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1 # @(#)europe 8.1
2 # <pre>
4 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
5 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
6 # tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
8 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
9 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
10 # Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (5th edition),
11 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1999).
12 #
13 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source
14 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
15 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
16 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
17 # of the IATA's data after 1990.
18 #
19 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks is the source for entries through 1991,
20 # and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
21 #
22 # Other sources occasionally used include:
23 #
24 # Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
25 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
26 # which I found in the UCLA library.
27 #
28 # <a href="http://www.pettswoodvillage.co.uk/Daylight_Savings_William_Willett.pdf">
29 # William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
30 # </a> (1914-03)
31 #
32 # Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH),
33 # <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm">
34 # History of Summer Time
35 # </a> (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
37 #
38 # I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
39 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
40 # Corrections are welcome!
41 # std dst 2dst
42 # LMT Local Mean Time
43 # -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic
44 # -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland*
45 # -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
46 # 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer
47 # 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
48 # 0:00 WET WEST WEMT Western Europe
49 # 0:19:32.13 AMT NST Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)*
50 # 0:20 NET NEST Netherlands (1937-1940)*
51 # 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
52 # 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)*
53 # 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
54 # 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow
55 #
56 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
57 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
59 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04),
60 # The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
61 # Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
62 # Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
63 # Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
64 # Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
65 # Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
66 # entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
67 # on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
68 # referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
69 # Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
70 # ...
71 # Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
72 # I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
73 # ...
74 # There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
75 # A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
76 # national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
77 # different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
78 # in the Directive.
81 ###############################################################################
83 # Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
85 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
86 #
87 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
88 # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
89 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
90 # of the text said:
91 #
92 # `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
93 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
94 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
95 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
96 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
97 # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
98 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
99 #
100 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
101 # position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should
102 # be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
103 #
104 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
106 # From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
107 #
108 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
109 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
110 # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
111 # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
112 # and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
113 # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
114 # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
115 # (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
116 # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
117 # adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
118 # The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
119 # and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
120 # railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
121 # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
122 # on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
123 # one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
124 # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
125 # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
126 # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
127 # of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
128 #
129 # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
130 # transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much
131 # about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
133 # From Paul Eggert (2003-09-27):
134 # Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
135 # a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
136 # who circulated a pamphlet ``The Waste of Daylight'' (1907)
137 # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
138 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
139 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
140 # but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
141 # Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
142 # it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
143 # See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
144 # A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
145 # a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
146 # subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith,
147 # designed by G. W. Miller, is the the William Willett Memorial Sundial,
148 # which is permanently set to Summer Time.
150 # From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
151 # It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
152 # summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
153 # between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
154 # plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
155 # foundations of civilization throughout the world.
156 # -- <a href="http://www.winstonchurchill.org/fh114willett.htm">
157 # "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly
158 # </a>
160 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
161 # The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving''
162 # when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
163 # term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
164 # proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''.
166 # From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
167 #
168 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
169 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
171 # Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
172 # From: Jonathan Leffler
173 # [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
174 # If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
175 # politics making a fortune, not computing.
177 # From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
178 # I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
179 # acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
180 # time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
181 # if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
183 # From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
184 # ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
185 # main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
186 # agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
188 # From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
189 # On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
190 # Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
191 # official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
192 # but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
193 # Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
194 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
195 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ho-19410421.png
197 # From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
198 # [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
199 # which is to be introduced in May....
200 # I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
201 # which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
203 # From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
204 # Howse writes (p 157) `DBST' too, but `BDST' seems to have been common
205 # and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
206 # so we use `BDST'.
208 # Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
209 # the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
210 # Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
211 # and extending this list, which can be found in
212 # <a href="http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/">
213 # History of legal time in Britain
214 # </a>
216 # From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
217 #
218 # The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
219 # see Lord Tanlaw's speech
220 # <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0">
221 # (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976)
222 # </a>.
224 # From Paul Eggert (2001-07-18):
225 #
226 # For lack of other data, we'll follow Shanks for Eire in 1940-1948.
227 #
228 # Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks are incorrect:
229 # * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
230 # 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
231 # Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
232 # * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
233 # It actually just had one transition.
234 # * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
235 # Actually, it conformed to Britain.
236 # * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
237 # Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
238 # Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
239 #
240 # Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks:
241 # * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
242 # to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
243 # conform with Great Britain.
244 # S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
245 #
246 # The following claim by Shanks is possible though doubtful;
247 # we'll ignore it for now.
248 # * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
249 #
250 #
251 # Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than Shanks.
252 # Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
253 # (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
254 # to London. For example:
255 #
256 # "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time."
257 # -- James Joyce, Ulysses
259 # From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
260 # Irish laws are available online at www.irishstatutebook.ie. These include
261 # various relating to legal time, for example:
262 #
263 # ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
264 #
265 # ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
266 # ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
267 #
268 # ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
269 # ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
270 # ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
271 #
272 # ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
273 # ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
274 # ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
275 #
276 # [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
277 # <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]
278 #
279 # (These are those I found, but there could be more. In any case these
280 # should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover
281 # the laws applicable in Ireland.)
282 #
283 # (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined
284 # in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it
285 # is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time
286 # being GMT+1.)
288 # From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
289 # Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
290 # reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
291 # (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
292 # Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
293 # trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
294 # and Frethun run in CT.
295 # My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
296 # the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
297 # and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
298 # If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
299 # I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
300 # This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
302 # From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
303 # The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
304 # which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
305 # Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
306 # regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
307 # Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
308 # "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
310 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
311 # Summer Time Act, 1916
312 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
313 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
314 # S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
315 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
316 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
317 # S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
318 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
319 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
320 # S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
321 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
322 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
323 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
324 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
325 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
326 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
327 # S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
328 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
329 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
330 # S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
331 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
332 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
333 # The Summer Time Act, 1922
334 Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
335 Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
336 Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
337 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
338 # The Summer Time Act, 1925
339 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
340 Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
341 Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
342 Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
343 Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
344 Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
345 Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
346 Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
347 Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
348 Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
349 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
350 # S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
351 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
352 # S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
353 Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST
354 # S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
355 Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
356 Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
357 # S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
358 Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
359 # S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
360 Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
361 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
362 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
363 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
364 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
365 Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
366 Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
367 # The Summer Time Act, 1947
368 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
369 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
370 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
371 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
372 # Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
373 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
374 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT
375 # Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
376 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
377 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT
378 # Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
379 # Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
380 # Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
381 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
382 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
383 # revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
384 Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
385 Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
386 Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
387 Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
388 Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
389 Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
390 Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
391 # Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
392 # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
393 # Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
394 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
395 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
396 # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
397 # Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
398 # Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
399 Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
400 # Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
401 Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
402 # The British Standard Time Act, 1968
403 # (no summer time)
404 # The Summer Time Act, 1972
405 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
406 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
407 # Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
408 # Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
409 # Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
410 # Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
411 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
412 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
413 # Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
414 # Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
415 # Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
416 Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
417 # Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
418 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
420 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
421 Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1
422 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
423 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
424 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
425 0:00 EU GMT/BST
426 Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
427 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00
428 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
429 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
430 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
431 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
432 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
433 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
434 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
435 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
436 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
437 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
438 0:00 EU GMT/IST
440 ###############################################################################
442 # Continental Europe
444 # EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
445 # Common Market, etc.
447 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
448 Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
449 Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
450 Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
451 Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
452 Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
453 Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
454 # The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
455 # <a href="http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/lif/dat/2000/en_300L0084.html"
456 # Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
457 # of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
458 # </a>
460 # W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
461 Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
462 Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
463 Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
464 Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
465 Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
466 Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
468 # Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
469 # From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
470 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
471 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
472 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
473 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
474 Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
475 Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
476 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
477 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
478 Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
479 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
480 Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
481 Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
482 Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
483 Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
484 Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
485 Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
486 Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
488 # E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
489 Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
490 Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
491 Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
492 Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
493 Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
494 Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
496 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
497 Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
498 Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
499 Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
500 Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST
501 Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
502 Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S
503 Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 -
504 Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
505 Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
506 Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S
507 Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
508 # Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
509 Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
510 Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
511 # Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
512 # Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
513 Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
514 Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
515 #
516 Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S
517 Rule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 -
518 Rule Russia 1993 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
519 Rule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
520 Rule Russia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
522 # These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
524 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
525 Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
526 Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
527 Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
528 Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
530 # Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
531 # for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
533 # From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
534 # The official German names ... are
535 #
536 # Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
537 # Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
538 #
539 # as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
540 # 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
541 # I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
542 #
543 # Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
544 # Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
545 # Postfach 3345
546 # D-38023 Braunschweig
547 # phone: +49 531 592-0
548 #
549 # ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
550 # department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
551 # PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
552 #
553 # Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
554 # Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
557 # Albania
558 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
559 Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
560 Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
561 Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
562 Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
563 Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
564 Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
565 Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
566 Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
567 Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
568 Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
569 Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
570 Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
571 Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
572 Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
573 Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
574 Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
575 Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
576 Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
577 Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
578 Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
579 Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
580 Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
581 Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
582 Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
583 Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
584 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
585 Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
586 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
587 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
588 1:00 EU CE%sT
590 # Andorra
591 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
592 Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
593 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
594 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
595 1:00 EU CE%sT
597 # Austria
599 # From Paul Eggert (2003-02-28): Shanks gives 1918-06-16 and
600 # 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
601 # Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
602 # date of 1945-04-12 with no time. For the 1980-04-06 transition
603 # Shanks gives 02:00, the BEV 00:00. Go with the BEV, and guess 02:00
604 # for 1945-04-12.
606 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
607 Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
608 Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
609 Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
610 Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
611 Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
612 Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
613 Rule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S
614 Rule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
615 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
616 Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr
617 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920
618 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s
619 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
620 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s
621 1:00 - CET 1946
622 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
623 1:00 EU CE%sT
625 # Belarus
626 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
627 Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
628 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
629 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
630 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
631 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
632 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
633 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
634 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
635 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00s
636 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00s
637 2:00 Russia EE%sT
639 # Belgium
640 #
641 # From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
642 # Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
643 # Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
644 # Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991
645 # (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
646 # pp 8-9.
647 # LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
648 # Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
649 # Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references.
650 # The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
651 # Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
652 #
653 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
654 Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
655 Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
656 Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
657 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
658 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
659 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
660 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
661 Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
662 Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
663 Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
664 Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
665 Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
666 # DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
667 # Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
668 # to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
669 # changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
670 Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
671 Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
672 Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
673 Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
674 Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
675 Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
676 Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
677 Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
678 Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
679 Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
680 Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
681 Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
682 Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
683 Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
684 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
685 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
686 Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S
687 Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
688 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
689 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
690 Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
691 Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
692 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
693 Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
694 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
695 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
696 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
697 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
698 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
699 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
700 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
701 1:00 EU CE%sT
703 # Bosnia and Herzegovina
704 # see Serbia and Montenegro
706 # Bulgaria
707 #
708 # From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
709 # A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says:
710 # EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
711 # EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
712 #
713 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
714 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
715 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
716 Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat<=7 23:00 1:00 S
717 Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
718 Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
719 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
720 Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
721 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
722 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
723 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 3:00
724 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
725 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00
726 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
727 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
728 2:00 EU EE%sT
730 # Croatia
731 # see Serbia and Montenegro
733 # Cyprus
734 # Please see the `asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
736 # Czech Republic
737 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
738 Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
739 Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
740 Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
741 Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
742 Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S
743 Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
744 Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
745 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
746 Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
747 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
748 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
749 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
750 1:00 EU CE%sT
752 # Denmark, Faeroe Islands, and Greenland
754 # From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
755 # http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
756 # [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
757 # The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
758 # confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
759 #
760 # The EU treaty with effect from 1973:
761 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
762 #
763 # This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
764 # in subsequenet decrees with the law
765 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
766 #
767 # It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980. I have
768 # not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
769 # changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to
770 # 1980-09-28 at 02:00. If this is true, this differs slightly from
771 # the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00. We don't know
772 # when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only
773 # confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:
774 # The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
775 # working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
776 # was suspended on that night):
777 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL
779 # From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
780 # The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
781 # Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
783 # From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
784 # Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
785 # wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.
787 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
788 Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
789 Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
790 Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
791 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
792 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
793 Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
794 Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
795 Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
796 Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
797 Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
798 Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
799 #
800 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
801 Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
802 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Jan 1 # Copenhagen MT
803 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
804 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
805 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
806 1:00 EU CE%sT
807 Zone Atlantic/Faeroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn
808 0:00 - WET 1981
809 0:00 EU WE%sT
810 #
811 # From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
812 # During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
813 # East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
814 # My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
815 #
816 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
817 # Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
818 # and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
819 # rules at least through 1984. Shanks says Scoresbysund and Godthab
820 # used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
821 # rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
823 # From Gwillin Law (2001-06-06), citing
824 # <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
825 # and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
826 #
827 # Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
828 # is according to the following time line:
829 #
830 # The military zone near Thule UTC-4
831 # Standard Greenland time UTC-3
832 # Scoresbysund UTC-1
833 # Danmarkshavn UTC
834 #
835 # In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
836 # introduced.
838 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
839 #
840 # I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
841 # the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have
842 # not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have
843 # info from earlier correspondence.]
844 #
845 # According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
846 # Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
847 # savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
848 #
849 # The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
850 # uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
851 # There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
852 # Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
853 # email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
854 # Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
855 # DPC research station at Zackenberg.
856 #
857 # Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
858 # the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthab).
859 #
860 # The rest of Greenland, including Godthab (this area, although it
861 # includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
862 # UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
863 #
864 # It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
865 # North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
866 # maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of
867 # this area is that it sticks with Godthab time. This area might be
868 # considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
870 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
871 # I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
872 # there at 2:00 AM.
874 # From Paul Eggert (2001-11-19):
875 # The 1997 CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT; the 1995 map as like Godthab.
876 # For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthab before 1996.
877 # startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
878 # so go with Shanks for all Thule transitions.
879 #
880 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
881 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
882 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
883 Rule Thule 1993 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
884 Rule Thule 1993 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
885 #
886 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
887 Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
888 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
889 -3:00 EU WG%sT 1996
890 0:00 - GMT
891 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
892 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
893 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29
894 -1:00 EU EG%sT
895 Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
896 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
897 -3:00 EU WG%sT
898 Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
899 -4:00 Thule A%sT
901 # Estonia
902 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
903 # A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
904 # [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
905 # a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
906 #
907 # From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
908 # [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
909 # but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
910 # ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
911 # (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
912 # conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
913 # A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
914 # human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
915 # summer time next spring.''
917 # From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
918 # <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390">
919 # The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
920 # </a>
921 # refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
922 # the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120).
923 #
924 # I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
925 # for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
926 # (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
928 # From <a href="http://www.baltictimes.com/">The Baltic Times</a> (1999-09-09)
929 # via Steffen Thorsen:
930 # This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
931 # a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
932 # But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
933 # Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
934 # for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
935 # after that.
937 # From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
938 # Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
939 # no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
940 # the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
942 # From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
943 # The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
944 # Now we are using again EU rules.
945 #
946 # From Urmet Jaanes (2002-03-28):
947 # The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
949 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
950 Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
951 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
952 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
953 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
954 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
955 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
956 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
957 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
958 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
959 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
960 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Nov 1
961 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21
962 2:00 EU EE%sT
964 # Finland
965 #
966 # From Hannu Strang (25 Sep 1994 06:03:37 UTC):
967 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
968 # and it's supposed to change at 4am...
969 #
970 # From Paul Eggert (25 Sep 1994):
971 # Shanks says Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time since 1981.
972 # Go with Strang instead.
973 #
974 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
975 Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
976 Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
977 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
978 Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31
979 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
980 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00
981 2:00 EU EE%sT
983 # Aaland Is
984 Link Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn
987 # France
989 # From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
990 #
991 # Henri Le Corre, Regimes Horaires pour le monde entier, Editions
992 # Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
993 #
994 # Gabriel, Traite de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Tredaniel editeur,
995 # Paris, 1991
996 #
997 # Francoise Gauquelin, Problemes de l'heure resolus en astrologie,
998 # Guy tredaniel, Paris 1987
1001 #
1002 # Shanks seems to use `24:00' ambiguously; we resolve it with Whitman.
1003 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1004 Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1005 Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
1006 Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1007 Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1008 Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1009 Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1010 Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
1011 Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1012 Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
1013 Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1014 # DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
1015 # Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
1016 # were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks.
1017 Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1018 Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1019 Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1020 Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
1021 Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1022 Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1023 Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1024 Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1025 Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
1026 Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1027 Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1028 Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1029 Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1030 Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1031 Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1032 Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1033 Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1034 Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1035 Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1036 Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1037 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks writes
1038 # that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
1039 # Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez,
1040 # Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La
1041 # Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Decartes,
1042 # Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
1043 # Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois,
1044 # Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collognes (Haute-Savioe).
1045 Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1046 # Shanks says this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
1047 # but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
1048 # who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
1049 # as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
1050 Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
1051 Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
1052 Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
1053 Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
1054 Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
1055 Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
1056 Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
1057 Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M
1058 Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1059 # Shanks gives Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
1060 # go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
1061 Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
1062 Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
1063 # Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman gives 0:09:05,
1064 # but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1065 # Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1066 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1067 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1068 Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1069 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT
1070 # Shanks gives 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
1071 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
1072 # Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
1073 # go with Shanks.
1074 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1075 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1076 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1077 1:00 EU CE%sT
1079 # Germany
1081 # From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
1082 # The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1083 # Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1084 # [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
1086 # From Joerg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1087 # In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by <a
1088 # href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/">
1089 # General [Nikolai] Bersarin</a>.
1091 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
1092 # <a href="http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf">
1093 # says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
1094 # However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
1095 # this was equivalent to CEMT (GMT+3), not GMT+4.
1098 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1099 Rule Germany 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1100 Rule Germany 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1101 Rule Germany 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S
1102 Rule Germany 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1103 Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1104 Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1105 Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1106 Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
1107 Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
1108 Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
1109 Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1110 Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1111 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1112 Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1113 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1114 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
1115 1:00 EU CE%sT
1117 # Georgia
1118 # Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
1119 # Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
1120 # is in Europe. Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.
1122 # Gibraltar
1123 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1124 Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
1125 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1126 1:00 - CET 1982
1127 1:00 EU CE%sT
1129 # Greece
1130 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1131 # Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks.
1132 Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
1133 Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1134 # Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks.
1135 Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
1136 # Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks.
1137 Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1138 Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
1139 Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1140 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1141 Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1142 Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1143 Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
1144 Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1145 Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
1146 Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1147 Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1148 Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1149 Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1150 Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
1151 Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1152 Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1153 Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1154 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1155 Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1156 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1157 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
1158 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
1159 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
1160 # Shanks says they switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1161 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1162 2:00 EU EE%sT
1164 # Hungary
1165 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1166 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
1167 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 -
1168 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
1169 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 -
1170 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S
1171 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
1172 Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
1173 Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 -
1174 Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1175 Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1176 Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1177 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1178 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1179 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1180 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1181 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1182 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1183 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
1184 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1185 Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
1186 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1187 Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1188 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1189 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00
1190 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 1 23:00
1191 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1192 1:00 EU CE%sT
1194 # Iceland
1195 #
1196 # From Adam David (1993-11-06):
1197 # The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1198 #
1199 # (1993-12-05):
1200 # This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1201 # Iceland Almanak.
1202 #
1203 # From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1204 # behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1205 # of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1206 # was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1207 #
1208 # "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1209 # of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1210 # time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1211 # Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1212 #
1213 # (1993-12-10):
1214 # I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1215 # beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1216 # to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1217 # the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1218 # (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1219 # St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1220 # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1221 # might mean something else (???).
1222 #
1223 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
1224 # The Iceland Almanak, Shanks and Whitman disagree on many points.
1225 # We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks, namely that
1226 # Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
1227 #
1228 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1229 Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
1230 Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1231 Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1232 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S
1233 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 -
1234 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1235 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 -
1236 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1237 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 -
1238 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S
1239 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 -
1240 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1241 Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1242 Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1243 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1244 Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1245 # 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
1246 Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1247 Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1248 Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1249 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1250 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837
1251 -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
1252 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1253 0:00 - GMT
1255 # Italy
1256 #
1257 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1258 # Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1259 # called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1260 # During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1261 # But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1262 # so record only the time in Rome.
1263 #
1264 # From Paul Eggert (1996-05-06):
1265 # For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks, Whitman, and F. Pollastri
1266 # <a href="http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html">
1267 # Day-light Saving Time in Italy (1996-03-14)
1268 # </a>
1269 # (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
1270 # publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1271 #
1272 # year FP Shanks (S) Whitman (W) Go with:
1273 # 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W
1274 # 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1275 # 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S
1276 # 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W
1277 # 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S
1278 # 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W
1279 # 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S
1280 # 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1281 # 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S
1282 # 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1283 # 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur)
1284 # 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1285 # 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1286 # 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S
1287 # 09-20 09-27 00:00 S
1288 #
1289 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1290 Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
1291 Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1292 Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1293 Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1294 Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S
1295 Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1296 Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S
1297 Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1298 Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 -
1299 Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S
1300 Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 -
1301 Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
1302 Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 -
1303 Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1304 Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1305 Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S
1306 Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1307 Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1308 Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1309 Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1310 Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 -
1311 Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1312 Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S
1313 Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1314 Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1315 Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1316 Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1317 Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S
1318 Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1319 Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S
1320 Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1321 Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1322 Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1323 Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1324 Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1325 Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1326 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1327 Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1328 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov # Rome Mean Time
1329 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1330 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul
1331 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1332 1:00 EU CE%sT
1334 Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1335 Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1337 # Latvia
1339 # From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):
1341 # I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1342 # of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1343 # correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1344 # changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1345 #
1346 # Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1347 # according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1348 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1349 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1350 # and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
1351 #
1352 # Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
1353 # according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
1354 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1355 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1356 # (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1357 # September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1358 #
1359 # Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1360 # according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1361 # ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1362 # Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1363 # time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1364 # transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1365 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of
1366 # daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1367 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1368 # 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1369 #
1370 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1371 # 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1372 # daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1374 # From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
1375 # This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
1376 # <a href="http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm">
1377 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
1378 # 29-Feb-2000 (#79)</a>, in Latvian for subscribers only).
1380 # <a href="http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html">
1381 # From RFE/RL Newsline (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1382 # </a>
1383 # The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
1384 # institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
1385 # Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
1386 # clocks one hour in the spring....
1387 # Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvitis noted that Latvia had too few
1388 # daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
1389 # Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
1390 # time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
1391 # urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
1392 # appears that they will not do so....
1394 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1395 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1396 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1397 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1398 Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880
1399 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
1400 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
1401 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1402 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1403 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11
1404 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1405 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul
1406 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
1407 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1408 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1409 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
1410 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29
1411 2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2
1412 2:00 EU EE%sT
1414 # Liechtenstein
1415 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1416 Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun
1417 1:00 - CET 1981
1418 1:00 EU CE%sT
1420 # Lithuania
1422 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1423 # IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1424 # known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1426 # From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):
1427 # I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1428 # (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1430 # From <a href="http://www.elta.lt/">ELTA</a> No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29),
1431 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1432 # Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1433 # to be valid here starting from October 31,
1434 # as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1435 # The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1436 # motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1437 # already done by Estonia.
1439 # From the <a href="http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm">
1440 # Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1441 # </a> (2000-03-27): Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1443 # From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
1444 # As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
1445 # observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
1446 # down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
1447 # neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
1448 # 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
1449 # http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
1452 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1453 Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1454 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1455 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1456 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1457 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1458 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1459 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1460 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1461 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1462 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1463 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998
1464 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u
1465 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u
1466 2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1
1467 2:00 EU EE%sT
1469 # Luxembourg
1470 # Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; go with Shanks.
1471 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1472 Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1473 Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1474 Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
1475 Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1476 Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1477 Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1478 Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
1479 Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1480 Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
1481 Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1482 Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
1483 Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1484 Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
1485 Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1486 Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
1487 Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1488 Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
1489 Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1490 Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1491 Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
1492 Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
1493 Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
1494 Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
1495 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1496 Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1497 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
1498 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1499 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
1500 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1501 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1502 1:00 EU CE%sT
1504 # Macedonia
1505 # see Serbia and Montenegro
1507 # Malta
1508 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1509 Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1510 Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1511 Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1512 Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1513 Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
1514 Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1515 Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1516 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1517 Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 # Valletta
1518 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1519 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1520 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1521 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1522 1:00 EU CE%sT
1524 # Moldova
1526 # From Paul Eggert (2001-02-11):
1527 # A previous version of this database followed Shanks, who writes that
1528 # Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1529 # However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1530 # on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1531 # In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1532 # and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1533 # But [two people] separately reported via
1534 # Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1535 # The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1537 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1538 Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
1539 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1540 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1541 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
1542 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
1543 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
1544 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
1545 3:00 - MSK 1990 May 6
1546 2:00 - EET 1991
1547 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
1548 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1549 # See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1550 2:00 EU EE%sT
1552 # Monaco
1553 # Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's more precise 0:09:21.
1554 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1555 Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1556 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1557 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1558 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1559 1:00 EU CE%sT
1561 # Netherlands
1563 # Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1564 # but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1566 # However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
1567 # Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
1568 # Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
1569 # the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
1570 # (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
1571 # common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
1572 # not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
1573 # On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
1574 # was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
1575 #
1576 # (2001-04-08):
1577 # 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
1578 # observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
1579 # practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
1580 #
1581 # (2001-04-09):
1582 # In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
1583 # municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
1584 # Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
1585 # actually followed.
1586 #
1587 # From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
1588 # observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
1589 # Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
1590 # places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
1591 # adopted Amsterdam mean time.
1592 #
1593 # Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
1594 # of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
1595 # was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
1596 # Amsterdam mean time.
1598 # The data before 1945 are taken from
1599 # <http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm>.
1601 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1602 Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
1603 Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
1604 Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1605 Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1606 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1607 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT
1608 Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1609 Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1610 Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1611 Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1612 Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1613 # From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
1614 # in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
1615 Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1616 Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1617 Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1618 Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1619 Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1620 Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
1621 Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1622 Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1623 Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1624 #
1625 # Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted
1626 # below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
1627 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1628 Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835
1629 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1
1630 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time
1631 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1632 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
1633 1:00 EU CE%sT
1635 # Norway
1636 # http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks.
1637 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1638 Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
1639 Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1640 Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1641 Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1642 Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1643 Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1644 Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1645 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1646 Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1
1647 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1648 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1649 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
1650 1:00 EU CE%sT
1652 # Svalbard & Jan Mayen
1654 # From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
1655 # Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
1656 # Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
1657 # time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared
1658 # as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
1659 # Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
1660 # http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html and
1661 # http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html). The law/regulation
1662 # for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
1663 # into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
1664 # part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
1665 # http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html ) I have not been
1666 # able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
1667 # before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabitated" since 1921 by
1668 # Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
1669 # since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
1670 # before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
1671 # between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
1673 # From Paul Eggert (2001-05-01):
1674 #
1675 # Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
1676 # so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
1677 # keeping Berlin time.
1678 #
1679 # <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
1680 # burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
1681 # 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
1682 # frequent air ttacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a
1683 # radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly
1684 # the UTC offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
1685 # Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
1686 #
1687 # Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
1688 # Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
1689 # <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ
1690 # <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
1691 # expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,
1692 # and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
1693 # <http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html>
1694 # the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
1695 # Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
1696 #
1697 # All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970. Unless we can
1698 # come up with more definitive info about the timekeeping during the
1699 # war years it's probably best just do do the following for now:
1700 Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
1701 Link Europe/Oslo Atlantic/Jan_Mayen
1703 # Poland
1704 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1705 Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1706 Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1707 # Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks.
1708 Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
1709 # For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks.
1710 Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
1711 Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1712 # For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
1713 # Torun Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
1714 # <http://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1>
1715 # Thanks to Przemyslaw Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
1716 # He also gives these further references:
1717 # Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
1718 # Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>
1719 Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00s 1:00 S
1720 Rule Poland 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1721 Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
1722 Rule Poland 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1723 Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1724 Rule Poland 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1725 Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1726 Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1727 Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
1728 Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
1729 Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
1730 Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
1731 Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1732 Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1733 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1734 Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
1735 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
1736 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
1737 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
1738 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1739 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
1740 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977
1741 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988
1742 1:00 EU CE%sT
1744 # Portugal
1745 #
1746 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
1747 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1748 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1749 #
1750 # Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
1751 # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
1752 # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
1753 #
1754 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
1755 # IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
1756 # at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
1757 # IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
1758 # IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
1759 # Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
1760 # harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
1761 #
1762 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1763 # DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
1764 # done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
1765 # Go with Shanks.
1766 Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
1767 # Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1768 Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
1769 Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1770 Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1771 Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1772 Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1773 Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1774 Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1775 Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1776 Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1777 Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1778 Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1779 Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1780 Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1781 Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1782 Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1783 # Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks.
1784 Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1785 Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1786 # Shanks gives 1934 Apr 4; go with Whitman.
1787 Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1788 # Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks.
1789 Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1790 # Shanks gives 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
1791 Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1792 Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1793 # Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks.
1794 Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1795 Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1796 Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1797 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
1798 Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1799 Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1800 # Shanks gives 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
1801 Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
1802 Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
1803 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
1804 Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
1805 Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
1806 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
1807 Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M
1808 Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
1809 Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
1810 Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
1811 Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1812 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1813 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1814 # Shanks says DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
1815 # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks.
1816 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1817 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1818 Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
1819 Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
1820 Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
1821 Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1822 Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1823 Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1824 Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1825 Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1826 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1827 # Shanks says that the transition from LMT to WET occurred 1911-05-24;
1828 # Willett says 1912-01-01. Go with Willett.
1829 Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884
1830 -0:36:32 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 # Lisbon Mean Time
1831 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
1832 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
1833 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1834 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1835 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
1836 0:00 EU WE%sT
1837 Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
1838 -1:54:32 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time
1839 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time
1840 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1841 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1842 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
1843 -1:00 EU AZO%sT
1844 Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
1845 -1:07:36 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time
1846 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time
1847 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1848 0:00 EU WE%sT
1850 # Romania
1851 #
1852 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
1853 # <a href="http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html">
1854 # Nine O'clock</a> (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
1855 # 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
1856 # assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
1857 # the same year as Bulgaria.
1858 #
1859 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1860 Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1861 Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1862 Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
1863 Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
1864 Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1865 Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1866 Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1867 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1868 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1869 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1870 Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
1871 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1872 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
1873 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
1874 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
1875 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1876 2:00 EU EE%sT
1878 # Russia
1880 # From Paul Eggert (1999-11-12):
1881 # Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.
1882 # Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
1883 # are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks, except we follow
1884 # Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
1885 #
1886 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
1887 # But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
1888 # I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
1889 # as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
1890 # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
1891 #
1892 # From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
1893 # `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
1894 # UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
1895 # The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
1896 # (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
1897 #
1898 # From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):
1899 # According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
1900 # Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
1901 # still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
1902 #
1903 # For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
1904 # John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
1905 # News--often false--is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
1906 # time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
1907 # the rest of Russia for two weeks--even soldiers stationed here began
1908 # enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
1909 #
1910 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
1911 # There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
1912 # UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the
1913 # SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
1914 # until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
1915 # since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are
1916 # administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
1917 # remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
1918 #
1919 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1920 #
1921 # Kaliningradskaya oblast'.
1922 Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
1923 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1924 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946
1925 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1926 2:00 Russia EE%sT
1927 #
1928 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1929 # Respublika Adygeya, Arkhangel'skaya oblast', Astrakhanskaya oblast',
1930 # Belgorodskaya oblast', Bryanskaya oblast', Vladimirskaya oblast',
1931 # Volgogradskaya oblast', Vologodskaya oblast', Voronezhskaya oblast',
1932 # Respublika Dagestan, Ivanovskaya oblast', Respublika Ingushetiya,
1933 # Kabarbino-Balkarskaya Respublika, Respublika Kalmykiya,
1934 # Kalyzhskaya oblast', Respublika Karachaevo-Cherkessiya,
1935 # Respublika Kareliya, Kirovskaya oblast', Respublika Komi,
1936 # Kostromskaya oblast', Krasnodarskij kraj, Kurskaya oblast',
1937 # Leningradskaya oblast', Lipetskaya oblast', Respublika Marij El,
1938 # Respublika Mordoviya, Moskva, Moskovskaya oblast',
1939 # Murmanskaya oblast', Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug,
1940 # Nizhegorodskaya oblast', Novgorodskaya oblast', Orlovskaya oblast',
1941 # Penzenskaya oblast', Pskovskaya oblast', Rostovskaya oblast',
1942 # Ryazanskaya oblast', Sankt-Peterburg, Saratovskaya oblast',
1943 # Respublika Severnaya Osetiya, Smolenskaya oblast',
1944 # Stavropol'skij kraj, Tambovskaya oblast', Respublika Tatarstan,
1945 # Tverskaya oblast', Tyl'skaya oblast', Ul'yanovskaya oblast',
1946 # Chechenskaya Respublika, Chuvashskaya oblast',
1947 # Yaroslavskaya oblast'
1948 Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880
1949 2:30 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
1950 2:30:48 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
1951 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
1952 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1953 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1954 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1955 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD
1956 #
1957 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1958 # Samarskaya oblast', Udmyrtskaya respublika
1959 Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00
1960 3:00 - KUYT 1930 Jun 21 # Kuybyshev
1961 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1962 3:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1963 2:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1964 3:00 - KUYT 1991 Oct 20 3:00
1965 4:00 Russia SAM%sT # Samara Time
1966 #
1967 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1968 # Respublika Bashkortostan, Komi-Permyatskij avtonomnyj okrug,
1969 # Kurganskaya oblast', Orenburgskaya oblast', Permskaya oblast',
1970 # Sverdlovskaya oblast', Tyumenskaya oblast',
1971 # Khanty-Manskijskij avtonomnyj okrug, Chelyabinskaya oblast',
1972 # Yamalo-Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug.
1973 Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:24 - LMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00
1974 4:00 - SVET 1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time
1975 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1976 4:00 Russia SVE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1977 5:00 Russia YEK%sT # Yekaterinburg Time
1978 #
1979 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1980 # Respublika Altaj, Altajskij kraj, Omskaya oblast'.
1981 Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1919 Nov 14
1982 5:00 - OMST 1930 Jun 21 # Omsk TIme
1983 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1984 5:00 Russia OMS%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1985 6:00 Russia OMS%sT
1986 #
1987 # Novosibirskaya oblast'.
1988 Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00
1989 6:00 - NOVT 1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time
1990 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1991 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1992 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1993 May 23 # says Shanks
1993 6:00 Russia NOV%sT
1994 #
1995 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1996 # Kemerovskaya oblast', Krasnoyarskij kraj,
1997 # Tajmyrskij (Dolgano-Nenetskij) avtonomnyj okrug, Tomskaya oblast',
1998 # Respublika Tuva, Respublika Khakasiya, Evenkijskij avtonomnyj okrug.
1999 Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1920 Jan 6
2000 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
2001 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2002 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2003 7:00 Russia KRA%sT
2004 #
2005 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2006 # Respublika Buryatiya, Irkutskaya oblast',
2007 # Ust'-Ordynskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2008 Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880
2009 6:57:20 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
2010 7:00 - IRKT 1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time
2011 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2012 7:00 Russia IRK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2013 8:00 Russia IRK%sT
2014 #
2015 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2016 # Aginskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug, Amurskaya oblast',
2017 # [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya), Chitinskaya oblast'.
2018 # The Sakha districts are: Aldanskij, Amginskij, Anabarskij,
2019 # Bulunskij, Verkhnekolymskij, Verkhnevilyujskij, Vilyujskij, Gornyj,
2020 # Zhiganskij, Kobyajskij, Lenskij, Megino-Kangalasskij, Mirninskij,
2021 # Namskij, Nyurbinskij, Olenekskij, Olekminskij, Srednekolymskij,
2022 # Suntarskij, Tattinskij, Ust'-Aldanskij, Khangalasskij,
2023 # Churapchinskij, Eveno-Bytantajskij.
2024 Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2025 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2026 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2027 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2028 9:00 Russia YAK%sT
2029 #
2030 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2031 # Evrejskaya avtonomnaya oblast', Khabarovskij kraj, Primorskij kraj,
2032 # [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
2033 # The Sakha districts are: Verkhoyanskij, Tomponskij, Ust'-Majskij,
2034 # Ust'-Yanskij.
2035 Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1922 Nov 15
2036 9:00 - VLAT 1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time
2037 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2038 9:00 Russia VLA%sST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2039 10:00 Russia VLA%sT
2040 #
2041 # Sakhalinskaya oblast'.
2042 # The Zone name should be Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
2043 Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23
2044 9:00 - CJT 1938
2045 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 25
2046 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T.
2047 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2048 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
2049 10:00 Russia SAK%sT
2050 #
2051 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2052 # Magadanskaya oblast', Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
2053 # Probably also: Kuril Islands.
2054 # The Sakha districts are: Abyjskij, Allaikhovskij, Momskij,
2055 # Nizhnekolymskij, Ojmyakonskij.
2056 Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
2057 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
2058 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2059 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2060 11:00 Russia MAG%sT
2061 #
2062 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2063 # Kamchatskaya oblast', Koryakskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2064 #
2065 # The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
2066 Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10
2067 11:00 - PETT 1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time
2068 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2069 11:00 Russia PET%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2070 12:00 Russia PET%sT
2071 #
2072 # Chukotskij avtonomnyj okrug
2073 Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
2074 12:00 - ANAT 1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time
2075 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1982 Apr 1 0:00s
2076 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2077 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2078 12:00 Russia ANA%sT
2080 # Serbia and Montenegro
2081 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2082 Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
2083 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
2084 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s
2085 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
2086 # Metod Kozelj reports that the legal date of
2087 # transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
2088 # Shanks doesn't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.
2089 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
2090 1:00 EU CE%sT
2091 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
2092 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
2093 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia
2094 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
2096 # Slovakia
2097 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
2099 # Slovenia
2100 # see Serbia and Montenegro
2102 # Spain
2103 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2104 # For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; go with Shanks.
2105 Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2106 Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
2107 Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2108 Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2109 # Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks.
2110 Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2111 # Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks.
2112 Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
2113 Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
2114 # Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks.
2115 Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2116 Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
2117 Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
2118 Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
2119 # Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13; go with Shanks.
2120 Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2121 Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2122 Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2123 Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2124 Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2125 # Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks.
2126 Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
2127 Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S
2128 Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M
2129 Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S
2130 Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S
2131 Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S
2132 Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2133 Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
2134 Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 -
2135 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
2136 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
2137 Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
2138 Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2139 Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
2140 Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
2141 # The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
2142 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
2143 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2144 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
2145 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
2146 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2147 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
2148 Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2149 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2150 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
2151 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2152 Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901
2153 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30
2154 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
2155 1:00 EU CE%sT
2156 Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901
2157 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
2158 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
2159 0:00 - WET 1924
2160 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
2161 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
2162 1:00 - CET 1986
2163 1:00 EU CE%sT
2164 Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
2165 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time
2166 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
2167 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s
2168 0:00 EU WE%sT
2169 # IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
2170 # Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
2172 # Sweden
2174 # From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks:
2175 #
2176 # The law "Svensk forfattningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
2177 # From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
2178 # places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
2179 # three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
2180 # meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31.
2181 #
2182 # The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
2183 # eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the
2184 # national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
2185 #
2186 # About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
2187 # forfattningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
2188 # of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
2189 # the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
2190 # observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
2191 # from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
2192 # 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
2193 # in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
2194 #
2195 # 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk forfattningssamling 1916, no 124") states
2196 # that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
2197 # pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
2198 # Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
2199 #
2200 # The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
2201 # Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
2202 # not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
2203 # in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
2204 # "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
2205 # the Sok-button).
2206 #
2207 # (2001-05-13):
2208 #
2209 # I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
2210 # summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
2211 # 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some
2212 # people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
2213 # at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
2214 # hour before the event took place.
2215 #
2216 # Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
2218 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2219 Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1
2220 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time
2221 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00
2222 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 01:00
2223 1:00 - CET 1980
2224 1:00 EU CE%sT
2226 # Switzerland
2227 # From Howse:
2228 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
2229 # and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
2230 # mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
2231 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2232 # From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
2233 Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
2234 Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
2235 # From Shanks:
2236 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
2237 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
2238 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2239 Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12
2240 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
2241 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
2242 1:00 EU CE%sT
2244 # Turkey
2245 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2246 Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2247 Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2248 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
2249 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
2250 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
2251 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
2252 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
2253 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2254 # Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925; go with Shanks.
2255 Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
2256 Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2257 Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2258 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S
2259 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
2260 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S
2261 Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
2262 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
2263 # Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
2264 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2265 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S
2266 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2267 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2268 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2269 Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
2270 Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2271 Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
2272 Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S
2273 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
2274 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2275 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S
2276 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2277 Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
2278 Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2279 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
2280 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2281 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S
2282 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
2283 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
2284 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
2285 Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
2286 Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
2287 Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2288 Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
2289 Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
2290 Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S
2291 Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
2292 Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S
2293 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S
2294 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
2295 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S
2296 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2297 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2298 Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
2299 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
2300 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15
2301 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time
2302 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1986
2303 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
2304 2:00 EU EE%sT
2305 Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
2307 # Ukraine
2308 #
2309 # From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukranian Ministry of Justice,
2310 # via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
2311 # BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's goverment
2312 # regulations number 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
2313 # "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
2314 # of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
2315 # October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
2317 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2318 # Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
2319 Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
2320 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time
2321 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2322 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20
2323 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6
2324 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2325 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2326 2:00 - EET 1992
2327 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2328 2:00 EU EE%sT
2329 # Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
2330 Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct
2331 1:00 - CET 1940
2332 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
2333 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26
2334 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29
2335 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2336 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2337 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00
2338 2:00 - EET 1992
2339 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2340 2:00 EU EE%sT
2341 # Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
2342 # Zaporozh'ye has an apostrophe, but Posix file names can't have apostrophes.
2343 Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880
2344 2:20 - CUT 1924 May 2 # Central Ukraine T
2345 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2346 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25
2347 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25
2348 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00
2349 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2350 2:00 EU EE%sT
2351 # Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
2352 Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2353 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T
2354 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2355 3:00 - MSK 1941 Nov
2356 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13
2357 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2358 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2359 2:00 - EET 1992
2360 # From Paul Eggert (1999-11-12):
2361 # The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
2362 # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2363 # Shanks says ``date of change uncertain'', but implies that it happened
2364 # sometime between the 1994 DST switches. For now, guess it changed in May.
2365 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
2366 # From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2367 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 3:00s
2368 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s
2369 # IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
2370 # Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
2371 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997
2372 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
2373 2:00 EU EE%sT
2375 ###############################################################################
2377 # One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
2378 # the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
2379 # The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
2380 #
2381 # According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
2382 # uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
2383 # Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
2384 # 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
2385 # switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
2386 # and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
2388 # ...
2389 # Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
2390 # From: Tom Hofmann
2391 # ...
2392 #
2393 # ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
2394 # most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only
2395 # a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
2396 # to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
2397 # 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
2398 # years...
2399 # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
2400 # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
2401 # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
2402 # lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
2403 #
2404 # Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
2405 # Soviet Union (as far as I know).
2406 #
2407 # Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
2408 # 4002 Basle, Switzerland
2409 # ...
2411 # ...
2412 # Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
2413 # From: Dik T. Winter
2414 # ...
2415 #
2416 # The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
2417 # After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
2418 # about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
2419 #
2420 # ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
2421 # first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
2422 # In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
2423 # the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
2424 # the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
2425 # the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
2426 # dates...
2427 #
2428 # It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
2429 # Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
2430 # Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
2431 # all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
2432 # occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
2433 # assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
2434 # case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
2435 # in advance of normal time.
2436 #
2437 # ...
2438 # dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
2439 # ...
2441 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
2442 # ...
2443 # Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
2444 # Since 1978. Change at midnight.
2445 # ...
2446 # Monaco: has same DST as France.
2447 # ...