4 SASL Working Group L. Nerenberg, Ed.
5 Internet-Draft Orthanc Systems
6 Obsoletes: RFC2195 March 5, 2007
8 Intended status: Standards Track
9 Expires: September 6, 2007
12 The CRAM-MD5 SASL Mechanism
13 draft-ietf-sasl-crammd5-08
17 By submitting this Internet-Draft, each author represents that any
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38 This Internet-Draft will expire on September 6, 2007.
42 Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2007).
46 This document defines a simple challenge-response authentication
47 mechanism, using a keyed MD5 digest, for use with the Simple
48 Authentication and Security Layer (SASL).
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62 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
63 2. The CRAM-MD5 SASL Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
64 3. Formal Grammar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
65 4. Interoperability Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
66 5. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
67 6. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
68 6.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
69 6.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
70 Appendix A. Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
71 A.1. IMAP4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
72 A.1.1. Example 1: Simple IMAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
73 A.1.2. Example 2: IMAP4 with embedded spaces . . . . . . . . 8
74 A.1.3. Example 3: IMAP4 with Unicode characters . . . . . . . 8
75 A.2. ACAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
76 A.2.1. Example 4: Simple ACAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
77 Appendix B. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
78 Appendix C. Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
79 Appendix D. Changes since RFC 2195 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
80 Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
81 Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . . . . 10
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118 This document defines a simple challenge-response authentication
119 method, using a keyed MD5 [RFC2104] digest, for use with the Simple
120 Security and Authentication Layer (SASL) [RFC4422]. The mechanism
121 name associated with CRAM-MD5 is 'CRAM-MD5'.
123 This mechanism does not provide a security layer.
125 The CRAM-MD5 mechanism is intended to have limited use on the
126 Internet. The mechanism offers inadequate protection against common
127 attacks against application-level protocols (see Section 5) and is
128 prone to interoperability problems (see Section 4).
131 2. The CRAM-MD5 SASL Mechanism
133 The mechanism starts with the server issuing a <challenge>. The data
134 contained in the challenge contains a string of random data.
136 The client makes note of the data and then responds with a <response>
137 consisting of the <username>, a space, and a <digest>. The digest is
138 computed by applying the keyed MD5 algorithm from [RFC2104] where the
139 key is a shared secret and the digested text is the <challenge>
140 (including angle-brackets). The client MUST NOT interpret or attempt
141 to validate the contents of the challenge in any way.
143 This shared secret is a string known only to the client and server.
144 The digest parameter itself is a 16-octet value which is sent in a
145 restricted hexadecimal format (see the <digest> production in
148 When the server receives this client response, it verifies the digest
149 provided. Since the user name may contain the space character, the
150 server MUST ensure the right-most space character is recognised as
151 the token separating the user name from the digest. If the digest is
152 correct, the server should consider the client authenticated.
157 The following grammar specification uses the Augmented Backus-Naur
158 Form (ABNF) as specified in [RFC4234], and incorporates by reference
159 the Core Rules defined in that document.
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172 challenge = "<" 3*(%x21-3B / %x3D / %x3F-7E) ">"
173 ; a bracketed string of printing ASCII characters, not
174 ; containing embedded "<" or ">"
176 digest = 32(DIGIT / %x61-66)
177 ; A hexadecimal string, using ONLY lower-case
180 response = username SP digest
183 ; MUST be well-formed UTF-8.
186 4. Interoperability Considerations
188 The design of CRAM-MD5 [RFC2095] pre-dated any widespread use of
189 UTF-8 to encode protocol elements. It was initially deployed as an
190 extension to the IMAP4 protocol at a time when authentication and
191 authorization identifiers were almost exclusively encoded in the US-
192 ASCII character set, therefore it is silent about the encoding and
193 representation of non-US-ASCII data elements. When sites first began
194 using alternate character sets to encode user names (and passwords)
195 they simply used the raw 8-bit character representation. This works
196 - for the most part - but only because these enclaves tend to use a
197 common character set amongst themselves. When a second group of
198 users using a different character set is introduced into the mix,
199 interoperability suffers.
201 So as not to render existing implementations non-compliant, this
202 update preserves the existing opaque nature of user names and
203 passwords. However, implementors are strongly encouraged to process
204 the user name and password data as described in the next paragraph.
205 Doing so prevents interoperability problems caused by incompatible
206 character set encodings.
208 The client SHOULD prepare the user name and shared secret strings
209 using the SASLprep [RFC4013] profile of the Stringprep [RFC3454]
210 algorithm. The resulting values SHOULD be encoded as UTF-8 [RFC3629]
211 strings. The server may store the prepared string instead of, or as
212 well as, the unprepared string, so that it does not have to prepare
213 it every time it is needed for computation. However, if the original
214 (unprepared) string is not stored, it may render the computed secret
215 to be incompatible with a future revisions of SASLprep that support
216 currently unassigned code points (see section 7 of [RFC3454]). It is
217 therefor recommended to store the unprepared string in the database.
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228 5. Security Considerations
230 CRAM-MD5 is no longer considered to provide adequate protection.
232 This mechanism is vulnerable to dictionary attack by any passive
233 listener able to observe the user name, challenge and response. An
234 attacker can use the user name and challenge to compute a series of
235 responses based on a pass-phrase dictionary, looking for a match to
236 the response sent by the client.
238 CRAM-MD5 does not authenticate the server and does not include a
239 client-supplied nonce. As a result, it is possible to construct a
240 server with a fixed challenge string that has pre-computed the hashes
241 for all possible passwords up to a certain length (or from a
242 dictionary). Such a server could then immediately determine the
243 user's password if it is sufficiently short or non-random.
245 This mechanism does not obscure the user name in any way.
246 Accordingly, a server that implements both a clear-text password
247 command and this authentication type should not allow both methods of
248 access for a given user name.
250 For the reasons described above, CRAM-MD5 SHOULD NOT be used unless
251 the application protocol session is protected by an encryption layer,
252 such as provided by TLS.
254 Keyed MD5 is chosen for this application because of the greater
255 security imparted to authentication of short messages. In addition,
256 the use of the techniques described in [RFC2104] for pre-computation
257 of intermediate results make it possible to avoid explicit clear-text
258 storage of the shared secret on the server system by instead storing
259 the intermediate results which are known as "contexts." While the
260 saving, on the server, of the MD5 context is marginally better than
261 saving the shared secrets in clear-text, it is not sufficient to
262 protect the secrets if the server itself is compromised.
263 Consequently, servers that store the secrets or contexts must both be
264 protected to a level appropriate to the potential information value
265 in the data and services protected by this mechanism. In other
266 words, techniques like this one involve a trade-off between
267 vulnerability to network sniffing and I/O buffer snooping and
268 vulnerability of the server host's databases. If one believes that
269 the host and its databases are subject to compromise, and the network
270 is not, this technique (and all others like it) is unattractive. It
271 is perhaps even less attractive than clear-text passwords, which are
272 typically stored on hosts in one-way hash form. On the other hand,
273 if the server databases are perceived as reasonably secure, and one
274 is concerned about client-side or network interception of the
275 passwords (secrets), then this (and similar) techniques are
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284 preferable to clear-text passwords by a wide margin.
286 While there are now suggestions in the literature that the use of MD5
287 and keyed MD5 in authentication procedures probably has a limited
288 effective lifetime, the technique is now widely deployed and widely
289 understood. It is believed that this general understanding may
290 assist with the rapid replacement, by CRAM-MD5, of the current uses
291 of permanent clear-text passwords in many protocols. This document
292 has been deliberately written to permit easy upgrading to use SHA (or
293 whatever alternatives emerge) when they are considered to be widely
294 available and adequately safe.
296 Even with the use of CRAM-MD5, users are still vulnerable to active
297 attacks. An example of an increasingly common active attack is 'TCP
298 Session Hijacking' as described in CERT Advisory CA-95:01.
303 6.1. Normative References
305 [RFC2104] Krawczyk, H., Bellare, M., and R. Canetti, "HMAC: Keyed-
306 Hashing for Message Authentication", RFC 2104,
309 [RFC3454] Hoffman, P. and M. Blanchet, "Preparation of
310 Internationalized Strings ("stringprep")", RFC 3454,
313 [RFC3629] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO
314 10646", STD 63, RFC 3629, November 2003.
316 [RFC4013] Zeilenga, K., "SASLprep: Stringprep Profile for User Names
317 and Passwords", RFC 4013, February 2005.
319 [RFC4234] Crocker, D., Ed. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax
320 Specifications: ABNF", RFC 4234, October 2005.
322 [RFC4422] Melnikov, A. and K. Zeilenga, "Simple Authentication and
323 Security Layer (SASL)", RFC 4422, June 2006.
325 6.2. Informative References
327 [RFC2095] Klensin, J., Catoe, R., and P. Krumviede, "IMAP/POP
328 AUTHorize Extension for Simple Challenge/Response",
329 RFC 2095, January 1997.
331 [RFC2244] Newman, C. and J. Myers, "ACAP -- Application
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340 Configuration Access Protocol", RFC 2244, November 1997.
342 [RFC3501] Crispin, M., "INTERNET MESSAGE ACCESS PROTOCOL - VERSION
343 4rev1", RFC 3501, March 2003.
345 [RFC4616] Zeilenga, K., "The PLAIN Simple Authentication and
346 Security Layer (SASL) Mechanism", RFC 4616, August 2006.
351 The examples in this appendix DO NOT form part of the specification.
352 Where conflicts exist between the examples and the formal grammar or
353 the normative text in Section 2, the latter are authoritative.
357 These examples show the use of the CRAM-MD5 mechanism with the IMAP4
358 [RFC3501] AUTHENTICATE command. The base64 encoding of the
359 challenges and responses is part of the IMAP4 AUTHENTICATE command,
360 and not part of the CRAM-MD5 specification itself.
362 A.1.1. Example 1: Simple IMAP
364 In this example the shared secret is the string 'tanstaaftanstaaf'.
366 S: * OK [CAPABILITY IMAP4rev1 STARTTLS LOGINDISABLED AUTH=CRAM-MD5]
367 C: A0001 AUTHENTICATE CRAM-MD5
368 S: + PDE4OTYuNjk3MTcwOTUyQHBvc3RvZmZpY2UuZXhhbXBsZS5uZXQ+
369 C: am9lIDNkYmM4OGYwNjI0Nzc2YTczN2IzOTA5M2Y2ZWI2NDI3
370 S: A0001 OK CRAM-MD5 authentication successful
372 Hence, the keyed MD5 digest is produced by calculating
374 MD5((SASLprep(tanstaaftanstaaf) XOR opad),
375 MD5((SASLprep(tanstaaftanstaaf) XOR ipad),
376 <1896.697170952@postoffice.example.net>))
379 where ipad and opad are as defined in RFC 2104 and the string shown
380 in the challenge is the base64 encoding of
381 '<1896.697170952@postoffice.example.net>'. The shared secret is
382 null-padded to a length of 64 bytes. If the shared secret is longer
383 than 64 bytes, the MD5 digest of the shared secret is used as a 16
384 byte input to the keyed MD5 calculation.
386 This produces a digest value (in hexadecimal) of
387 '3dbc88f0624776a737b39093f6eb6427'. The user name is then prepended
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396 to it, forming 'joe 3dbc88f0624776a737b39093f6eb6427', which is then
397 base64 encoded to meet the requirements of the IMAP4 AUTHENTICATE
398 command yielding 'am9lIDNkYmM4OGYwNjI0Nzc2YTczN2IzOTA5M2Y2ZWI2NDI3'.
400 A.1.2. Example 2: IMAP4 with embedded spaces
402 This example uses the user name 'Ali Baba' and the shared secret
403 'Open, Sesame'. It illustrates that both user names and passwords
404 may contain non-alphanumeric characters.
406 S: <68451038525716401353.0@localhost>
407 C: Ali Baba 6fa32b6e768f073132588e3418e00f71
409 A.1.3. Example 3: IMAP4 with Unicode characters
411 This example demonstrates the processing of Unicode strings. The raw
412 user name is 'Al<U+00AA>dd<U+00AD>in<U+00AE>' where <U+00AA> is the
413 Unicode Latin symbol <FEMININE ORDINAL INDICATOR>, <U+00AD> is <SOFT
414 HYPHEN>, and <U+00AE> is the <REGISTERED SIGN>. Preparing the raw
415 user name with SASLprep returns 'Aladdin<U+00AE>' which we then
416 encode into the UTF-8 string 'Aladdin\xC2\xAE' (shown here and below
417 using C-style string format notation). As before, the shared secret
420 S: <92230559549732219941.0@localhost>
421 C: Aladdin\xC2\xAE 9950ea407844a71e2f0cd3284cbd912d
425 An example of using CRAM-MD5 with ACAP [RFC2244].
427 A.2.1. Example 4: Simple ACAP
429 This example uses the user name 'joe' and the shared secret
432 S: * ACAP (IMPLEMENTATION "Infotrope ACAP Server, version 0.1.3,
433 Copyright 2002-2004 Dave Cridland <dave@cridland.net>")
434 (SASL "PLAIN" "DIGEST-MD5" "CRAM-MD5" "ANONYMOUS") (STARTTLS)
435 C: AUTH AUTHENTICATE "CRAM-MD5"
437 S: <2262304172.6455022@gw2.gestalt.entity.net>
439 C: joe 2aa383bf320a941d8209a7001ef6aeb6
440 S: AUTH OK "You're logged in as joe. Frooby."
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452 Appendix B. IANA Considerations
454 It is requested that the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
455 update the SASL Mechanism Registry entry for CRAM-MD5 to refer to
459 Subject: Updated Registration of SASL CRAM-MD5 mechanism.
461 SASL mechanism name: CRAM-MD5
462 Security considerations: See RFC XXXX
463 Published specification: RFC XXXX
464 Person & email address to contact for further information:
465 Lyndon Nerenberg <lyndon+rfc-crammd5@orthanc.ca>
466 IETF SASL WG <ietf-sasl@imc.org>
469 Appendix C. Contributors
471 The CRAM-MD5 mechanism was originally specified in RFC 2095, IMAP/POP
472 AUTHorize Extension for Simple Challenge/Response. The authors of
473 that document -- John C. Klensin, Paul Krumviede, and Randy Catoe --
474 are to be credited with the design and specification of CRAM-MD5, and
475 they are the original authors of the majority of the text in this
476 document. This memo serves only to re-state CRAM-MD5 within the
477 formal context of SASL, which specification it preceded by several
480 Dave Cridland and Simon Josefsson contributed updated examples.
483 Appendix D. Changes since RFC 2195
485 The syntax of the <challenge> has been relaxed.
487 A section on interoperability concerns has been added.
489 The security considerations have been updated to reflect the current
490 views of the security community.
495 Lyndon Nerenberg (editor)
498 Email: lyndon+rfc-crammd5@orthanc.ca
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