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[gnutls.git] / doc / protocol / draft-ietf-tls-ecc-09.txt

TLS Working Group                                               V. Gupta
Internet-Draft                                                  Sun Labs
Expires: October 9, 2005                                 S. Blake-Wilson
                                                                     BCI
                                                              B. Moeller
                                                   University of Calgary
                                                                 C. Hawk
                                                      Corriente Networks
                                                              N. Bolyard
                                                           April 7, 2005


                       ECC Cipher Suites for TLS
                      <draft-ietf-tls-ecc-09.txt>

Status of this Memo

   This document is an Internet-Draft and is subject to all provisions
   of Section 3 of RFC 3667.  By submitting this Internet-Draft, each
   author represents that any applicable patent or other IPR claims of
   which he or she is aware have been or will be disclosed, and any of
   which he or she become aware will be disclosed, in accordance with
   RFC 3668.

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   http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html.

   This Internet-Draft will expire on October 9, 2005.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2005).

Abstract




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   This document describes new key exchange algorithms based on Elliptic
   Curve Cryptography (ECC) for the TLS (Transport Layer Security)
   protocol.  In particular, it specifies the use of Elliptic Curve
   Diffie-Hellman (ECDH) key agreement in a TLS handshake and the use of
   Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) as a new
   authentication mechanism.

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [1].

   Please send comments on this document to the TLS mailing list.

Table of Contents

   1.   Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   2.   Key Exchange Algorithms  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     2.1  ECDH_ECDSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     2.2  ECDHE_ECDSA  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     2.3  ECDH_RSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     2.4  ECDHE_RSA  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     2.5  ECDH_anon  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   3.   Client Authentication  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     3.1  ECDSA_sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     3.2  ECDSA_fixed_ECDH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     3.3  RSA_fixed_ECDH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
   4.   TLS Extensions for ECC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
   5.   Data Structures and Computations . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     5.1  Client Hello Extensions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     5.2  Server Hello Extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
     5.3  Server Certificate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
     5.4  Server Key Exchange  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     5.5  Certificate Request  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
     5.6  Client Certificate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
     5.7  Client Key Exchange  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
     5.8  Certificate Verify . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
     5.9  Elliptic Curve Certificates  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
     5.10   ECDH, ECDSA and RSA Computations . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
   6.   Cipher Suites  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  28
   7.   Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  30
   8.   Acknowledgments  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  31
   9.   References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  32
     9.1  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  32
     9.2  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  32
        Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  33
        Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . .  35





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1.  Introduction

   Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) is emerging as an attractive
   public-key cryptosystem for mobile/wireless environments.  Compared
   to currently prevalent cryptosystems such as RSA, ECC offers
   equivalent security with smaller key sizes.  This is illustrated in
   the following table, based on [13], which gives approximate
   comparable key sizes for symmetric- and asymmetric-key cryptosystems
   based on the best-known algorithms for attacking them.

                   Symmetric    |  ECC    |  DH/DSA/RSA
                   -------------+---------+------------
                      80        |  163    |  1024
                     112        |  233    |  2048
                     128        |  283    |  3072
                     192        |  409    |  7680
                     256        |  571    |  15360

                  Table 1: Comparable key sizes (in bits)


   Smaller key sizes result in power, bandwidth and computational
   savings that make ECC especially attractive for constrained
   environments.

   This document describes additions to TLS to support ECC.  In
   particular, it defines

   o  the use of the Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH) key agreement
      scheme with long-term or ephemeral keys to establish the TLS
      premaster secret, and

   o  the use of fixed-ECDH certificates and ECDSA for authentication of
      TLS peers.

   The remainder of this document is organized as follows.  Section 2
   provides an overview of ECC-based key exchange algorithms for TLS.
   Section 3 describes the use of ECC certificates for client
   authentication.  TLS extensions that allow a client to negotiate the
   use of specific curves and point formats are presented in Section 4.
   Section 5 specifies various data structures needed for an ECC-based
   handshake, their encoding in TLS messages and the processing of those
   messages.  Section 6 defines new ECC-based cipher suites and
   identifies a small subset of these as recommended for all
   implementations of this specification.  Section 7 and Section 8
   mention security considerations and acknowledgments, respectively.
   This is followed by a list of references cited in this document, the
   authors' contact information, and statements on intellectual property



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   rights and copyrights.

   Implementation of this specification requires familiarity with TLS
   [2], TLS extensions [3] and ECC [4][5][6][8].















































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2.  Key Exchange Algorithms

   This document introduces five new ECC-based key exchange algorithms
   for TLS.  All of them use ECDH to compute the TLS premaster secret
   and differ only in the lifetime of ECDH keys (long-term or ephemeral)
   and the mechanism (if any) used to authenticate them.  The derivation
   of the TLS master secret from the premaster secret and the subsequent
   generation of bulk encryption/MAC keys and initialization vectors is
   independent of the key exchange algorithm and not impacted by the
   introduction of ECC.

   The table below summarizes the new key exchange algorithms which
   mimic DH_DSS, DHE_DSS, DH_RSA, DHE_RSA, and DH_anon (see [2]),
   respectively.

          Key
          Exchange
          Algorithm           Description
          ---------           -----------

          ECDH_ECDSA          Fixed ECDH with ECDSA-signed certificates.

          ECDHE_ECDSA         Ephemeral ECDH with ECDSA signatures.

          ECDH_RSA            Fixed ECDH with RSA-signed certificates.

          ECDHE_RSA           Ephemeral ECDH with RSA signatures.

          ECDH_anon           Anonymous ECDH, no signatures.

                     Table 2: ECC key exchange algorithms


   The ECDHE_ECDSA and ECDHE_RSA key exchange mechanisms provide forward
   secrecy.  With ECDHE_RSA, a server can reuse its existing RSA
   certificate and easily comply with a constrained client's elliptic
   curve preferences (see Section 4).  However, the computational cost
   incurred by a server is higher for ECDHE_RSA than for the traditional
   RSA key exchange which does not provide forward secrecy.

   The ECDH_RSA mechanism requires a server to acquire an ECC
   certificate but the certificate issuer can still use an existing RSA
   key for signing.  This eliminates the need to update the trusted key
   store in TLS clients.  The ECDH_ECDSA mechanism requires ECC keys for
   the server as well as the certification authority and is best suited
   for constrained devices unable to support RSA.

   The anonymous key exchange algorithm does not provide authentication



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   of the server or the client.  Like other anonymous TLS key exchanges,
   it is subject to man-in-the-middle attacks.  Implementations of this
   algorithm SHOULD provide authentication by other means.

   Note that there is no structural difference between ECDH and ECDSA
   keys.  A certificate issuer may use X509.v3 keyUsage and
   extendedKeyUsage extensions to restrict the use of an ECC public key
   to certain computations.  This document refers to an ECC key as ECDH-
   capable if its use in ECDH is permitted.  ECDSA-capable is defined
   similarly.


              Client                                        Server
              ------                                        ------

              ClientHello          -------->
                                                       ServerHello
                                                      Certificate*
                                                ServerKeyExchange*
                                              CertificateRequest*+
                                   <--------       ServerHelloDone
              Certificate*+
              ClientKeyExchange
              CertificateVerify*+
              [ChangeCipherSpec]
              Finished             -------->
                                                [ChangeCipherSpec]
                                   <--------              Finished

              Application Data     <------->      Application Data


                   * message is not sent under some conditions
                   + message is not sent unless client authentication
                     is desired

                 Figure 1: Message flow in a full TLS handshake


   Figure 1 shows all messages involved in the TLS key establishment
   protocol (aka full handshake).  The addition of ECC has direct impact
   only on the ClientHello, the ServerHello, the server's Certificate
   message, the ServerKeyExchange, the ClientKeyExchange, the
   CertificateRequest, the client's Certificate message, and the
   CertificateVerify.  Next, we describe each ECC key exchange algorithm
   in greater detail in terms of the content and processing of these
   messages.  For ease of exposition, we defer discussion of client
   authentication and associated messages (identified with a + in



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   Figure 1) until Section 3 and of the optional ECC-specific extensions
   (which impact the Hello messages) until Section 4.

2.1  ECDH_ECDSA

   In ECDH_ECDSA, the server's certificate MUST contain an ECDH-capable
   public key and be signed with ECDSA.

   A ServerKeyExchange MUST NOT be sent (the server's certificate
   contains all the necessary keying information required by the client
   to arrive at the premaster secret).

   The client MUST generate an ECDH key pair on the same curve as the
   server's long-term public key and send its public key in the
   ClientKeyExchange message (except when using client authentication
   algorithm ECDSA_fixed_ECDH or RSA_fixed_ECDH, in which case the
   modifications from section Section 3.2 or Section 3.3 apply).

   Both client and server MUST perform an ECDH operation and use the
   resultant shared secret as the premaster secret.  All ECDH
   calculations are performed as specified in Section 5.10

2.2  ECDHE_ECDSA

   In ECDHE_ECDSA, the server's certificate MUST contain an ECDSA-
   capable public key and be signed with ECDSA.

   The server MUST send its ephemeral ECDH public key and a
   specification of the corresponding curve in the ServerKeyExchange
   message.  These parameters MUST be signed with ECDSA using the
   private key corresponding to the public key in the server's
   Certificate.

   The client MUST generate an ECDH key pair on the same curve as the
   server's ephemeral ECDH key and send its public key in the
   ClientKeyExchange message.

   Both client and server MUST perform an ECDH operation (Section 5.10)
   and use the resultant shared secret as the premaster secret.

2.3  ECDH_RSA

   This key exchange algorithm is the same as ECDH_ECDSA except the
   server's certificate MUST be signed with RSA rather than ECDSA.

2.4  ECDHE_RSA

   This key exchange algorithm is the same as ECDHE_ECDSA except the



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   server's certificate MUST contain an RSA public key authorized for
   signing and the signature in the ServerKeyExchange message MUST be
   computed with the corresponding RSA private key.  The server
   certificate MUST be signed with RSA.

2.5  ECDH_anon

   In ECDH_anon, the server's Certificate, the CertificateRequest, the
   client's Certificate, and the CertificateVerify messages MUST NOT be
   sent.

   The server MUST send an ephemeral ECDH public key and a specification
   of the corresponding curve in the ServerKeyExchange message.  These
   parameters MUST NOT be signed.

   The client MUST generate an ECDH key pair on the same curve as the
   server's ephemeral ECDH key and send its public key in the
   ClientKeyExchange message.

   Both client and server MUST perform an ECDH operation and use the
   resultant shared secret as the premaster secret.  All ECDH
   calculations are performed as specified in Section 5.10





























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3.  Client Authentication

   This document defines three new client authentication mechanisms
   named after the type of client certificate involved: ECDSA_sign,
   ECDSA_fixed_ECDH and RSA_fixed_ECDH.  The ECDSA_sign mechanism is
   usable with any of the non-anonymous ECC key exchange algorithms
   described in Section 2 as well as other non-anonymous (non-ECC) key
   exchange algorithms defined in TLS [2].  The ECDSA_fixed_ECDH and
   RSA_fixed_ECDH mechanisms are usable with ECDH_ECDSA and ECDH_RSA.
   Their use with ECDHE_ECDSA and ECDHE_RSA is prohibited because the
   use of a long-term ECDH client key would jeopardize the forward
   secrecy property of these algorithms.

   The server can request ECC-based client authentication by including
   one or more of these certificate types in its CertificateRequest
   message.  The server MUST NOT include any certificate types that are
   prohibited for the negotiated key exchange algorithm.  The client
   must check if it possesses a certificate appropriate for any of the
   methods suggested by the server and is willing to use it for
   authentication.

   If these conditions are not met, the client should send a client
   Certificate message containing no certificates.  In this case, the
   ClientKeyExchange should be sent as described in Section 2 and the
   CertificateVerify should not be sent.  If the server requires client
   authentication, it may respond with a fatal handshake failure alert.

   If the client has an appropriate certificate and is willing to use it
   for authentication, it MUST send that certificate in the client's
   Certificate message (as per Section 5.6) and prove possession of the
   private key corresponding to the certified key.  The process of
   determining an appropriate certificate and proving possession is
   different for each authentication mechanism and described below.

   NOTE: It is permissible for a server to request (and the client to
   send) a client certificate of a different type than the server
   certificate.

3.1  ECDSA_sign

   To use this authentication mechanism, the client MUST possess a
   certificate containing an ECDSA-capable public key and signed with
   ECDSA.

   The client MUST prove possession of the private key corresponding to
   the certified key by including a signature in the CertificateVerify
   message as described in Section 5.8.




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3.2  ECDSA_fixed_ECDH

   To use this authentication mechanism, the client MUST possess a
   certificate containing an ECDH-capable public key and that
   certificate MUST be signed with ECDSA.  Furthermore, the client's
   ECDH key MUST be on the same elliptic curve as the server's long-term
   (certified) ECDH key.  This might limit use of this mechanism to
   closed environments.  In situations where the client has an ECC key
   on a different curve, it would have to authenticate either using
   ECDSA_sign or a non-ECC mechanism (e.g.  RSA).  Using fixed ECDH for
   both servers and clients is computationally more efficient than
   mechanisms providing forward secrecy.

   When using this authentication mechanism, the client MUST send an
   empty ClientKeyExchange as described in Section 5.7 and MUST NOT send
   the CertificateVerify message.  The ClientKeyExchange is empty since
   the client's ECDH public key required by the server to compute the
   premaster secret is available inside the client's certificate.  The
   client's ability to arrive at the same premaster secret as the server
   (demonstrated by a successful exchange of Finished messages) proves
   possession of the private key corresponding to the certified public
   key and the CertificateVerify message is unnecessary.

3.3  RSA_fixed_ECDH

   This authentication mechanism is identical to ECDSA_fixed_ECDH except
   the client's certificate MUST be signed with RSA.
























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4.  TLS Extensions for ECC

   Two new TLS extensions are defined in this specification: (i) the
   Supported Elliptic Curves Extension, and (ii) the Supported Point
   Formats Extension.  These allow negotiating the use of specific
   curves and point formats (e.g. compressed vs. uncompressed),
   respectively, during a handshake starting a new session.  These
   extensions are especially relevant for constrained clients that may
   only support a limited number of curves or point formats.  They
   follow the general approach outlined in [3]; message details are
   specified in Section 5.  The client enumerates the curves it supports
   and the point formats it can parse by including the appropriate
   extensions in its ClientHello message.  The server similarly
   enumerates the point formats it can parse by including an extension
   in its ServerHello message.

   A TLS client that proposes ECC cipher suites in its ClientHello
   message SHOULD include these extensions.  Servers implementing ECC
   cipher suites MUST support these extensions, and when a client uses
   these extensions, servers MUST NOT negotiate the use of an ECC cipher
   suite unless they can complete the handshake while respecting the
   choice of curves and compression techniques specified by the client.
   This eliminates the possibility that a negotiated ECC handshake will
   be subsequently aborted due to a client's inability to deal with the
   server's EC key.

   These extensions MUST NOT be included if the client does not propose
   any ECC cipher suites.  A client that proposes ECC cipher suites may
   choose not to include these extension.  In this case, the server is
   free to choose any one of the elliptic curves or point formats listed
   in Section 5.  That section also describes the structure and
   processing of these extensions in greater detail.

   In the case of session resumption, the server simply ignores the
   Supported Elliptic Curves Extension and the Supported Point Formats
   Extension as appearing in the current ClientHello message.  These
   extensions only play a role during handshakes negotiating a new
   session.













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5.  Data Structures and Computations

   This section specifies the data structures and computations used by
   ECC-based key mechanisms specified in Section 2, Section 3 and
   Section 4.  The presentation language used here is the same as that
   used in TLS [2].  Since this specification extends TLS, these
   descriptions should be merged with those in the TLS specification and
   any others that extend TLS.  This means that enum types may not
   specify all possible values and structures with multiple formats
   chosen with a select() clause may not indicate all possible cases.

5.1  Client Hello Extensions

   This section specifies two TLS extensions that can be included with
   the ClientHello message as described in [3], the Supported Elliptic
   Curves Extension and the Supported Point Formats Extension.

   When these extensions are sent:

   The extensions SHOULD be sent along with any ClientHello message that
   proposes ECC cipher suites.

   Meaning of these extensions:

   These extensions allow a client to enumerate the elliptic curves it
   supports and/or the point formats it can parse.

   Structure of these extensions:

   The general structure of TLS extensions is described in [3] and this
   specification adds two new types to ExtensionType.


       enum { elliptic_curves(??), ec_point_formats(??) } ExtensionType;

   [[ EDITOR: The values used for elliptic_curves and ec_point_formats
   have been left as ??.  These values will be assigned when this draft
   progresses to RFC.  (The examples below will have to be changed
   accordingly.) ]]

   elliptic_curves (Supported Elliptic Curves Extension):  Indicates the
      set of elliptic curves supported by the client.  For this
      extension, the opaque extension_data field contains
      EllipticCurveList.







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   ec_point_formats (Supported Point Formats Extension):  Indicates the
      set of point formats that the client can parse.  For this
      extension, the opaque extension_data field contains
      ECPointFormatList.


        enum {
            sect163k1 (1), sect163r1 (2), sect163r2 (3),
            sect193r1 (4), sect193r2 (5), sect233k1 (6),
            sect233r1 (7), sect239k1 (8), sect283k1 (9),
            sect283r1 (10), sect409k1 (11), sect409r1 (12),
            sect571k1 (13), sect571r1 (14), secp160k1 (15),
            secp160r1 (16), secp160r2 (17), secp192k1 (18),
            secp192r1 (19), secp224k1 (20), secp224r1 (21),
            secp256k1 (22), secp256r1 (23), secp384r1 (24),
            secp521r1 (25), reserved (240..247),
            arbitrary_explicit_prime_curves(253),
            arbitrary_explicit_char2_curves(254),
            (255)
        } NamedCurve;

   sect163k1, etc:  Indicates support of the corresponding named curve
      specified in SEC 2 [10].  Note that many of these curves are also
      recommended in ANSI X9.62 [6], and FIPS 186-2 [8].  Values 240
      through 247 are reserved for private use.  Values 253 and 254
      indicate that the client supports arbitrary prime and
      characteristic-2 curves, respectively (the curve parameters must
      be encoded explicitly in ECParameters).


        struct {
            NamedCurve elliptic_curve_list<1..2^8-1>
        } EllipticCurveList;


   Items in elliptic_curve_list are ordered according to the client's
   preferences (favorite choice first).

   As an example, a client that only supports secp192r1 (aka NIST P-192;
   value 19 = 0x13) and secp224r1 (aka NIST P-224; value 21 = 0x15) and
   prefers to use secp192r1 would include a TLS extension consisting of
   the following octets:

        00 ?? 00 03 02 13 15

   A client that supports arbitrary explicit characteristic-2 curves
   (value 254 = 0xFE) would include an extension consisting of the
   following octets:



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        00 ?? 00 02 01 FE


        enum { uncompressed (0), ansiX962_compressed (1),
               ansiX962_hybrid (2), reserved (3 .. 255)
        } ECPointFormat;

        struct {
            ECPointFormat ec_point_format_list<1..2^8-1>
        } ECPointFormatList;

   Three point formats are included in the definition of ECPointFormat
   above.  The uncompressed point format is the default format in that
   implementations of this document MUST support it.  The
   ansiX962_compressed format reduces bandwidth by including only the
   x-coordinate and a single bit of the y-coordinate of the point.  The
   ansiX962_hybrid format includes both the full y-coordinate and the
   compressed y-coordinate to allow flexibility and improve efficiency
   in some cases.  Implementations of this document MAY support the
   ansiX962_compressed and ansiX962_hybrid point formats.  (These three
   formats are described in [6].)  Values 248 through 255 are reserved
   for private use.

   Items in ec_point_format_list are ordered according to the client's
   preferences (favorite choice first).

   A client that can parse only the uncompressed point format includes
   an extension consisting of the following octets:

        00 ?? 00 02 01 00

   A client that prefers the use of the ansiX962_compressed format over
   uncompressed may indicate that preference by including an extension
   consisting of the following octets:

        00 ?? 00 03 02 01 00

   Actions of the sender:

   A client that proposes ECC cipher suites in its ClientHello message
   appends these extensions (along with any others), enumerating the
   curves it supports and the point formats it can parse.  Clients
   SHOULD send both the Supported Elliptic Curves Extension and the
   Supported Point Formats Extension.  If the Supported Point Formats
   Extension is indeed sent, it MUST contain the value 0 (uncompressed)
   as one of the items in the list of point formats.

   Actions of the receiver:



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   A server that receives a ClientHello containing one or both of these
   extensions MUST use the client's enumerated capabilities to guide its
   selection of an appropriate cipher suite.  One of the proposed ECC
   cipher suites must be negotiated only if the server can successfully
   complete the handshake while using the curves and point formats
   supported by the client (cf. Section 5.3 and Section 5.4).

   NOTE: A server participating in an ECDHE-ECDSA key exchange may use
   different curves for (i) the ECDSA key in its certificate, and (ii)
   the ephemeral ECDH key in the ServerKeyExchange message.  The server
   must consider the "elliptic_curves" extension in selecting both of
   these curves.

   If a server does not understand the "elliptic_curves" extension or is
   unable to complete the ECC handshake while restricting itself to the
   enumerated curves, it MUST NOT negotiate the use of an ECC cipher
   suite.  Depending on what other cipher suites are proposed by the
   client and supported by the server, this may result in a fatal
   handshake failure alert due to the lack of common cipher suites.

5.2  Server Hello Extension

   This section specifies a TLS extension that can be included with the
   ServerHello message as described in [3], the Supported Point Formats
   Extension.

   When this extension is sent:

   The Supported Point Formats Extension is included in a ServerHello
   message in response to a ClientHello message containing the Supported
   Point Formats Extension when negotiating an ECC cipher suite.

   Meaning of this extensions:

   This extension allows a server to enumerate the point formats it can
   parse (for the curve that will appear in its ServerKeyExchange
   message when using the ECDHE_ECDSA, ECDHE_RSA, or ECDH_anon key
   exchange algorithm, or for the curve that is used in the server's
   public key that will appear in its Certificate message when using the
   ECDH_ECDSA or ECDH_RSA key exchange algorithm).

   Structure of this extension:

   The server's Supported Point Formats Extension has the same structure
   as the client's Supported Point Formats Extension.  Items in
   elliptic_curve_list here are ordered according to the server's
   preference (favorite choice first).  Note that the server may include
   items that were not found in the client's list (e.g., the server may



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   prefer to receive points in compressed format even when a client
   cannot parse this format: the same client may nevertheless be capable
   to output points in compressed format).

   Actions of the sender:

   A server that selects an ECC cipher suite in response to a
   ClientHello message including a Supported Point Formats Extension
   appends this extension (along with others) to its ServerHello
   message, enumerating the point formats it can parse.  The Supported
   Point Formats Extension, when used, MUST contain the value 0
   (uncompressed) as one of the items in the list of point formats.

   Actions of the receiver:

   A client that receives a ServerHello message containing a Supported
   Point Formats Extension MUST respect the server's choice of point
   formats during the handshake (cf. Section 5.6 and Section 5.7).  If
   no Supported Point Formats Extension is received with the
   ServerHello, this is equivalent to an extension allowing only the
   uncompressed point format.

5.3  Server Certificate

   When this message is sent:

   This message is sent in all non-anonymous ECC-based key exchange
   algorithms.

   Meaning of this message:

   This message is used to authentically convey the server's static
   public key to the client.  The following table shows the server
   certificate type appropriate for each key exchange algorithm.  ECC
   public keys must be encoded in certificates as described in
   Section 5.9.

   NOTE: The server's Certificate message is capable of carrying a chain
   of certificates.  The restrictions mentioned in Table 3 apply only to
   the server's certificate (first in the chain).











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          Key Exchange Algorithm  Server Certificate Type
          ----------------------  -----------------------

          ECDH_ECDSA              Certificate must contain an
                                  ECDH-capable public key. It
                                  must be signed with ECDSA.

          ECDHE_ECDSA             Certificate must contain an
                                  ECDSA-capable public key. It
                                  must be signed with ECDSA.

          ECDH_RSA                Certificate must contain an
                                  ECDH-capable public key. It
                                  must be signed with RSA.

          ECDHE_RSA               Certificate must contain an
                                  RSA public key authorized for
                                  use in digital signatures. It
                                  must be signed with RSA.

                    Table 3: Server certificate types


   Structure of this message:

   Identical to the TLS Certificate format.

   Actions of the sender:

   The server constructs an appropriate certificate chain and conveys it
   to the client in the Certificate message.  If the client has used a
   Supported Elliptic Curves Extension, the public key in the server's
   certificate MUST respect the client's choice of elliptic curves; in
   particular, the public key MUST employ a named curve (not the same
   curve as an explicit curve) unless the client has indicated support
   for explicit curves of the appropriate type.  If the client has used
   a Supported Point Formats Extension, both the server's public key
   point and (in the case of an explicit curve) the curve's base point
   MUST respect the client's choice of point formats.  (A server that
   cannot satisfy these requirements must not choose an ECC cipher suite
   in its ServerHello message.)

   Actions of the receiver:

   The client validates the certificate chain, extracts the server's
   public key, and checks that the key type is appropriate for the
   negotiated key exchange algorithm.




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5.4  Server Key Exchange

   When this message is sent:

   This message is sent when using the ECDHE_ECDSA, ECDHE_RSA and
   ECDH_anon key exchange algorithms.

   Meaning of this message:

   This message is used to convey the server's ephemeral ECDH public key
   (and the corresponding elliptic curve domain parameters) to the
   client.

   Structure of this message:

        enum { explicit_prime (1), explicit_char2 (2),
               named_curve (3), reserved(4 .. 255) } ECCurveType;

   explicit_prime:  Indicates the elliptic curve domain parameters are
      conveyed verbosely, and the underlying finite field is a prime
      field.

   explicit_char2:  Indicates the elliptic curve domain parameters are
      conveyed verbosely, and the underlying finite field is a
      characteristic-2 field.

   named_curve:  Indicates that a named curve is used.  This option
      SHOULD be used when applicable.

   Values 248 through 255 are reserved for private use.

        struct {
            opaque a <1..2^8-1>;
            opaque b <1..2^8-1>;
        } ECCurve;

   a, b:  These parameters specify the coefficients of the elliptic
      curve.  Each value contains the byte string representation of a
      field element following the conversion routine in Section 4.3.3 of
      ANSI X9.62 [6].


        struct {
            opaque point <1..2^8-1>;
        } ECPoint;






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   point:  This is the byte string representation of an elliptic curve
      point following the conversion routine in Section 4.3.6 of ANSI
      X9.62 [6].  This byte string may represent an elliptic curve point
      in uncompressed, hybrid, or compressed format; it MUST conform to
      what the client has requested through a Supported Point Formats
      Extension if this extension was used.


        enum { ec_basis_trinomial, ec_basis_pentanomial } ECBasisType;

   ec_basis_trinomial:  Indicates representation of a characteristic-2
      field using a trinomial basis.

   ec_basis_pentanomial:  Indicates representation of a characteristic-2
      field using a pentanomial basis.


        struct {
            ECCurveType    curve_type;
            select (curve_type) {
                case explicit_prime:
                    opaque      prime_p <1..2^8-1>;
                    ECCurve     curve;
                    ECPoint     base;
                    opaque      order <1..2^8-1>;
                    opaque      cofactor <1..2^8-1>;
                case explicit_char2:
                    uint16      m;
                    ECBasisType basis;
                    select (basis) {
                        case ec_trinomial:
                            opaque  k <1..2^8-1>;
                        case ec_pentanomial:
                            opaque  k1 <1..2^8-1>;
                            opaque  k2 <1..2^8-1>;
                            opaque  k3 <1..2^8-1>;
                    };
                    ECCurve     curve;
                    ECPoint     base;
                    opaque      order <1..2^8-1>;
                    opaque      cofactor <1..2^8-1>;
                case named_curve:
                    NamedCurve namedcurve;
            };
        } ECParameters;






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   curve_type:  This identifies the type of the elliptic curve domain
      parameters.

   prime_p:  This is the odd prime defining the field Fp.

   curve:  Specifies the coefficients a and b of the elliptic curve E.

   base:  Specifies the base point G on the elliptic curve.

   order:  Specifies the order n of the base point.

   cofactor:  Specifies the cofactor h = #E(Fq)/n, where #E(Fq)
      represents the number of points on the elliptic curve E defined
      over the field Fq (either Fp or F2^m).

   m:  This is the degree of the characteristic-2 field F2^m.

   k:  The exponent k for the trinomial basis representation x^m + x^k
      +1.

   k1, k2, k3:  The exponents for the pentanomial representation x^m +
      x^k3 + x^k2 + x^k1 + 1 (such that k3 > k2 > k1).

   namedcurve:  Specifies a recommended set of elliptic curve domain
      parameters.  All enum values of NamedCurve are allowed except for
      arbitrary_explicit_prime_curves(253) and
      arbitrary_explicit_char2_curves(254).  These two values are only
      allowed in the ClientHello extension.


        struct {
            ECParameters    curve_params;
            ECPoint         public;
        } ServerECDHParams;

   curve_params:  Specifies the elliptic curve domain parameters
      associated with the ECDH public key.

   public:  The ephemeral ECDH public key.

   The ServerKeyExchange message is extended as follows.

        enum { ec_diffie_hellman } KeyExchangeAlgorithm;








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   ec_diffie_hellman:  Indicates the ServerKeyExchange message contains
      an ECDH public key.


        select (KeyExchangeAlgorithm) {
            case ec_diffie_hellman:
                ServerECDHParams    params;
                Signature           signed_params;
        } ServerKeyExchange;

   params:  Specifies the ECDH public key and associated domain
      parameters.

   signed_params:  A hash of the params, with the signature appropriate
      to that hash applied.  The private key corresponding to the
      certified public key in the server's Certificate message is used
      for signing.


          enum { ecdsa } SignatureAlgorithm;


          select (SignatureAlgorithm) {
              case ecdsa:
                  digitally-signed struct {
                      opaque sha_hash[sha_size];
                  };
          } Signature;

   NOTE: SignatureAlgorithm is "rsa" for the ECDHE_RSA key exchange
   algorithm and "anonymous" for ECDH_anon.  These cases are defined in
   TLS [2].  SignatureAlgorithm is "ecdsa" for ECDHE_ECDSA.  ECDSA
   signatures are generated and verified as described in Section 5.10.
   As per ANSI X9.62, an ECDSA signature consists of a pair of integers
   r and s.  These integers are both converted into byte strings of the
   same length as the curve order n using the conversion routine
   specified in Section 4.3.1 of [6].  The two byte strings are
   concatenated, and the result is placed in the signature field.

   Actions of the sender:

   The server selects elliptic curve domain parameters and an ephemeral
   ECDH public key corresponding to these parameters according to the
   ECKAS-DH1 scheme from IEEE 1363 [5].  It conveys this information to
   the client in the ServerKeyExchange message using the format defined
   above.

   Actions of the recipient:



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   The client verifies the signature (when present) and retrieves the
   server's elliptic curve domain parameters and ephemeral ECDH public
   key from the ServerKeyExchange message.

5.5  Certificate Request

   When this message is sent:

   This message is sent when requesting client authentication.

   Meaning of this message:

   The server uses this message to suggest acceptable client
   authentication methods.

   Structure of this message:

   The TLS CertificateRequest message is extended as follows.

        enum {
            ecdsa_sign(??), rsa_fixed_ecdh(??),
            ecdsa_fixed_ecdh(??), (255)
        } ClientCertificateType;

   ecdsa_sign, etc Indicates that the server would like to use the
      corresponding client authentication method specified in Section 3.

      [[ EDITOR: The values used for ecdsa_sign, rsa_fixed_ecdh, and
      ecdsa_fixed_ecdh have been left as ??.  These values will be
      assigned when this draft progresses to RFC.  Earlier versions of
      this draft used the values 5, 6, and 7 - however these values have
      been removed since they are used differently by SSL 3.0 [14] and
      their use by TLS is being deprecated. ]]

   Actions of the sender:

   The server decides which client authentication methods it would like
   to use, and conveys this information to the client using the format
   defined above.

   Actions of the receiver:

   The client determines whether it has a suitable certificate for use
   with any of the requested methods, and decides whether or not to
   proceed with client authentication.






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5.6  Client Certificate

   When this message is sent:

   This message is sent in response to a CertificateRequest when a
   client has a suitable certificate and has decided to proceed with
   client authentication.  (Note that if the server has used a Supported
   Point Formats Extension, a certificate can only be considered
   suitable for use with the ECDSA_sign, RSA_fixed_ECDH, and
   ECDSA_fixed_ECDH authentication methods if the public key point
   specified in it respects the server's choice of point formats.  If no
   Supported Point Formats Extension has been used, a certificate can
   only be considered suitable for use with these authentication methods
   if the point is represented in uncompressed point format.)

   Meaning of this message:

   This message is used to authentically convey the client's static
   public key to the server.  The following table summarizes what client
   certificate types are appropriate for the ECC-based client
   authentication mechanisms described in Section 3.  ECC public keys
   must be encoded in certificates as described in Section 5.9.

   NOTE: The client's Certificate message is capable of carrying a chain
   of certificates.  The restrictions mentioned in Table 4 apply only to
   the client's certificate (first in the chain).


          Client
          Authentication Method   Client Certificate Type
          ---------------------   -----------------------

          ECDSA_sign              Certificate must contain an
                                  ECDSA-capable public key and
                                  be signed with ECDSA.

          ECDSA_fixed_ECDH        Certificate must contain an
                                  ECDH-capable public key on the
                                  same elliptic curve as the server's
                                  long-term ECDH key. This certificate
                                  must be signed with ECDSA.

          RSA_fixed_ECDH          Certificate must contain an
                                  ECDH-capable public key on the
                                  same elliptic curve as the server's
                                  long-term ECDH key. This certificate
                                  must be signed with RSA.




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                     Table 4: Client certificate types


   Structure of this message:

   Identical to the TLS client Certificate format.

   Actions of the sender:

   The client constructs an appropriate certificate chain, and conveys
   it to the server in the Certificate message.

   Actions of the receiver:

   The TLS server validates the certificate chain, extracts the client's
   public key, and checks that the key type is appropriate for the
   client authentication method.

5.7  Client Key Exchange

   When this message is sent:

   This message is sent in all key exchange algorithms.  If client
   authentication with ECDSA_fixed_ECDH or RSA_fixed_ECDH is used, this
   message is empty.  Otherwise, it contains the client's ephemeral ECDH
   public key.

   Meaning of the message:

   This message is used to convey ephemeral data relating to the key
   exchange belonging to the client (such as its ephemeral ECDH public
   key).

   Structure of this message:

   The TLS ClientKeyExchange message is extended as follows.

        enum { implicit, explicit } PublicValueEncoding;

   implicit, explicit:  For ECC cipher suites, this indicates whether
      the client's ECDH public key is in the client's certificate
      ("implicit") or is provided, as an ephemeral ECDH public key, in
      the ClientKeyExchange message ("explicit").  (This is "explicit"
      in ECC cipher suites except when the client uses the
      ECDSA_fixed_ECDH or RSA_fixed_ECDH client authentication
      mechanism.)





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        struct {
            select (PublicValueEncoding) {
                case implicit: struct { };
                case explicit: ECPoint ecdh_Yc;
            } ecdh_public;
        } ClientECDiffieHellmanPublic;

   ecdh_Yc:  Contains the client's ephemeral ECDH public key as a byte
      string ECPoint.point, which may represent an elliptic curve point
      in uncompressed, hybrid, or compressed format.  Here the format
      MUST conform to what the server has requested through a Supported
      Point Formats Extension if this extension was used, and MUST be
      uncompressed if this extension was not used.


        struct {
            select (KeyExchangeAlgorithm) {
                case ec_diffie_hellman: ClientECDiffieHellmanPublic;
            } exchange_keys;
        } ClientKeyExchange;

   Actions of the sender:

   The client selects an ephemeral ECDH public key corresponding to the
   parameters it received from the server according to the ECKAS-DH1
   scheme from IEEE 1363 [5].  It conveys this information to the client
   in the ClientKeyExchange message using the format defined above.

   Actions of the recipient:

   The server retrieves the client's ephemeral ECDH public key from the
   ClientKeyExchange message and checks that it is on the same elliptic
   curve as the server's ECDH key.

5.8  Certificate Verify

   When this message is sent:

   This message is sent when the client sends a client certificate
   containing a public key usable for digital signatures, e.g. when the
   client is authenticated using the ECDSA_sign mechanism.

   Meaning of the message:

   This message contains a signature that proves possession of the
   private key corresponding to the public key in the client's
   Certificate message.




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   Structure of this message:

   The TLS CertificateVerify message is extended as follows.

        enum { ecdsa } SignatureAlgorithm;

        select (SignatureAlgorithm) {
            case ecdsa:
                digitally-signed struct {
                    opaque sha_hash[sha_size];
                };
        } Signature;

   For the ecdsa case, the signature field in the CertificateVerify
   message contains an ECDSA signature computed over handshake messages
   exchanged so far.  ECDSA signatures are computed as described in
   Section 5.10.  As per ANSI X9.62, an ECDSA signature consists of a
   pair of integers r and s.  These integers are both converted into
   byte strings of the same length as the curve order n using the
   conversion routine specified in Section 4.3.1 of [6].  The two byte
   strings are concatenated, and the result is placed in the signature
   field.

   Actions of the sender:

   The client computes its signature over all handshake messages sent or
   received starting at client hello up to but not including this
   message.  It uses the private key corresponding to its certified
   public key to compute the signature which is conveyed in the format
   defined above.

   Actions of the receiver:

   The server extracts the client's signature from the CertificateVerify
   message, and verifies the signature using the public key it received
   in the client's Certificate message.

5.9  Elliptic Curve Certificates

   X509 certificates containing ECC public keys or signed using ECDSA
   MUST comply with [11] or another RFC that replaces or extends it.
   Clients SHOULD use the elliptic curve domain parameters recommended
   in ANSI X9.62 [6], FIPS 186-2 [8], and SEC 2 [10].

5.10  ECDH, ECDSA and RSA Computations

   All ECDH calculations (including parameter and key generation as well
   as the shared secret calculation) MUST be performed according to [5]



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   using the ECKAS-DH1 scheme with the identity map as key derivation
   function, so that the premaster secret is the x-coordinate of the
   ECDH shared secret elliptic curve point, i.e. the octet string Z in
   IEEE 1363 terminology.

   Note that a new extension may be introduced in the future to allow
   the use of a different KDF during computation of the premaster
   secret.  In this event, the new KDF would be used in place of the
   process detailed above.  This may be desirable, for example, to
   support compatibility with the planned NIST key agreement standard.

   All ECDSA computations MUST be performed according to ANSI X9.62 [6]
   or its successors.  Data to be signed/verified is hashed and the
   result run directly through the ECDSA algorithm with no additional
   hashing.  The default hash function is SHA-1 [7] and sha_size (see
   Section 5.4 and Section 5.8) is 20.  However, an alternative hash
   function, such as one of the new SHA hash functions specified in FIPS
   180-2 [7], may be used instead if the certificate containing the EC
   public key explicitly requires use of another hash function.  (The
   mechanism for specifying the required hash function has not been
   standardized but this provision anticipates such standardization and
   obviates the need to update this document in response.  Future PKIX
   RFCs may choose, for example, to specify the hash function to be used
   with a public key in the parameters field of subjectPublicKeyInfo.)

   All RSA signatures must be generated and verified according to PKCS#1
   [9] block type 1.
























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6.  Cipher Suites

   The table below defines new ECC cipher suites that use the key
   exchange algorithms specified in Section 2.

     CipherSuite TLS_ECDH_ECDSA_WITH_NULL_SHA           = { 0x00, 0x?? }
     CipherSuite TLS_ECDH_ECDSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA        = { 0x00, 0x?? }
     CipherSuite TLS_ECDH_ECDSA_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA        = { 0x00, 0x?? }
     CipherSuite TLS_ECDH_ECDSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA   = { 0x00, 0x?? }
     CipherSuite TLS_ECDH_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA    = { 0x00, 0x?? }
     CipherSuite TLS_ECDH_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA    = { 0x00, 0x?? }

     CipherSuite TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_NULL_SHA          = { 0x00, 0x?? }
     CipherSuite TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA       = { 0x00, 0x?? }
     CipherSuite TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA  = { 0x00, 0x?? }
     CipherSuite TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA   = { 0x00, 0x?? }
     CipherSuite TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA   = { 0x00, 0x?? }

     CipherSuite TLS_ECDH_RSA_WITH_NULL_SHA             = { 0x00, 0x?? }
     CipherSuite TLS_ECDH_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA          = { 0x00, 0x?? }
     CipherSuite TLS_ECDH_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA     = { 0x00, 0x?? }
     CipherSuite TLS_ECDH_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA      = { 0x00, 0x?? }
     CipherSuite TLS_ECDH_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA      = { 0x00, 0x?? }

     CipherSuite TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_NULL_SHA            = { 0x00, 0x?? }
     CipherSuite TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA         = { 0x00, 0x?? }
     CipherSuite TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA    = { 0x00, 0x?? }
     CipherSuite TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA     = { 0x00, 0x?? }
     CipherSuite TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA     = { 0x00, 0x?? }

     CipherSuite TLS_ECDH_anon_NULL_WITH_SHA            = { 0x00, 0x?? }
     CipherSuite TLS_ECDH_anon_WITH_RC4_128_SHA         = { 0x00, 0x?? }
     CipherSuite TLS_ECDH_anon_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA    = { 0x00, 0x?? }
     CipherSuite TLS_ECDH_anon_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA     = { 0x00, 0x?? }
     CipherSuite TLS_ECDH_anon_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA     = { 0x00, 0x?? }

                        Table 5: TLS ECC cipher suites


   [[ EDITOR: The actual cipher suite numbers will be assigned when this
   draft progresses to RFC. ]]

   The key exchange method, cipher, and hash algorithm for each of these
   cipher suites are easily determined by examining the name.  Ciphers
   other than AES ciphers, and hash algorithms are defined in [2].  AES
   ciphers are defined in [15].

   Server implementations SHOULD support all of the following cipher



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   suites, and client implementations SHOULD support at least one of
   them: TLS_ECDH_ECDSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA,
   TLS_ECDH_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA,
   TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA, and
   TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA.














































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7.  Security Considerations

   This document is based on [2], [5], [6] and [15].  The appropriate
   security considerations of those documents apply.

   One important issue that implementors and users must consider is
   elliptic curve selection.  Guidance on selecting an appropriate
   elliptic curve size is given in Table 1.

   Beyond elliptic curve size, the main issue is elliptic curve
   structure.  As a general principle, it is more conservative to use
   elliptic curves with as little algebraic structure as possible - thus
   random curves are more conservative than special curves such as
   Koblitz curves, and curves over F_p with p random are more
   conservative than curves over F_p with p of a special form (and
   curves over F_p with p random might be considered more conservative
   than curves over F_2^m as there is no choice between multiple fields
   of similar size for characteristic 2).  Note, however, that algebraic
   structure can also lead to implementation efficiencies and
   implementors and users may, therefore, need to balance conservatism
   against a need for efficiency.  Concrete attacks are known against
   only very few special classes of curves, such as supersingular
   curves, and these classes are excluded from the ECC standards that
   this document references [5], [6].

   Another issue is the potential for catastrophic failures when a
   single elliptic curve is widely used.  In this case, an attack on the
   elliptic curve might result in the compromise of a large number of
   keys.  Again, this concern may need to be balanced against efficiency
   and interoperability improvements associated with widely-used curves.
   Substantial additional information on elliptic curve choice can be
   found in [4], [5], [6], [8].

   Implementors and users must also consider whether they need forward
   secrecy.  Forward secrecy refers to the property that session keys
   are not compromised if the static, certified keys belonging to the
   server and client are compromised.  The ECDHE_ECDSA and ECDHE_RSA key
   exchange algorithms provide forward secrecy protection in the event
   of server key compromise, while ECDH_ECDSA and ECDH_RSA do not.
   Similarly if the client is providing a static, certified key,
   ECDSA_sign client authentication provides forward secrecy protection
   in the event of client key compromise, while ECDSA_fixed_ECDH and
   RSA_fixed_ECDH do not.  Thus to obtain complete forward secrecy
   protection, ECDHE_ECDSA or ECDHE_RSA must be used for key exchange,
   with ECDSA_sign used for client authentication if necessary.  Here
   again the security benefits of forward secrecy may need to be
   balanced against the improved efficiency offered by other options.




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8.  Acknowledgments

   The authors wish to thank Bill Anderson and Tim Dierks.
















































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9.  References

9.1  Normative References

   [1]   Bradner, S., "Key Words for Use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
         Levels", RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [2]   Dierks, T. and C. Allen, "The TLS Protocol Version 1.0",
         RFC 2246, January 1999.

   [3]   Blake-Wilson, S., Nystrom, M., Hopwood, D., Mikkelsen, J., and
         T. Wright, "Transport Layer Security (TLS) Extensions",
         draft-ietf-tls-rfc3546bis-00.txt (work in progress), Nov. 2004.

   [4]   SECG, "Elliptic Curve Cryptography", SEC 1, 2000,
         <http://www.secg.org/>.

   [5]   IEEE, "Standard Specifications for Public Key Cryptography",
         IEEE 1363, 2000.

   [6]   ANSI, "Public Key Cryptography For The Financial Services
         Industry: The Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm
         (ECDSA)", ANSI X9.62, 1998.

   [7]   NIST, "Secure Hash Standard", FIPS 180-2, 2002.

   [8]   NIST, "Digital Signature Standard", FIPS 186-2, 2000.

   [9]   RSA Laboratories, "PKCS#1: RSA Encryption Standard version
         1.5", PKCS 1, November 1993.

   [10]  SECG, "Recommended Elliptic Curve Domain Parameters", SEC 2,
         2000, <http://www.secg.org/>.

   [11]  Polk, T., Housley, R., and L. Bassham, "Algorithms and
         Identifiers for the Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure
         Certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile",
         RFC 3279, April 2002.

9.2  Informative References

   [12]  Harper, G., Menezes, A., and S. Vanstone, "Public-Key
         Cryptosystems with Very Small Key Lengths", Advances in
         Cryptology -- EUROCRYPT '92, LNCS 658, 1993.

   [13]  Lenstra, A. and E. Verheul, "Selecting Cryptographic Key
         Sizes", Journal of Cryptology 14 (2001) 255-293,
         <http://www.cryptosavvy.com/>.



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   [14]  Freier, A., Karlton, P., and P. Kocher, "The SSL Protocol
         Version 3.0", November 1996,
         <http://wp.netscape.com/eng/ssl3/draft302.txt>.

   [15]  Chown, P., "Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Ciphersuites for
         Transport Layer Security (TLS)", RFC 3268, June 2002.


Authors' Addresses

   Vipul Gupta
   Sun Microsystems Laboratories
   16 Network Circle
   MS UMPK16-160
   Menlo Park, CA  94025
   US

   Phone: +1 650 786 7551
   Email: vipul.gupta@sun.com


   Simon Blake-Wilson
   Basic Commerce & Industries, Inc.
   96 Spandia Ave
   Unit 606
   Toronto, ON  M6G 2T6
   CA

   Phone: +1 416 214 5961
   Email: sblakewilson@bcisse.com


   Bodo Moeller
   University of Calgary
   Dept of Math & Stats
   2500 University Dr NW
   Calgary, AB  T2N 1N4
   CA

   Phone: +1 403 220 5735
   Email: bodo@openssl.org


   Chris Hawk
   Corriente Networks

   Email: chris@corriente.net




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   Nelson Bolyard

   Email: nelson@bolyard.com
















































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