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1 # @(#)europe 7.92
3 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
4 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
5 # tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
7 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-10-29):
8 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
9 # Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (5th edition),
10 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1999).
11 #
12 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source
13 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
14 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
15 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
16 # of the IATA's data after 1990.
17 #
18 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks is the source for entries through 1991,
19 # and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
20 #
21 # Other sources occasionally used include:
22 #
23 # Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
24 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
25 # which I found in the UCLA library.
26 #
27 # <a href="http://www.pettswoodvillage.co.uk/Daylight_Savings_William_Willett.pdf">
28 # William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
29 # </a> (1914-03)
30 #
31 # Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH),
32 # <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm">
33 # History of Summer Time
34 # </a> (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
36 #
37 # I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
38 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
39 # Corrections are welcome!
40 # std dst 2dst
41 # LMT Local Mean Time
42 # -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic
43 # -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland*
44 # -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
45 # 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer
46 # 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
47 # 0:00 WET WEST WEMT Western Europe
48 # 0:19:32.13 AMT NST Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)*
49 # 0:20 NET NEST Netherlands (1937-1940)*
50 # 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
51 # 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)*
52 # 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
53 # 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow
54 #
55 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
56 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
58 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-12-04),
59 # The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
60 # Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
61 # Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
62 # Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
63 # Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
64 # Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
65 # entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
66 # on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
67 # referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
68 # Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
69 # ...
70 # Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
71 # I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
72 # ...
73 # There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
74 # A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
75 # national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
76 # different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
77 # in the Directive.
80 ###############################################################################
82 # Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
84 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-07-06):
85 #
86 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
87 # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
88 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
89 # of the text said:
90 #
91 # `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
92 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
93 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
94 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
95 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
96 # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
97 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
98 #
99 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
100 # position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should
101 # be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
102 #
103 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
105 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-11-18):
106 #
107 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
108 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
109 # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
110 # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
111 # and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
112 # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
113 # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
114 # (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
115 # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
116 # adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
117 # The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
118 # and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
119 # railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
120 # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
121 # on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
122 # one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
123 # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
124 # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
125 # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
126 # of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
127 #
128 # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
129 # transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much
130 # about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
132 # From Paul Eggert (2003-09-27):
133 # Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
134 # a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
135 # who circulated a pamphlet ``The Waste of Daylight'' (1907)
136 # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
137 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
138 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
139 # but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
140 # Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
141 # it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
142 # See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
143 # A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
144 # a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
145 # subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith,
146 # designed by G. W. Miller, is the the William Willett Memorial Sundial,
147 # which is permanently set to Summer Time.
149 # From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
150 # It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
151 # summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
152 # between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
153 # plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
154 # foundations of civilization throughout the world.
155 # -- <a href="http://www.winstonchurchill.org/fh114willett.htm">
156 # "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly
157 # </a>
159 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
160 # The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving''
161 # when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
162 # term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
163 # proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''.
165 # From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
166 #
167 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
168 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
170 # Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
171 # From: Jonathan Leffler <nih-csl!uunet!mcvax!sphinx.co.uk!john>
172 # [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
173 # If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
174 # politics making a fortune, not computing.
176 # From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-06-14):
177 # I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
178 # acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
179 # time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
180 # if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
182 # From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
183 # ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
184 # main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
185 # agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
187 # From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
188 # On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
189 # Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
190 # official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
191 # but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
192 # Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
193 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
194 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ho-19410421.png
196 # From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
197 # [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
198 # which is to be introduced in May....
199 # I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
200 # which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
202 # From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
203 # Howse writes (p 157) `DBST' too, but `BDST' seems to have been common
204 # and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
205 # so we use `BDST'.
207 # Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1998-04-19) described at length
208 # the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
209 # Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers <jsm28@cam.ac.uk> has been updating
210 # and extending this list, which can be found in
211 # <a href="http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/">
212 # History of legal time in Britain
213 # </a>
215 # From Joseph S. Myers <jsm28@cam.ac.uk> (1998-01-06):
216 #
217 # The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
218 # see Lord Tanlaw's speech
219 # <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0">
220 # (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976)
221 # </a>.
223 # From Paul Eggert (2001-07-18):
224 #
225 # For lack of other data, we'll follow Shanks for Eire in 1940-1948.
226 #
227 # Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks are incorrect:
228 # * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
229 # 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
230 # Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
231 # * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
232 # It actually just had one transition.
233 # * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
234 # Actually, it conformed to Britain.
235 # * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
236 # Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
237 # Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
238 #
239 # Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks:
240 # * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
241 # to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
242 # conform with Great Britain.
243 # S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
244 #
245 # The following claim by Shanks is possible though doubtful;
246 # we'll ignore it for now.
247 # * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
248 #
249 #
250 # Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than Shanks.
251 # Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
252 # (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
253 # to London. For example:
254 #
255 # "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time."
256 # -- James Joyce, Ulysses
258 # From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
259 # Irish laws are available online at www.irishstatutebook.ie. These include
260 # various relating to legal time, for example:
261 #
262 # ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
263 #
264 # ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
265 # ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
266 #
267 # ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
268 # ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
269 # ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
270 #
271 # ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
272 # ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
273 # ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
274 #
275 # [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
276 # <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]
277 #
278 # (These are those I found, but there could be more. In any case these
279 # should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover
280 # the laws applicable in Ireland.)
281 #
282 # (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined
283 # in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it
284 # is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time
285 # being GMT+1.)
287 # From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
288 # Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
289 # reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
290 # (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
291 # Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
292 # trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
293 # and Frethun run in CT.
294 # My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
295 # the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
296 # and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
297 # If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
298 # I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
299 # This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
301 # From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
302 # The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
303 # which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
304 # Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
305 # regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
306 # Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
307 # "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
309 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
310 # Summer Time Act, 1916
311 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
312 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
313 # S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
314 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
315 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
316 # S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
317 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
318 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
319 # S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
320 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
321 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
322 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
323 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
324 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
325 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
326 # S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
327 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
328 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
329 # S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
330 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
331 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
332 # The Summer Time Act, 1922
333 Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
334 Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
335 Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
336 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
337 # The Summer Time Act, 1925
338 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
339 Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
340 Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
341 Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
342 Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
343 Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
344 Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
345 Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
346 Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
347 Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
348 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
349 # S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
350 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
351 # S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
352 Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST
353 # S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
354 Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
355 Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
356 # S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
357 Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
358 # S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
359 Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
360 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
361 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
362 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
363 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
364 Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
365 Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
366 # The Summer Time Act, 1947
367 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
368 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
369 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
370 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
371 # Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
372 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
373 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT
374 # Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
375 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
376 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT
377 # Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
378 # Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
379 # Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
380 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
381 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
382 # revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
383 Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
384 Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
385 Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
386 Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
387 Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
388 Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
389 Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
390 # Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
391 # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
392 # Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
393 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
394 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
395 # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
396 # Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
397 # Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
398 Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
399 # Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
400 Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
401 # The British Standard Time Act, 1968
402 # (no summer time)
403 # The Summer Time Act, 1972
404 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
405 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
406 # Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
407 # Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
408 # Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
409 # Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
410 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
411 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
412 # Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
413 # Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
414 # Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
415 Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
416 # Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
417 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
419 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
420 Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1
421 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
422 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
423 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
424 0:00 EU GMT/BST
425 Zone Europe/Belfast -0:23:40 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
426 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin/Dunsink MT
427 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s # Irish Summer Time
428 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
429 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
430 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
431 0:00 EU GMT/BST
432 Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
433 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00
434 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
435 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
436 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
437 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
438 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
439 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
440 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
441 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
442 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
443 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
444 0:00 EU GMT/IST
446 ###############################################################################
448 # Continental Europe
450 # EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
451 # Common Market, etc.
453 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
454 Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
455 Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
456 Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
457 Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
458 Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
459 Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
460 # The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
461 # <a href="http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/lif/dat/2000/en_300L0084.html"
462 # Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
463 # of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
464 # </a>
466 # W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
467 Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
468 Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
469 Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
470 Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
471 Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
472 Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
474 # Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
475 # From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
476 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
477 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
478 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
479 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
480 Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
481 Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
482 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
483 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
484 Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
485 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
486 Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
487 Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
488 Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
489 Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
490 Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
491 Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
492 Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
494 # E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
495 Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
496 Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
497 Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
498 Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
499 Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
500 Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
502 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
503 Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
504 Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
505 Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
506 Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST
507 Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
508 Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S
509 Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 -
510 Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
511 Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
512 Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S
513 Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
514 # Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
515 Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
516 Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
517 # Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
518 # Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
519 Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
520 Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
521 #
522 Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S
523 Rule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 -
524 Rule Russia 1993 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
525 Rule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
526 Rule Russia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
528 # These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
530 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
531 Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
532 Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
533 Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
534 Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
536 # Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
537 # for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
539 # From Markus Kuhn <mskuhn@unrza3.dialin.rrze.uni-erlangen.de> (1996-07-12):
540 # The official German names ... are
541 #
542 # Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
543 # Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
544 #
545 # as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
546 # 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
547 # I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
548 #
549 # Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
550 # Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
551 # Postfach 3345
552 # D-38023 Braunschweig
553 # phone: +49 531 592-0
554 #
555 # ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
556 # department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
557 # PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
558 #
559 # Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
560 # Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
563 # Albania
564 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
565 Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
566 Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
567 Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
568 Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
569 Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
570 Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
571 Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
572 Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
573 Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
574 Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
575 Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
576 Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
577 Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
578 Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
579 Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
580 Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
581 Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
582 Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
583 Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
584 Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
585 Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
586 Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
587 Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
588 Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
589 Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
590 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
591 Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
592 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
593 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
594 1:00 EU CE%sT
596 # Andorra
597 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
598 Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
599 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
600 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
601 1:00 EU CE%sT
603 # Austria
605 # From Paul Eggert (2003-02-28): Shanks gives 1918-06-16 and
606 # 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
607 # Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
608 # date of 1945-04-12 with no time. For the 1980-04-06 transition
609 # Shanks gives 02:00, the BEV 00:00. Go with the BEV, and guess 02:00
610 # for 1945-04-12.
612 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
613 Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
614 Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
615 Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
616 Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
617 Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
618 Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
619 Rule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S
620 Rule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
621 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
622 Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr
623 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920
624 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s
625 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
626 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s
627 1:00 - CET 1946
628 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
629 1:00 EU CE%sT
631 # Belarus
632 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
633 Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
634 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
635 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
636 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
637 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
638 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
639 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
640 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
641 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00s
642 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00s
643 2:00 Russia EE%sT
645 # Belgium
646 #
647 # From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
648 # Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
649 # Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
650 # Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991
651 # (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
652 # pp 8-9.
653 # LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
654 # Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
655 # Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie <pascal@belnet.be> for these references.
656 # The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
657 # Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
658 #
659 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
660 Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
661 Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
662 Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
663 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
664 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
665 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
666 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
667 Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
668 Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
669 Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
670 Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
671 Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
672 # DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
673 # Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
674 # to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
675 # changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
676 Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
677 Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
678 Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
679 Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
680 Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
681 Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
682 Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
683 Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
684 Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
685 Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
686 Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
687 Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
688 Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
689 Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
690 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
691 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
692 Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S
693 Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
694 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
695 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
696 Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
697 Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
698 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
699 Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
700 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
701 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
702 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
703 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
704 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
705 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
706 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
707 1:00 EU CE%sT
709 # Bosnia and Herzegovina
710 # see Serbia and Montenegro
712 # Bulgaria
713 #
714 # From Plamen Simenov <P.Simeonov@cnsys.bg> via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
715 # A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says:
716 # EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
717 # EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
718 #
719 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
720 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
721 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
722 Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat<=7 23:00 1:00 S
723 Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
724 Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
725 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
726 Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
727 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
728 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
729 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 3:00
730 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
731 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00
732 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
733 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
734 2:00 EU EE%sT
736 # Croatia
737 # see Serbia and Montenegro
739 # Cyprus
740 # Please see the `asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
742 # Czech Republic
743 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
744 Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
745 Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
746 Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
747 Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
748 Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S
749 Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
750 Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
751 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
752 Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
753 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
754 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
755 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
756 1:00 EU CE%sT
758 # Denmark, Faeroe Islands, and Greenland
759 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
760 Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
761 Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
762 Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
763 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
764 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
765 Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
766 Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
767 Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
768 Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
769 Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
770 Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
771 # Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 to 1949 Oct 1, and disagrees in minor ways
772 # about many of the above dates; go with Shanks.
773 #
774 # For 1894, Shanks says Jan, Whitman Apr; go with Whitman.
775 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
776 Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
777 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Apr # Copenhagen Mean Time
778 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
779 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
780 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
781 1:00 EU CE%sT
782 Zone Atlantic/Faeroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn
783 0:00 - WET 1981
784 0:00 EU WE%sT
785 #
786 # From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
787 # During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
788 # East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
789 # My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
790 #
791 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
792 # Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
793 # and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
794 # rules at least through 1984. Shanks says Scoresbysund and Godthab
795 # used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
796 # rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
798 # From Gwillin Law (2001-06-06), citing
799 # <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
800 # and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
801 #
802 # Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
803 # is according to the following time line:
804 #
805 # The military zone near Thule UTC-4
806 # Standard Greenland time UTC-3
807 # Scoresbysund UTC-1
808 # Danmarkshavn UTC
809 #
810 # In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
811 # introduced.
813 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
814 #
815 # I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
816 # the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have
817 # not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have
818 # info from earlier correspondence.]
819 #
820 # According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
821 # Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
822 # savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
823 #
824 # The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
825 # uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
826 # There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
827 # Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
828 # email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
829 # Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
830 # DPC research station at Zackenberg.
831 #
832 # Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
833 # the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthab).
834 #
835 # The rest of Greenland, including Godthab (this area, although it
836 # includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
837 # UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
838 #
839 # It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
840 # North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
841 # maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of
842 # this area is that it sticks with Godthab time. This area might be
843 # considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
845 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
846 # I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
847 # there at 2:00 AM.
849 # From Paul Eggert (2001-11-19):
850 # The 1997 CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT; the 1995 map as like Godthab.
851 # For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthab before 1996.
852 # startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
853 # so go with Shanks for all Thule transitions.
854 #
855 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
856 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
857 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
858 Rule Thule 1993 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
859 Rule Thule 1993 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
860 #
861 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
862 Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
863 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
864 -3:00 EU WG%sT 1996
865 0:00 - GMT
866 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
867 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
868 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29
869 -1:00 EU EG%sT
870 Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
871 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
872 -3:00 EU WG%sT
873 Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
874 -4:00 Thule A%sT
876 # Estonia
877 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-10-15):
878 # A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
879 # [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
880 # a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
881 #
882 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1996-10-28):
883 # [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
884 # but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
885 # ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
886 # (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
887 # conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
888 # A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
889 # human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
890 # summer time next spring.''
892 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
893 # <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390">
894 # The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
895 # </a>
896 # refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
897 # the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120).
898 #
899 # I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
900 # for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
901 # (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
903 # From <a href="http://www.baltictimes.com/">The Baltic Times</a> (1999-09-09)
904 # via Steffen Thorsen:
905 # This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
906 # a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
907 # But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
908 # Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
909 # for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
910 # after that.
912 # From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
913 # Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
914 # no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
915 # the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
917 # From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
918 # The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
919 # Now we are using again EU rules.
920 #
921 # From Urmet Jaanes (2002-03-28):
922 # The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
924 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
925 Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
926 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
927 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
928 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
929 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
930 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
931 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
932 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
933 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
934 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
935 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Nov 1
936 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21
937 2:00 EU EE%sT
939 # Finland
940 #
941 # From Hannu Strang <chs@apu.fi> (25 Sep 1994 06:03:37 UTC):
942 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
943 # and it's supposed to change at 4am...
944 #
945 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (25 Sep 1994):
946 # Shanks says Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time since 1981.
947 # Go with Strang instead.
948 #
949 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
950 Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
951 Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
952 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
953 Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31
954 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
955 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00
956 2:00 EU EE%sT
958 # Aaland Is
959 Link Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn
962 # France
964 # From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
965 #
966 # Henri Le Corre, Regimes Horaires pour le monde entier, Editions
967 # Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
968 #
969 # Gabriel, Traite de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Tredaniel editeur,
970 # Paris, 1991
971 #
972 # Francoise Gauquelin, Problemes de l'heure resolus en astrologie,
973 # Guy tredaniel, Paris 1987
976 #
977 # Shanks seems to use `24:00' ambiguously; we resolve it with Whitman.
978 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
979 Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
980 Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
981 Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
982 Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
983 Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
984 Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
985 Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
986 Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
987 Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
988 Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
989 # DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
990 # Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
991 # were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks.
992 Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
993 Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
994 Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
995 Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
996 Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
997 Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
998 Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
999 Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1000 Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
1001 Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1002 Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1003 Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1004 Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1005 Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1006 Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1007 Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1008 Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1009 Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1010 Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1011 Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1012 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks writes
1013 # that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
1014 # Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez,
1015 # Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La
1016 # Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Decartes,
1017 # Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
1018 # Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois,
1019 # Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collognes (Haute-Savioe).
1020 Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1021 # Shanks says this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
1022 # but go with Denis.Excoffier@ens.fr (1997-12-12),
1023 # who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
1024 # as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
1025 Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
1026 Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
1027 Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
1028 Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
1029 Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
1030 Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
1031 Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
1032 Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M
1033 Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1034 # Shanks gives Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
1035 # go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
1036 Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
1037 Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
1038 # Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman gives 0:09:05,
1039 # but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1040 # Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1041 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1042 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1043 Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1044 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT
1045 # Shanks gives 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
1046 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
1047 # Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
1048 # go with Shanks.
1049 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1050 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1051 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1052 1:00 EU CE%sT
1054 # Germany
1056 # From Markus Kuhn <Markus.Kuhn@cl.cam.ac.uk> (1998-09-29):
1057 # The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1058 # Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1059 # [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
1061 # From Joerg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1062 # In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by <a
1063 # href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/">
1064 # General [Nikolai] Bersarin</a>.
1066 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
1067 # <a href="http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf">
1068 # says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
1069 # However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
1070 # this was equivalent to CEMT (GMT+3), not GMT+4.
1073 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1074 Rule Germany 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1075 Rule Germany 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1076 Rule Germany 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S
1077 Rule Germany 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1078 Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1079 Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1080 Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1081 Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
1082 Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
1083 Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
1084 Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1085 Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1086 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1087 Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1088 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1089 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
1090 1:00 EU CE%sT
1092 # Georgia
1093 # Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
1094 # Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
1095 # is in Europe. Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.
1097 # Gibraltar
1098 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1099 Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
1100 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1101 1:00 - CET 1982
1102 1:00 EU CE%sT
1104 # Greece
1105 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1106 # Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks.
1107 Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
1108 Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1109 # Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks.
1110 Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
1111 # Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks.
1112 Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1113 Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
1114 Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1115 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1116 Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1117 Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1118 Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
1119 Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1120 Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
1121 Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1122 Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1123 Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1124 Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1125 Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
1126 Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1127 Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1128 Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1129 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1130 Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1131 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1132 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
1133 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
1134 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
1135 # Shanks says they switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1136 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1137 2:00 EU EE%sT
1139 # Hungary
1140 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1141 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
1142 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 -
1143 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
1144 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 -
1145 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S
1146 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
1147 Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
1148 Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 -
1149 Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1150 Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1151 Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1152 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1153 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1154 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1155 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1156 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1157 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1158 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
1159 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1160 Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
1161 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1162 Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1163 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1164 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00
1165 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 1 23:00
1166 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1167 1:00 EU CE%sT
1169 # Iceland
1170 #
1171 # From Adam David <adam@veda.is> (1993-11-06):
1172 # The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1173 #
1174 # (1993-12-05):
1175 # This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1176 # Iceland Almanak.
1177 #
1178 # From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1179 # behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1180 # of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1181 # was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1182 #
1183 # "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1184 # of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1185 # time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1186 # Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1187 #
1188 # (1993-12-10):
1189 # I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1190 # beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1191 # to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1192 # the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1193 # (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1194 # St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1195 # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1196 # might mean something else (???).
1197 #
1198 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-10-29):
1199 # The Iceland Almanak, Shanks and Whitman disagree on many points.
1200 # We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks, namely that
1201 # Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
1202 #
1203 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1204 Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
1205 Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1206 Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1207 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S
1208 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 -
1209 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1210 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 -
1211 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1212 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 -
1213 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S
1214 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 -
1215 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1216 Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1217 Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1218 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1219 Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1220 # 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
1221 Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1222 Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1223 Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1224 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1225 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837
1226 -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
1227 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1228 0:00 - GMT
1230 # Italy
1231 #
1232 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1233 # Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1234 # called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1235 # During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1236 # But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1237 # so record only the time in Rome.
1238 #
1239 # From Paul Eggert (1996-05-06):
1240 # For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks, Whitman, and F. Pollastri
1241 # <a href="http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html">
1242 # Day-light Saving Time in Italy (1996-03-14)
1243 # </a>
1244 # (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
1245 # publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1246 #
1247 # year FP Shanks (S) Whitman (W) Go with:
1248 # 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W
1249 # 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1250 # 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S
1251 # 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W
1252 # 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S
1253 # 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W
1254 # 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S
1255 # 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1256 # 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S
1257 # 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1258 # 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur)
1259 # 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1260 # 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1261 # 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S
1262 # 09-20 09-27 00:00 S
1263 #
1264 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1265 Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
1266 Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1267 Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1268 Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1269 Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S
1270 Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1271 Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S
1272 Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1273 Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 -
1274 Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S
1275 Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 -
1276 Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
1277 Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 -
1278 Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1279 Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1280 Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S
1281 Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1282 Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1283 Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1284 Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1285 Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 -
1286 Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1287 Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S
1288 Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1289 Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1290 Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1291 Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1292 Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S
1293 Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1294 Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S
1295 Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1296 Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1297 Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1298 Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1299 Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1300 Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1301 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1302 Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1303 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov # Rome Mean Time
1304 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1305 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul
1306 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1307 1:00 EU CE%sT
1309 Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1310 Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1312 # Latvia
1314 # From Liene Kanepe <Liene_Kanepe@lm.gov.lv> (1998-09-17):
1316 # I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1317 # of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1318 # correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1319 # changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1320 #
1321 # Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1322 # according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1323 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1324 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1325 # and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
1326 #
1327 # Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
1328 # according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
1329 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1330 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1331 # (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1332 # September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1333 #
1334 # Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1335 # according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1336 # ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1337 # Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1338 # time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1339 # transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1340 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of
1341 # daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1342 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1343 # 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1344 #
1345 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1346 # 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1347 # daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1349 # From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
1350 # This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
1351 # <a href="http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm">
1352 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
1353 # 29-Feb-2000 (#79)</a>, in Latvian for subscribers only).
1355 # <a href="http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html">
1356 # From RFE/RL Newsline (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1357 # </a>
1358 # The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
1359 # institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
1360 # Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
1361 # clocks one hour in the spring....
1362 # Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvitis noted that Latvia had too few
1363 # daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
1364 # Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
1365 # time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
1366 # urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
1367 # appears that they will not do so....
1369 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1370 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1371 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1372 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1373 Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880
1374 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
1375 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
1376 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1377 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1378 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11
1379 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1380 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul
1381 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
1382 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1383 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1384 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
1385 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29
1386 2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2
1387 2:00 EU EE%sT
1389 # Liechtenstein
1390 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1391 Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun
1392 1:00 - CET 1981
1393 1:00 EU CE%sT
1395 # Lithuania
1397 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1398 # IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1399 # known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1401 # From Marius Gedminas <mgedmin@pub.osf.lt> (1998-08-07):
1402 # I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1403 # (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1405 # From <a href="http://www.elta.lt/">ELTA</a> No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29),
1406 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1407 # Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1408 # to be valid here starting from October 31,
1409 # as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1410 # The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1411 # motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1412 # already done by Estonia.
1414 # From the <a href="http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm">
1415 # Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1416 # </a> (2000-03-27): Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1418 # From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
1419 # As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
1420 # observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
1421 # down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
1422 # neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
1423 # 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
1424 # http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
1427 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1428 Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1429 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1430 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1431 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1432 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1433 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1434 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1435 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1436 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1437 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1438 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998
1439 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u
1440 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u
1441 2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1
1442 2:00 EU EE%sT
1444 # Luxembourg
1445 # Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; go with Shanks.
1446 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1447 Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1448 Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1449 Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
1450 Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1451 Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1452 Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1453 Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
1454 Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1455 Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
1456 Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1457 Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
1458 Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1459 Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
1460 Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1461 Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
1462 Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1463 Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
1464 Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1465 Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1466 Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
1467 Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
1468 Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
1469 Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
1470 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1471 Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1472 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
1473 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1474 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
1475 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1476 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1477 1:00 EU CE%sT
1479 # Macedonia
1480 # see Serbia and Montenegro
1482 # Malta
1483 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1484 Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1485 Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1486 Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1487 Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1488 Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
1489 Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1490 Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1491 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1492 Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 # Valletta
1493 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1494 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1495 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1496 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1497 1:00 EU CE%sT
1499 # Moldova
1501 # From Paul Eggert (2001-02-11):
1502 # A previous version of this database followed Shanks, who writes that
1503 # Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1504 # However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1505 # on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1506 # In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1507 # and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1508 # But moldavizolit@tirastel.md and mk@tirastel.md separately reported via
1509 # Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1510 # The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1512 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1513 Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
1514 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1515 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1516 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
1517 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
1518 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
1519 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
1520 3:00 - MSK 1990 May 6
1521 2:00 - EET 1991
1522 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
1523 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1524 # See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1525 2:00 EU EE%sT
1527 # Monaco
1528 # Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's more precise 0:09:21.
1529 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1530 Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1531 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1532 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1533 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1534 1:00 EU CE%sT
1536 # Netherlands
1538 # Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1539 # but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1541 # However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
1542 # Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
1543 # Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
1544 # the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
1545 # (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
1546 # common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
1547 # not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
1548 # On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
1549 # was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
1550 #
1551 # (2001-04-08):
1552 # 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
1553 # observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
1554 # practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
1555 #
1556 # (2001-04-09):
1557 # In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
1558 # municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
1559 # Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
1560 # actually followed.
1561 #
1562 # From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
1563 # observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
1564 # Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
1565 # places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
1566 # adopted Amsterdam mean time.
1567 #
1568 # Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
1569 # of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
1570 # was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
1571 # Amsterdam mean time.
1573 # The data before 1945 are taken from
1574 # <http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm>.
1576 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1577 Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
1578 Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
1579 Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1580 Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1581 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1582 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT
1583 Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1584 Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1585 Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1586 Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1587 Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1588 # From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
1589 # in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
1590 Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1591 Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1592 Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1593 Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1594 Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1595 Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
1596 Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1597 Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1598 Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1599 #
1600 # Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted
1601 # below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
1602 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1603 Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835
1604 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1
1605 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time
1606 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1607 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
1608 1:00 EU CE%sT
1610 # Norway
1611 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1612 # Whitman gives 1916 May 21 - 1916 Oct 21; go with Shanks.
1613 Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
1614 Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1615 # Whitman says DST observed 1935-08-11/1942-11-01, then 1943-03-29/10-04,
1616 # 1944-04-03/10-02, and 1945-04-01/10-01; go with Shanks.
1617 Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1618 Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1619 Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1620 Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1621 Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1622 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1623 Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1
1624 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1625 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1626 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
1627 1:00 EU CE%sT
1629 # Svalbard & Jan Mayen
1631 # From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
1632 # Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
1633 # Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
1634 # time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared
1635 # as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
1636 # Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
1637 # http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html and
1638 # http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html). The law/regulation
1639 # for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
1640 # into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
1641 # part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
1642 # http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html ) I have not been
1643 # able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
1644 # before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabitated" since 1921 by
1645 # Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
1646 # since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
1647 # before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
1648 # between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
1650 # From Paul Eggert (2001-05-01):
1651 #
1652 # Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
1653 # so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
1654 # keeping Berlin time.
1655 #
1656 # <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
1657 # burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
1658 # 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
1659 # frequent air ttacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a
1660 # radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly
1661 # the UTC offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
1662 # Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
1663 #
1664 # Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
1665 # Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
1666 # <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ
1667 # <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
1668 # expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,
1669 # and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
1670 # <http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html>
1671 # the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
1672 # Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
1673 #
1674 # All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970. Unless we can
1675 # come up with more definitive info about the timekeeping during the
1676 # war years it's probably best just do do the following for now:
1677 Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
1678 Link Europe/Oslo Atlantic/Jan_Mayen
1680 # Poland
1681 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1682 Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1683 Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1684 # Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks.
1685 Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
1686 # For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks.
1687 Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
1688 Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1689 Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00 1:00 S
1690 Rule Poland 1946 only - Sep 7 0:00 0 -
1691 Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
1692 Rule Poland 1947 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
1693 Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
1694 # Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 - 1949 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
1695 Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1696 Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1697 Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
1698 Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
1699 Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
1700 Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
1701 Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May Sun>=25 1:00s 1:00 S
1702 Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1703 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1704 Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
1705 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
1706 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
1707 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
1708 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1709 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
1710 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977 Apr 3 1:00
1711 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1999
1712 # IATA SSIM (1991/1996) gives EU rules, but the _The Warsaw Voice_
1713 # <a href="http://www.warsawvoice.com.pl/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml">
1714 # http://www.warsawvoice.com/pl/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml (1995-09-24)
1715 # </a>
1716 # says the autumn 1995 switch was at 02:00.
1717 # Stick with W-Eur for now.
1718 #
1719 # From Marcin.Kasperski@softax.com.pl (1999-06-10):
1720 # According to my colleagues someone recently decided, that Poland would
1721 # follow European Union regulations, so - I think - the matter is not
1722 # worth further discussion.
1723 #
1724 # From Paul Eggert (1999-06-10):
1725 # Kasperski also writes that the government futzed with the rules in 1997
1726 # or 1998 but he doesn't remember the details. Assume they switched to
1727 # EU rules in 1999.
1728 1:00 EU CE%sT
1730 # Portugal
1731 #
1732 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro <rps@inescca.inescc.pt> (1992-11-12):
1733 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1734 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1735 #
1736 # Martin Bruckmann <martin@ua.pt> (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
1737 # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
1738 # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
1739 #
1740 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
1741 # IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
1742 # at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
1743 # IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
1744 # IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
1745 # Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
1746 # harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
1747 #
1748 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1749 # DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
1750 # done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
1751 # Go with Shanks.
1752 Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
1753 # Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1754 Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
1755 Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1756 Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1757 Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1758 Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1759 Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1760 Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1761 Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1762 Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1763 Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1764 Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1765 Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1766 Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1767 Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1768 Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1769 # Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks.
1770 Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1771 Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1772 # Shanks gives 1934 Apr 4; go with Whitman.
1773 Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1774 # Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks.
1775 Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1776 # Shanks gives 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
1777 Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1778 Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1779 # Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks.
1780 Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1781 Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1782 Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1783 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
1784 Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1785 Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1786 # Shanks gives 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
1787 Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
1788 Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
1789 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
1790 Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
1791 Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
1792 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
1793 Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M
1794 Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
1795 Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
1796 Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
1797 Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1798 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1799 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1800 # Shanks says DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
1801 # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks.
1802 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1803 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1804 Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
1805 Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
1806 Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
1807 Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1808 Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1809 Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1810 Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1811 Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1812 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1813 # Shanks says that the transition from LMT to WET occurred 1911-05-24;
1814 # Willett says 1912-01-01. Go with Willett.
1815 Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884
1816 -0:36:32 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 # Lisbon Mean Time
1817 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
1818 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
1819 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1820 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1821 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
1822 0:00 EU WE%sT
1823 Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
1824 -1:54:32 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time
1825 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time
1826 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1827 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1828 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
1829 -1:00 EU AZO%sT
1830 Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
1831 -1:07:36 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time
1832 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time
1833 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1834 0:00 EU WE%sT
1836 # Romania
1837 #
1838 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
1839 # <a href="http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html">
1840 # Nine O'clock</a> (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
1841 # 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
1842 # assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
1843 # the same year as Bulgaria.
1844 #
1845 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1846 Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1847 Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1848 Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
1849 Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
1850 Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1851 Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1852 Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1853 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1854 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1855 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1856 Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
1857 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1858 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
1859 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
1860 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
1861 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1862 2:00 EU EE%sT
1864 # Russia
1866 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-11-12):
1867 # Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.
1868 # Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
1869 # are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks, except we follow
1870 # Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
1871 #
1872 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski <S.A.Kuz@iae.nsk.su> (1994-06-29):
1873 # But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
1874 # I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
1875 # as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
1876 # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
1877 #
1878 # From Andrey A. Chernov <ache@nagual.ru> (1996-10-04):
1879 # `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
1880 # UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
1881 # The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
1882 # (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
1883 #
1884 # From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-10-30):
1885 # According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
1886 # Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
1887 # still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
1888 #
1889 # For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
1890 # John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
1891 # News--often false--is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
1892 # time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
1893 # the rest of Russia for two weeks--even soldiers stationed here began
1894 # enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
1895 #
1896 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
1897 # There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
1898 # UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the
1899 # SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
1900 # until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
1901 # since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are
1902 # administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
1903 # remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
1904 #
1905 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1906 #
1907 # Kaliningradskaya oblast'.
1908 Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
1909 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1910 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946
1911 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1912 2:00 Russia EE%sT
1913 #
1914 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1915 # Respublika Adygeya, Arkhangel'skaya oblast', Astrakhanskaya oblast',
1916 # Belgorodskaya oblast', Bryanskaya oblast', Vladimirskaya oblast',
1917 # Volgogradskaya oblast', Vologodskaya oblast', Voronezhskaya oblast',
1918 # Respublika Dagestan, Ivanovskaya oblast', Respublika Ingushetiya,
1919 # Kabarbino-Balkarskaya Respublika, Respublika Kalmykiya,
1920 # Kalyzhskaya oblast', Respublika Karachaevo-Cherkessiya,
1921 # Respublika Kareliya, Kirovskaya oblast', Respublika Komi,
1922 # Kostromskaya oblast', Krasnodarskij kraj, Kurskaya oblast',
1923 # Leningradskaya oblast', Lipetskaya oblast', Respublika Marij El,
1924 # Respublika Mordoviya, Moskva, Moskovskaya oblast',
1925 # Murmanskaya oblast', Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug,
1926 # Nizhegorodskaya oblast', Novgorodskaya oblast', Orlovskaya oblast',
1927 # Penzenskaya oblast', Pskovskaya oblast', Rostovskaya oblast',
1928 # Ryazanskaya oblast', Sankt-Peterburg, Saratovskaya oblast',
1929 # Respublika Severnaya Osetiya, Smolenskaya oblast',
1930 # Stavropol'skij kraj, Tambovskaya oblast', Respublika Tatarstan,
1931 # Tverskaya oblast', Tyl'skaya oblast', Ul'yanovskaya oblast',
1932 # Chechenskaya Respublika, Chuvashskaya oblast',
1933 # Yaroslavskaya oblast'
1934 Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880
1935 2:30 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
1936 2:30:48 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
1937 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
1938 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1939 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1940 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1941 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD
1942 #
1943 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1944 # Samarskaya oblast', Udmyrtskaya respublika
1945 Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00
1946 3:00 - KUYT 1930 Jun 21 # Kuybyshev
1947 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1948 3:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1949 2:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1950 3:00 - KUYT 1991 Oct 20 3:00
1951 4:00 Russia SAM%sT # Samara Time
1952 #
1953 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1954 # Respublika Bashkortostan, Komi-Permyatskij avtonomnyj okrug,
1955 # Kurganskaya oblast', Orenburgskaya oblast', Permskaya oblast',
1956 # Sverdlovskaya oblast', Tyumenskaya oblast',
1957 # Khanty-Manskijskij avtonomnyj okrug, Chelyabinskaya oblast',
1958 # Yamalo-Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug.
1959 Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:24 - LMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00
1960 4:00 - SVET 1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time
1961 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1962 4:00 Russia SVE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1963 5:00 Russia YEK%sT # Yekaterinburg Time
1964 #
1965 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1966 # Respublika Altaj, Altajskij kraj, Omskaya oblast'.
1967 Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1919 Nov 14
1968 5:00 - OMST 1930 Jun 21 # Omsk TIme
1969 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1970 5:00 Russia OMS%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1971 6:00 Russia OMS%sT
1972 #
1973 # Novosibirskaya oblast'.
1974 Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00
1975 6:00 - NOVT 1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time
1976 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1977 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1978 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1993 May 23 # says Shanks
1979 6:00 Russia NOV%sT
1980 #
1981 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1982 # Kemerovskaya oblast', Krasnoyarskij kraj,
1983 # Tajmyrskij (Dolgano-Nenetskij) avtonomnyj okrug, Tomskaya oblast',
1984 # Respublika Tuva, Respublika Khakasiya, Evenkijskij avtonomnyj okrug.
1985 Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1920 Jan 6
1986 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
1987 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1988 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1989 7:00 Russia KRA%sT
1990 #
1991 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1992 # Respublika Buryatiya, Irkutskaya oblast',
1993 # Ust'-Ordynskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug.
1994 Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880
1995 6:57:20 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
1996 7:00 - IRKT 1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time
1997 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1998 7:00 Russia IRK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1999 8:00 Russia IRK%sT
2000 #
2001 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2002 # Aginskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug, Amurskaya oblast',
2003 # [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya), Chitinskaya oblast'.
2004 # The Sakha districts are: Aldanskij, Amginskij, Anabarskij,
2005 # Bulunskij, Verkhnekolymskij, Verkhnevilyujskij, Vilyujskij, Gornyj,
2006 # Zhiganskij, Kobyajskij, Lenskij, Megino-Kangalasskij, Mirninskij,
2007 # Namskij, Nyurbinskij, Olenekskij, Olekminskij, Srednekolymskij,
2008 # Suntarskij, Tattinskij, Ust'-Aldanskij, Khangalasskij,
2009 # Churapchinskij, Eveno-Bytantajskij.
2010 Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2011 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2012 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2013 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2014 9:00 Russia YAK%sT
2015 #
2016 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2017 # Evrejskaya avtonomnaya oblast', Khabarovskij kraj, Primorskij kraj,
2018 # [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
2019 # The Sakha districts are: Verkhoyanskij, Tomponskij, Ust'-Majskij,
2020 # Ust'-Yanskij.
2021 Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1922 Nov 15
2022 9:00 - VLAT 1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time
2023 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2024 9:00 Russia VLA%sST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2025 10:00 Russia VLA%sT
2026 #
2027 # Sakhalinskaya oblast'.
2028 # The Zone name should be Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
2029 Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23
2030 9:00 - CJT 1938
2031 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 25
2032 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T.
2033 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2034 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
2035 10:00 Russia SAK%sT
2036 #
2037 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2038 # Magadanskaya oblast', Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
2039 # Probably also: Kuril Islands.
2040 # The Sakha districts are: Abyjskij, Allaikhovskij, Momskij,
2041 # Nizhnekolymskij, Ojmyakonskij.
2042 Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
2043 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
2044 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2045 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2046 11:00 Russia MAG%sT
2047 #
2048 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2049 # Kamchatskaya oblast', Koryakskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2050 #
2051 # The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
2052 Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10
2053 11:00 - PETT 1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time
2054 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2055 11:00 Russia PET%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2056 12:00 Russia PET%sT
2057 #
2058 # Chukotskij avtonomnyj okrug
2059 Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
2060 12:00 - ANAT 1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time
2061 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1982 Apr 1 0:00s
2062 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2063 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2064 12:00 Russia ANA%sT
2066 # Serbia and Montenegro
2067 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2068 Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
2069 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
2070 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s
2071 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
2072 # Metod Kozelj <metod.kozelj@rzs-hm.si> reports that the legal date of
2073 # transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
2074 # Shanks doesn't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.
2075 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
2076 1:00 EU CE%sT
2077 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
2078 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
2079 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia
2080 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
2082 # Slovakia
2083 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
2085 # Slovenia
2086 # see Serbia and Montenegro
2088 # Spain
2089 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2090 # For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; go with Shanks.
2091 Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2092 Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
2093 Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2094 Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2095 # Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks.
2096 Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2097 # Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks.
2098 Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
2099 Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
2100 # Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks.
2101 Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2102 Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
2103 Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
2104 Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
2105 # Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13; go with Shanks.
2106 Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2107 Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2108 Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2109 Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2110 Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2111 # Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks.
2112 Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
2113 Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S
2114 Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M
2115 Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S
2116 Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S
2117 Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S
2118 Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2119 Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
2120 Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 -
2121 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
2122 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
2123 Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
2124 Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2125 Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
2126 Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
2127 # The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
2128 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
2129 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2130 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
2131 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
2132 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2133 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
2134 Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2135 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2136 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
2137 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2138 Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901
2139 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30
2140 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
2141 1:00 EU CE%sT
2142 Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901
2143 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
2144 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
2145 0:00 - WET 1924
2146 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
2147 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
2148 1:00 - CET 1986
2149 1:00 EU CE%sT
2150 Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
2151 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time
2152 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
2153 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s
2154 0:00 EU WE%sT
2155 # IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
2156 # Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
2158 # Sweden
2160 # From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks:
2161 #
2162 # The law "Svensk forfattningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
2163 # From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
2164 # places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
2165 # three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
2166 # meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31.
2167 #
2168 # The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
2169 # eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the
2170 # national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
2171 #
2172 # About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
2173 # forfattningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
2174 # of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
2175 # the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
2176 # observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
2177 # from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
2178 # 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
2179 # in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
2180 #
2181 # 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk forfattningssamling 1916, no 124") states
2182 # that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
2183 # pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
2184 # Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
2185 #
2186 # The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
2187 # Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
2188 # not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
2189 # in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
2190 # "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
2191 # the Sok-button).
2192 #
2193 # (2001-05-13):
2194 #
2195 # I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
2196 # summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
2197 # 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some
2198 # people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
2199 # at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
2200 # hour before the event took place.
2201 #
2202 # Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
2204 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2205 Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1
2206 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time
2207 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00
2208 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 01:00
2209 1:00 - CET 1980
2210 1:00 EU CE%sT
2212 # Switzerland
2213 # From Howse:
2214 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
2215 # and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
2216 # mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
2217 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2218 # From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
2219 Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
2220 Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
2221 # From Shanks:
2222 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
2223 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
2224 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2225 Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12
2226 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
2227 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
2228 1:00 EU CE%sT
2230 # Turkey
2231 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2232 Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2233 Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2234 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
2235 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
2236 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
2237 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
2238 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
2239 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2240 # Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925; go with Shanks.
2241 Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
2242 Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2243 Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2244 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S
2245 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
2246 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S
2247 Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
2248 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
2249 # Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
2250 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2251 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S
2252 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2253 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2254 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2255 Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
2256 Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2257 Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
2258 Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S
2259 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
2260 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2261 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S
2262 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2263 Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
2264 Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2265 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
2266 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2267 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S
2268 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
2269 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
2270 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
2271 Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
2272 Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
2273 Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2274 Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
2275 Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
2276 Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S
2277 Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
2278 Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S
2279 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S
2280 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
2281 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S
2282 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2283 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2284 Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
2285 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
2286 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15
2287 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time
2288 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1986
2289 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
2290 2:00 EU EE%sT
2291 Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
2293 # Ukraine
2294 #
2295 # From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukranian Ministry of Justice,
2296 # via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
2297 # BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's goverment
2298 # regulations number 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
2299 # "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
2300 # of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
2301 # October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
2303 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2304 # Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
2305 Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
2306 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time
2307 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2308 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20
2309 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6
2310 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2311 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2312 2:00 - EET 1992
2313 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2314 2:00 EU EE%sT
2315 # Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
2316 Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct
2317 1:00 - CET 1940
2318 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
2319 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26
2320 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29
2321 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2322 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2323 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00
2324 2:00 - EET 1992
2325 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2326 2:00 EU EE%sT
2327 # Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
2328 # Zaporozh'ye has an apostrophe, but Posix file names can't have apostrophes.
2329 Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880
2330 2:20 - CUT 1924 May 2 # Central Ukraine T
2331 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2332 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25
2333 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25
2334 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00
2335 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2336 2:00 EU EE%sT
2337 # Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
2338 Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2339 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T
2340 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2341 3:00 - MSK 1941 Nov
2342 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13
2343 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2344 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2345 2:00 - EET 1992
2346 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-11-12):
2347 # The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
2348 # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2349 # Shanks says ``date of change uncertain'', but implies that it happened
2350 # sometime between the 1994 DST switches. For now, guess it changed in May.
2351 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
2352 # From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2353 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 3:00s
2354 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s
2355 # IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
2356 # Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
2357 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997
2358 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
2359 2:00 EU EE%sT
2361 ###############################################################################
2363 # One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
2364 # the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
2365 # The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
2366 #
2367 # According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
2368 # uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
2369 # Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
2370 # 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
2371 # switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
2372 # and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
2374 # ...
2375 # Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
2376 # From: seismo!mcvax!cgcha!wtho (Tom Hofmann)
2377 # Message-Id: <8701281556.AA22174@cgcha.uucp>
2378 # ...
2379 #
2380 # ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
2381 # most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only
2382 # a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
2383 # to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
2384 # 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
2385 # years...
2386 # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
2387 # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
2388 # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
2389 # lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
2390 #
2391 # Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
2392 # Soviet Union (as far as I know).
2393 #
2394 # Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
2395 # 4002 Basle, Switzerland
2396 # UUCP: ...!mcvax!cernvax!cgcha!wtho
2398 # ...
2399 # Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
2400 # From: seismo!mcvax!cwi.nl!dik (Dik T. Winter)
2401 # ...
2402 #
2403 # The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
2404 # After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
2405 # about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
2406 #
2407 # ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
2408 # first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
2409 # In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
2410 # the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
2411 # the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
2412 # the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
2413 # dates...
2414 #
2415 # It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
2416 # Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
2417 # Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
2418 # all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
2419 # occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
2420 # assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
2421 # case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
2422 # in advance of normal time.
2423 #
2424 # ...
2425 # dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
2426 # INTERNET : dik@cwi.nl
2427 # BITNET/EARN: dik@mcvax
2429 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
2430 # ...
2431 # Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
2432 # Since 1978. Change at midnight.
2433 # ...
2434 # Monaco: has same DST as France.
2435 # ...