least through 1984. Shanks says Scoresbysund and Godthab
819 # used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
820 # rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
822 # From Gwillin Law (2001-06-06), citing
823 # <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
824 # and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
825 #
826 # Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
827 # is according to the following time line:
828 #
829 # The military zone near Thule UTC-4
830 # Standard Greenland time UTC-3
831 # Scoresbysund UTC-1
832 # Danmarkshavn UTC
833 #
834 # In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
835 # introduced.
837 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
838 #
839 # I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
840 # the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have
841 # not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have
842 # info from earlier correspondence.]
843 #
844 # According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
845 # Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
846 # savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
847 #
848 # The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
849 # uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
850 # There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
851 # Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
852 # email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
853 # Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
854 # DPC research station at Zackenberg.
855 #
856 # Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
857 # the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthab).
858 #
859 # The rest of Greenland, including Godthab (this area, although it
860 # includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
861 # UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
862 #
863 # It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
864 # North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
865 # maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of
866 # this area is that it sticks with Godthab time. This area might be
867 # considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
869 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
870 # I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
871 # there at 2:00 AM.
873 # From Paul Eggert (2001-11-19):
874 # The 1997 CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT; the 1995 map as like Godthab.
875 # For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthab before 1996.
876 # startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
877 # so go with Shanks for all Thule transitions.
878 #
879 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
880 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
881 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
882 Rule Thule 1993 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
883 Rule Thule 1993 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
884 #
885 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
886 Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
887 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
888 -3:00 EU WG%sT 1996
889 0:00 - GMT
890 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
891 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
892 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29
893 -1:00 EU EG%sT
894 Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
895 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
896 -3:00 EU WG%sT
897 Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
898 -4:00 Thule A%sT
900 # Estonia
901 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
902 # A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
903 # [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
904 # a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
905 #
906 # From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
907 # [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
908 # but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
909 # ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
910 # (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
911 # conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
912 # A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
913 # human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
914 # summer time next spring.''
916 # From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
917 # <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390">
918 # The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
919 # </a>
920 # refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
921 # the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120).
922 #
923 # I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
924 # for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
925 # (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
927 # From <a href="http://www.baltictimes.com/">The Baltic Times</a> (1999-09-09)
928 # via Steffen Thorsen:
929 # This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
930 # a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
931 # But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
932 # Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
933 # for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
934 # after that.
936 # From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
937 # Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
938 # no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
939 # the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
941 # From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
942 # The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
943 # Now we are using again EU rules.
944 #
945 # From Urmet Jaanes (2002-03-28):
946 # The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
948 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
949 Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
950 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
951 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
952 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
953 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
954 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
955 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
956 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
957 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
958 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
959 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Nov 1
960 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21
961 2:00 EU EE%sT
963 # Finland
964 #
965 # From Hannu Strang (25 Sep 1994 06:03:37 UTC):
966 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
967 # and it's supposed to change at 4am...
968 #
969 # From Paul Eggert (25 Sep 1994):
970 # Shanks says Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time since 1981.
971 # Go with Strang instead.
972 #
973 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
974 Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
975 Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
976 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
977 Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31
978 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
979 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00
980 2:00 EU EE%sT
982 # Aaland Is
983 Link Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn
986 # France
988 # From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
989 #
990 # Henri Le Corre, Regimes Horaires pour le monde entier, Editions
991 # Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
992 #
993 # Gabriel, Traite de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Tredaniel editeur,
994 # Paris, 1991
995 #
996 # Francoise Gauquelin, Problemes de l'heure resolus en astrologie,
997 # Guy tredaniel, Paris 1987
1000 #
1001 # Shanks seems to use `24:00' ambiguously; we resolve it with Whitman.
1002 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1003 Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1004 Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
1005 Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1006 Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1007 Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1008 Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1009 Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
1010 Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1011 Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
1012 Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1013 # DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
1014 # Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
1015 # were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks.
1016 Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1017 Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1018 Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1019 Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
1020 Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1021 Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1022 Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1023 Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1024 Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
1025 Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1026 Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1027 Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1028 Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1029 Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1030 Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1031 Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1032 Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1033 Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1034 Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1035 Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1036 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks writes
1037 # that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
1038 # Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez,
1039 # Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La
1040 # Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Decartes,
1041 # Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
1042 # Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois,
1043 # Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collognes (Haute-Savioe).
1044 Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1045 # Shanks says this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
1046 # but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
1047 # who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
1048 # as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
1049 Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
1050 Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
1051 Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
1052 Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
1053 Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
1054 Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
1055 Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
1056 Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M
1057 Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1058 # Shanks gives Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
1059 # go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
1060 Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
1061 Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
1062 # Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman gives 0:09:05,
1063 # but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1064 # Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1065 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1066 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1067 Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1068 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT
1069 # Shanks gives 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
1070 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
1071 # Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
1072 # go with Shanks.
1073 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1074 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1075 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1076 1:00 EU CE%sT
1078 # Germany
1080 # From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
1081 # The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1082 # Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1083 # [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
1085 # From Joerg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1086 # In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by <a
1087 # href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/">
1088 # General [Nikolai] Bersarin</a>.
1090 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
1091 # <a href="http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf">
1092 # says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
1093 # However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
1094 # this was equivalent to CEMT (GMT+3), not GMT+4.
1097 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1098 Rule Germany 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1099 Rule Germany 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1100 Rule Germany 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S
1101 Rule Germany 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1102 Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1103 Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1104 Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1105 Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
1106 Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
1107 Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
1108 Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1109 Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1110 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1111 Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1112 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1113 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
1114 1:00 EU CE%sT
1116 # Georgia
1117 # Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
1118 # Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
1119 # is in Europe. Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.
1121 # Gibraltar
1122 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1123 Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
1124 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1125 1:00 - CET 1982
1126 1:00 EU CE%sT
1128 # Greece
1129 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1130 # Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks.
1131 Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
1132 Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1133 # Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks.
1134 Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
1135 # Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks.
1136 Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1137 Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
1138 Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1139 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1140 Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1141 Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1142 Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
1143 Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1144 Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
1145 Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1146 Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1147 Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1148 Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1149 Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
1150 Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1151 Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1152 Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1153 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1154 Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1155 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1156 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
1157 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
1158 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
1159 # Shanks says they switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1160 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1161 2:00 EU EE%sT
1163 # Hungary
1164 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1165 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
1166 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 -
1167 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
1168 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 -
1169 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S
1170 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
1171 Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
1172 Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 -
1173 Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1174 Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1175 Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1176 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1177 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1178 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1179 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1180 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1181 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1182 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
1183 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1184 Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
1185 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1186 Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1187 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1188 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00
1189 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 1 23:00
1190 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1191 1:00 EU CE%sT
1193 # Iceland
1194 #
1195 # From Adam David (1993-11-06):
1196 # The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1197 #
1198 # (1993-12-05):
1199 # This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1200 # Iceland Almanak.
1201 #
1202 # From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1203 # behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1204 # of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1205 # was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1206 #
1207 # "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1208 # of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1209 # time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1210 # Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1211 #
1212 # (1993-12-10):
1213 # I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1214 # beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1215 # to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1216 # the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1217 # (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1218 # St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1219 # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1220 # might mean something else (???).
1221 #
1222 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
1223 # The Iceland Almanak, Shanks and Whitman disagree on many points.
1224 # We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks, namely that
1225 # Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
1226 #
1227 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1228 Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
1229 Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1230 Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1231 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S
1232 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 -
1233 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1234 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 -
1235 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1236 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 -
1237 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S
1238 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 -
1239 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1240 Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1241 Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1242 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1243 Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1244 # 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
1245 Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1246 Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1247 Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1248 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1249 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837
1250 -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
1251 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1252 0:00 - GMT
1254 # Italy
1255 #
1256 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1257 # Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1258 # called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1259 # During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1260 # But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1261 # so record only the time in Rome.
1262 #
1263 # From Paul Eggert (1996-05-06):
1264 # For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks, Whitman, and F. Pollastri
1265 # <a href="http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html">
1266 # Day-light Saving Time in Italy (1996-03-14)
1267 # </a>
1268 # (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
1269 # publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1270 #
1271 # year FP Shanks (S) Whitman (W) Go with:
1272 # 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W
1273 # 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1274 # 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S
1275 # 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W
1276 # 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S
1277 # 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W
1278 # 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S
1279 # 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1280 # 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S
1281 # 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1282 # 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur)
1283 # 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1284 # 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1285 # 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S
1286 # 09-20 09-27 00:00 S
1287 #
1288 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1289 Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
1290 Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1291 Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1292 Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1293 Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S
1294 Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1295 Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S
1296 Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1297 Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 -
1298 Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S
1299 Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 -
1300 Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
1301 Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 -
1302 Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1303 Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1304 Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S
1305 Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1306 Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1307 Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1308 Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1309 Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 -
1310 Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1311 Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S
1312 Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1313 Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1314 Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1315 Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1316 Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S
1317 Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1318 Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S
1319 Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1320 Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1321 Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1322 Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1323 Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1324 Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1325 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1326 Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1327 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov # Rome Mean Time
1328 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1329 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul
1330 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1331 1:00 EU CE%sT
1333 Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1334 Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1336 # Latvia
1338 # From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):
1340 # I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1341 # of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1342 # correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1343 # changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1344 #
1345 # Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1346 # according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1347 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1348 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1349 # and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
1350 #
1351 # Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
1352 # according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
1353 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1354 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1355 # (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1356 # September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1357 #
1358 # Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1359 # according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1360 # ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1361 # Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1362 # time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1363 # transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1364 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of
1365 # daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1366 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1367 # 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1368 #
1369 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1370 # 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1371 # daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1373 # From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
1374 # This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
1375 # <a href="http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm">
1376 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
1377 # 29-Feb-2000 (#79)</a>, in Latvian for subscribers only).
1379 # <a href="http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html">
1380 # From RFE/RL Newsline (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1381 # </a>
1382 # The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
1383 # institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
1384 # Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
1385 # clocks one hour in the spring....
1386 # Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvitis noted that Latvia had too few
1387 # daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
1388 # Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
1389 # time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
1390 # urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
1391 # appears that they will not do so....
1393 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1394 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1395 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1396 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1397 Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880
1398 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
1399 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
1400 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1401 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1402 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11
1403 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1404 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul
1405 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
1406 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1407 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1408 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
1409 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29
1410 2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2
1411 2:00 EU EE%sT
1413 # Liechtenstein
1414 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1415 Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun
1416 1:00 - CET 1981
1417 1:00 EU CE%sT
1419 # Lithuania
1421 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1422 # IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1423 # known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1425 # From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):
1426 # I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1427 # (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1429 # From <a href="http://www.elta.lt/">ELTA</a> No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29),
1430 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1431 # Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1432 # to be valid here starting from October 31,
1433 # as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1434 # The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1435 # motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1436 # already done by Estonia.
1438 # From the <a href="http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm">
1439 # Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1440 # </a> (2000-03-27): Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1442 # From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
1443 # As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
1444 # observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
1445 # down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
1446 # neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
1447 # 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
1448 # http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
1451 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1452 Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1453 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1454 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1455 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1456 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1457 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1458 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1459 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1460 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1461 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1462 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998
1463 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u
1464 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u
1465 2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1
1466 2:00 EU EE%sT
1468 # Luxembourg
1469 # Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; go with Shanks.
1470 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1471 Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1472 Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1473 Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
1474 Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1475 Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1476 Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1477 Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
1478 Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1479 Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
1480 Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1481 Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
1482 Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1483 Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
1484 Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1485 Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
1486 Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1487 Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
1488 Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1489 Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1490 Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
1491 Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
1492 Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
1493 Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
1494 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1495 Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1496 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
1497 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1498 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
1499 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1500 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1501 1:00 EU CE%sT
1503 # Macedonia
1504 # see Serbia and Montenegro
1506 # Malta
1507 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1508 Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1509 Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1510 Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1511 Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1512 Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
1513 Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1514 Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1515 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1516 Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 # Valletta
1517 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1518 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1519 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1520 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1521 1:00 EU CE%sT
1523 # Moldova
1525 # From Paul Eggert (2001-02-11):
1526 # A previous version of this database followed Shanks, who writes that
1527 # Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1528 # However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1529 # on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1530 # In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1531 # and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1532 # But [two people] separately reported via
1533 # Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1534 # The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1536 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1537 Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
1538 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1539 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1540 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
1541 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
1542 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
1543 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
1544 3:00 - MSK 1990 May 6
1545 2:00 - EET 1991
1546 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
1547 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1548 # See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1549 2:00 EU EE%sT
1551 # Monaco
1552 # Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's more precise 0:09:21.
1553 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1554 Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1555 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1556 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1557 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1558 1:00 EU CE%sT
1560 # Netherlands
1562 # Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1563 # but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1565 # However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
1566 # Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
1567 # Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
1568 # the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
1569 # (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
1570 # common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
1571 # not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
1572 # On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
1573 # was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
1574 #
1575 # (2001-04-08):
1576 # 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
1577 # observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
1578 # practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
1579 #
1580 # (2001-04-09):
1581 # In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
1582 # municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
1583 # Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
1584 # actually followed.
1585 #
1586 # From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
1587 # observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
1588 # Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
1589 # places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
1590 # adopted Amsterdam mean time.
1591 #
1592 # Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
1593 # of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
1594 # was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
1595 # Amsterdam mean time.
1597 # The data before 1945 are taken from
1598 # <http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm>.
1600 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1601 Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
1602 Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
1603 Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1604 Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1605 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1606 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT
1607 Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1608 Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1609 Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1610 Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1611 Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1612 # From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
1613 # in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
1614 Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1615 Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1616 Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1617 Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1618 Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1619 Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
1620 Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1621 Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1622 Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1623 #
1624 # Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted
1625 # below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
1626 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1627 Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835
1628 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1
1629 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time
1630 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1631 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
1632 1:00 EU CE%sT
1634 # Norway
1635 # http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks.
1636 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1637 Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
1638 Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1639 Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1640 Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1641 Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1642 Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1643 Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1644 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1645 Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1
1646 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1647 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1648 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
1649 1:00 EU CE%sT
1651 # Svalbard & Jan Mayen
1653 # From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
1654 # Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
1655 # Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
1656 # time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared
1657 # as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
1658 # Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
1659 # http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html and
1660 # http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html). The law/regulation
1661 # for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
1662 # into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
1663 # part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
1664 # http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html ) I have not been
1665 # able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
1666 # before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabitated" since 1921 by
1667 # Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
1668 # since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
1669 # before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
1670 # between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
1672 # From Paul Eggert (2001-05-01):
1673 #
1674 # Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
1675 # so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
1676 # keeping Berlin time.
1677 #
1678 # <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
1679 # burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
1680 # 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
1681 # frequent air ttacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a
1682 # radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly
1683 # the UTC offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
1684 # Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
1685 #
1686 # Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
1687 # Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
1688 # <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ
1689 # <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
1690 # expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,
1691 # and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
1692 # <http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html>
1693 # the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
1694 # Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
1695 #
1696 # All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970. Unless we can
1697 # come up with more definitive info about the timekeeping during the
1698 # war years it's probably best just do do the following for now:
1699 Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
1700 Link Europe/Oslo Atlantic/Jan_Mayen
1702 # Poland
1703 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1704 Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1705 Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1706 # Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks.
1707 Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
1708 # For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks.
1709 Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
1710 Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1711 # For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
1712 # Torun Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
1713 # <http://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1>
1714 # Thanks to Przemyslaw Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
1715 # He also gives these further references:
1716 # Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
1717 # Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>
1718 Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00s 1:00 S
1719 Rule Poland 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1720 Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
1721 Rule Poland 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1722 Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1723 Rule Poland 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1724 Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1725 Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1726 Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
1727 Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
1728 Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
1729 Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
1730 Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1731 Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1732 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1733 Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
1734 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
1735 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
1736 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
1737 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1738 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
1739 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977
1740 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988
1741 1:00 EU CE%sT
1743 # Portugal
1744 #
1745 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
1746 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1747 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1748 #
1749 # Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
1750 # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
1751 # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
1752 #
1753 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
1754 # IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
1755 # at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
1756 # IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
1757 # IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
1758 # Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
1759 # harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
1760 #
1761 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1762 # DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
1763 # done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
1764 # Go with Shanks.
1765 Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
1766 # Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1767 Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
1768 Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1769 Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1770 Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1771 Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1772 Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1773 Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1774 Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1775 Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1776 Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1777 Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1778 Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1779 Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1780 Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1781 Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1782 # Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks.
1783 Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1784 Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1785 # Shanks gives 1934 Apr 4; go with Whitman.
1786 Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1787 # Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks.
1788 Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1789 # Shanks gives 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
1790 Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1791 Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1792 # Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks.
1793 Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1794 Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1795 Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1796 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
1797 Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1798 Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1799 # Shanks gives 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
1800 Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
1801 Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
1802 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
1803 Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
1804 Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
1805 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
1806 Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M
1807 Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
1808 Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
1809 Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
1810 Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1811 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1812 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1813 # Shanks says DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
1814 # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks.
1815 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1816 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1817 Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
1818 Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
1819 Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
1820 Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1821 Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1822 Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1823 Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1824 Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1825 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1826 # Shanks says that the transition from LMT to WET occurred 1911-05-24;
1827 # Willett says 1912-01-01. Go with Willett.
1828 Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884
1829 -0:36:32 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 # Lisbon Mean Time
1830 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
1831 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
1832 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1833 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1834 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
1835 0:00 EU WE%sT
1836 Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
1837 -1:54:32 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time
1838 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time
1839 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1840 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1841 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
1842 -1:00 EU AZO%sT
1843 Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
1844 -1:07:36 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time
1845 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time
1846 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1847 0:00 EU WE%sT
1849 # Romania
1850 #
1851 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
1852 # <a href="http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html">
1853 # Nine O'clock</a> (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
1854 # 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
1855 # assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
1856 # the same year as Bulgaria.
1857 #
1858 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1859 Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1860 Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1861 Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
1862 Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
1863 Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1864 Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1865 Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1866 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1867 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1868 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1869 Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
1870 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1871 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
1872 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
1873 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
1874 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1875 2:00 EU EE%sT
1877 # Russia
1879 # From Paul Eggert (1999-11-12):
1880 # Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.
1881 # Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
1882 # are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks, except we follow
1883 # Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
1884 #
1885 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
1886 # But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
1887 # I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
1888 # as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
1889 # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
1890 #
1891 # From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
1892 # `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
1893 # UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
1894 # The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
1895 # (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
1896 #
1897 # From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):
1898 # According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
1899 # Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
1900 # still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
1901 #
1902 # For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
1903 # John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
1904 # News--often false--is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
1905 # time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
1906 # the rest of Russia for two weeks--even soldiers stationed here began
1907 # enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
1908 #
1909 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
1910 # There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
1911 # UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the
1912 # SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
1913 # until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
1914 # since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are
1915 # administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
1916 # remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
1917 #
1918 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1919 #
1920 # Kaliningradskaya oblast'.
1921 Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
1922 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1923 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946
1924 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1925 2:00 Russia EE%sT
1926 #
1927 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1928 # Respublika Adygeya, Arkhangel'skaya oblast', Astrakhanskaya oblast',
1929 # Belgorodskaya oblast', Bryanskaya oblast', Vladimirskaya oblast',
1930 # Volgogradskaya oblast', Vologodskaya oblast', Voronezhskaya oblast',
1931 # Respublika Dagestan, Ivanovskaya oblast', Respublika Ingushetiya,
1932 # Kabarbino-Balkarskaya Respublika, Respublika Kalmykiya,
1933 # Kalyzhskaya oblast', Respublika Karachaevo-Cherkessiya,
1934 # Respublika Kareliya, Kirovskaya oblast', Respublika Komi,
1935 # Kostromskaya oblast', Krasnodarskij kraj, Kurskaya oblast',
1936 # Leningradskaya oblast', Lipetskaya oblast', Respublika Marij El,
1937 # Respublika Mordoviya, Moskva, Moskovskaya oblast',
1938 # Murmanskaya oblast', Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug,
1939 # Nizhegorodskaya oblast', Novgorodskaya oblast', Orlovskaya oblast',
1940 # Penzenskaya oblast', Pskovskaya oblast', Rostovskaya oblast',
1941 # Ryazanskaya oblast', Sankt-Peterburg, Saratovskaya oblast',
1942 # Respublika Severnaya Osetiya, Smolenskaya oblast',
1943 # Stavropol'skij kraj, Tambovskaya oblast', Respublika Tatarstan,
1944 # Tverskaya oblast', Tyl'skaya oblast', Ul'yanovskaya oblast',
1945 # Chechenskaya Respublika, Chuvashskaya oblast',
1946 # Yaroslavskaya oblast'
1947 Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880
1948 2:30 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
1949 2:30:48 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
1950 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
1951 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1952 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1953 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1954 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD
1955 #
1956 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1957 # Samarskaya oblast', Udmyrtskaya respublika
1958 Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00
1959 3:00 - KUYT 1930 Jun 21 # Kuybyshev
1960 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1961 3:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1962 2:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1963 3:00 - KUYT 1991 Oct 20 3:00
1964 4:00 Russia SAM%sT # Samara Time
1965 #
1966 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1967 # Respublika Bashkortostan, Komi-Permyatskij avtonomnyj okrug,
1968 # Kurganskaya oblast', Orenburgskaya oblast', Permskaya oblast',
1969 # Sverdlovskaya oblast', Tyumenskaya oblast',
1970 # Khanty-Manskijskij avtonomnyj okrug, Chelyabinskaya oblast',
1971 # Yamalo-Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug.
1972 Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:24 - LMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00
1973 4:00 - SVET 1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time
1974 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1975 4:00 Russia SVE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1976 5:00 Russia YEK%sT # Yekaterinburg Time
1977 #
1978 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1979 # Respublika Altaj, Altajskij kraj, Omskaya oblast'.
1980 Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1919 Nov 14
1981 5:00 - OMST 1930 Jun 21 # Omsk TIme
1982 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1983 5:00 Russia OMS%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1984 6:00 Russia OMS%sT
1985 #
1986 # Novosibirskaya oblast'.
1987 Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00
1988 6:00 - NOVT 1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time
1989 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1990 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1991 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1993 May 23 # says Shanks
1992 6:00 Russia NOV%sT
1993 #
1994 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1995 # Kemerovskaya oblast', Krasnoyarskij kraj,
1996 # Tajmyrskij (Dolgano-Nenetskij) avtonomnyj okrug, Tomskaya oblast',
1997 # Respublika Tuva, Respublika Khakasiya, Evenkijskij avtonomnyj okrug.
1998 Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1920 Jan 6
1999 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
2000 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2001 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2002 7:00 Russia KRA%sT
2003 #
2004 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2005 # Respublika Buryatiya, Irkutskaya oblast',
2006 # Ust'-Ordynskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2007 Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880
2008 6:57:20 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
2009 7:00 - IRKT 1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time
2010 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2011 7:00 Russia IRK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2012 8:00 Russia IRK%sT
2013 #
2014 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2015 # Aginskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug, Amurskaya oblast',
2016 # [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya), Chitinskaya oblast'.
2017 # The Sakha districts are: Aldanskij, Amginskij, Anabarskij,
2018 # Bulunskij, Verkhnekolymskij, Verkhnevilyujskij, Vilyujskij, Gornyj,
2019 # Zhiganskij, Kobyajskij, Lenskij, Megino-Kangalasskij, Mirninskij,
2020 # Namskij, Nyurbinskij, Olenekskij, Olekminskij, Srednekolymskij,
2021 # Suntarskij, Tattinskij, Ust'-Aldanskij, Khangalasskij,
2022 # Churapchinskij, Eveno-Bytantajskij.
2023 Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2024 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2025 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2026 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2027 9:00 Russia YAK%sT
2028 #
2029 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2030 # Evrejskaya avtonomnaya oblast', Khabarovskij kraj, Primorskij kraj,
2031 # [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
2032 # The Sakha districts are: Verkhoyanskij, Tomponskij, Ust'-Majskij,
2033 # Ust'-Yanskij.
2034 Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1922 Nov 15
2035 9:00 - VLAT 1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time
2036 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2037 9:00 Russia VLA%sST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2038 10:00 Russia VLA%sT
2039 #
2040 # Sakhalinskaya oblast'.
2041 # The Zone name should be Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
2042 Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23
2043 9:00 - CJT 1938
2044 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 25
2045 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T.
2046 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2047 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
2048 10:00 Russia SAK%sT
2049 #
2050 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2051 # Magadanskaya oblast', Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
2052 # Probably also: Kuril Islands.
2053 # The Sakha districts are: Abyjskij, Allaikhovskij, Momskij,
2054 # Nizhnekolymskij, Ojmyakonskij.
2055 Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
2056 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
2057 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2058 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2059 11:00 Russia MAG%sT
2060 #
2061 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2062 # Kamchatskaya oblast', Koryakskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2063 #
2064 # The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
2065 Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10
2066 11:00 - PETT 1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time
2067 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2068 11:00 Russia PET%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2069 12:00 Russia PET%sT
2070 #
2071 # Chukotskij avtonomnyj okrug
2072 Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
2073 12:00 - ANAT 1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time
2074 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1982 Apr 1 0:00s
2075 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2076 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2077 12:00 Russia ANA%sT
2079 # Serbia and Montenegro
2080 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2081 Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
2082 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
2083 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s
2084 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
2085 # Metod Kozelj reports that the legal date of
2086 # transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
2087 # Shanks doesn't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.
2088 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
2089 1:00 EU CE%sT
2090 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
2091 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
2092 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia
2093 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
2095 # Slovakia
2096 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
2098 # Slovenia
2099 # see Serbia and Montenegro
2101 # Spain
2102 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2103 # For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; go with Shanks.
2104 Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2105 Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
2106 Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2107 Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2108 # Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks.
2109 Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2110 # Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks.
2111 Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
2112 Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
2113 # Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks.
2114 Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2115 Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
2116 Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
2117 Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
2118 # Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13; go with Shanks.
2119 Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2120 Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2121 Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2122 Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2123 Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2124 # Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks.
2125 Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
2126 Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S
2127 Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M
2128 Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S
2129 Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S
2130 Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S
2131 Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2132 Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
2133 Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 -
2134 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
2135 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
2136 Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
2137 Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2138 Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
2139 Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
2140 # The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
2141 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
2142 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2143 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
2144 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
2145 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2146 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
2147 Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2148 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2149 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
2150 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2151 Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901
2152 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30
2153 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
2154 1:00 EU CE%sT
2155 Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901
2156 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
2157 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
2158 0:00 - WET 1924
2159 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
2160 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
2161 1:00 - CET 1986
2162 1:00 EU CE%sT
2163 Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
2164 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time
2165 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
2166 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s
2167 0:00 EU WE%sT
2168 # IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
2169 # Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
2171 # Sweden
2173 # From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks:
2174 #
2175 # The law "Svensk forfattningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
2176 # From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
2177 # places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
2178 # three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
2179 # meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31.
2180 #
2181 # The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
2182 # eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the
2183 # national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
2184 #
2185 # About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
2186 # forfattningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
2187 # of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
2188 # the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
2189 # observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
2190 # from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
2191 # 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
2192 # in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
2193 #
2194 # 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk forfattningssamling 1916, no 124") states
2195 # that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
2196 # pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
2197 # Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
2198 #
2199 # The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
2200 # Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
2201 # not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
2202 # in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
2203 # "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
2204 # the Sok-button).
2205 #
2206 # (2001-05-13):
2207 #
2208 # I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
2209 # summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
2210 # 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some
2211 # people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
2212 # at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
2213 # hour before the event took place.
2214 #
2215 # Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
2217 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2218 Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1
2219 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time
2220 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00
2221 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 01:00
2222 1:00 - CET 1980
2223 1:00 EU CE%sT
2225 # Switzerland
2226 # From Howse:
2227 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
2228 # and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
2229 # mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
2230 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2231 # From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
2232 Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
2233 Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
2234 # From Shanks:
2235 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
2236 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
2237 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2238 Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12
2239 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
2240 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
2241 1:00 EU CE%sT
2243 # Turkey
2244 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2245 Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2246 Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2247 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
2248 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
2249 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
2250 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
2251 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
2252 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2253 # Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925; go with Shanks.
2254 Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
2255 Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2256 Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2257 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S
2258 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
2259 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S
2260 Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
2261 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
2262 # Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
2263 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2264 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S
2265 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2266 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2267 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2268 Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
2269 Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2270 Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
2271 Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S
2272 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
2273 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2274 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S
2275 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2276 Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
2277 Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2278 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
2279 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2280 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S
2281 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
2282 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
2283 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
2284 Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
2285 Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
2286 Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2287 Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
2288 Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
2289 Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S
2290 Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
2291 Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S
2292 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S
2293 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
2294 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S
2295 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2296 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2297 Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
2298 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
2299 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15
2300 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time
2301 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1986
2302 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
2303 2:00 EU EE%sT
2304 Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
2306 # Ukraine
2307 #
2308 # From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukranian Ministry of Justice,
2309 # via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
2310 # BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's goverment
2311 # regulations number 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
2312 # "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
2313 # of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
2314 # October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
2316 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2317 # Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
2318 Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
2319 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time
2320 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2321 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20
2322 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6
2323 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2324 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2325 2:00 - EET 1992
2326 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2327 2:00 EU EE%sT
2328 # Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
2329 Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct
2330 1:00 - CET 1940
2331 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
2332 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26
2333 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29
2334 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2335 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2336 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00
2337 2:00 - EET 1992
2338 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2339 2:00 EU EE%sT
2340 # Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
2341 # Zaporozh'ye has an apostrophe, but Posix file names can't have apostrophes.
2342 Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880
2343 2:20 - CUT 1924 May 2 # Central Ukraine T
2344 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2345 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25
2346 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25
2347 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00
2348 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2349 2:00 EU EE%sT
2350 # Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
2351 Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2352 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T
2353 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2354 3:00 - MSK 1941 Nov
2355 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13
2356 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2357 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2358 2:00 - EET 1992
2359 # From Paul Eggert (1999-11-12):
2360 # The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
2361 # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2362 # Shanks says ``date of change uncertain'', but implies that it happened
2363 # sometime between the 1994 DST switches. For now, guess it changed in May.
2364 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
2365 # From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2366 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 3:00s
2367 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s
2368 # IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
2369 # Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
2370 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997
2371 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
2372 2:00 EU EE%sT
2374 ###############################################################################
2376 # One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
2377 # the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
2378 # The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
2379 #
2380 # According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
2381 # uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
2382 # Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
2383 # 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
2384 # switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
2385 # and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
2387 # ...
2388 # Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
2389 # From: Tom Hofmann
2390 # ...
2391 #
2392 # ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
2393 # most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only
2394 # a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
2395 # to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
2396 # 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
2397 # years...
2398 # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
2399 # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
2400 # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
2401 # lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
2402 #
2403 # Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
2404 # Soviet Union (as far as I know).
2405 #
2406 # Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
2407 # 4002 Basle, Switzerland
2408 # ...
2410 # ...
2411 # Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
2412 # From: Dik T. Winter
2413 # ...
2414 #
2415 # The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
2416 # After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
2417 # about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
2418 #
2419 # ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
2420 # first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
2421 # In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
2422 # the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
2423 # the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
2424 # the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
2425 # dates...
2426 #
2427 # It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
2428 # Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
2429 # Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
2430 # all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
2431 # occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
2432 # assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
2433 # case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
2434 # in advance of normal time.
2435 #
2436 # ...
2437 # dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
2438 # ...
2440 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
2441 # ...
2442 # Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
2443 # Since 1978. Change at midnight.
2444 # ...
2445 # Monaco: has same DST as France.
2446 # ...