1 wpa_supplicant and Wi-Fi Protected Setup (WPS)
2 ==============================================
4 This document describes how the WPS implementation in wpa_supplicant
5 can be configured and how an external component on the client (e.g.,
6 management GUI) is used to enable WPS enrollment and registrar
13 Wi-Fi Protected Setup (WPS) is a mechanism for easy configuration of a
14 wireless network. It allows automated generation of random keys (WPA
15 passphrase/PSK) and configuration of an access point and client
16 devices. WPS includes number of methods for setting up connections
17 with PIN method and push-button configuration (PBC) being the most
18 commonly deployed options.
20 While WPS can enable more home networks to use encryption in the
21 wireless network, it should be noted that the use of the PIN and
22 especially PBC mechanisms for authenticating the initial key setup is
23 not very secure. As such, use of WPS may not be suitable for
24 environments that require secure network access without chance for
25 allowing outsiders to gain access during the setup phase.
27 WPS uses following terms to describe the entities participating in the
29 - access point: the WLAN access point
30 - Registrar: a device that control a network and can authorize
31 addition of new devices); this may be either in the AP ("internal
32 Registrar") or in an external device, e.g., a laptop, ("external
34 - Enrollee: a device that is being authorized to use the network
36 It should also be noted that the AP and a client device may change
37 roles (i.e., AP acts as an Enrollee and client device as a Registrar)
38 when WPS is used to configure the access point.
41 More information about WPS is available from Wi-Fi Alliance:
42 http://www.wi-fi.org/wifi-protected-setup
45 wpa_supplicant implementation
46 -----------------------------
48 wpa_supplicant includes an optional WPS component that can be used as
49 an Enrollee to enroll new network credential or as a Registrar to
50 configure an AP. The current version of wpa_supplicant does not
51 support operation as an external WLAN Management Registrar for adding
52 new client devices or configuring the AP over UPnP.
55 wpa_supplicant configuration
56 ----------------------------
58 WPS is an optional component that needs to be enabled in
59 wpa_supplicant build configuration (.config). Here is an example
60 configuration that includes WPS support and Linux wireless extensions
61 -based driver interface:
68 WPS needs the Universally Unique IDentifier (UUID; see RFC 4122) for
69 the device. This is configured in the runtime configuration for
70 wpa_supplicant (if not set, UUID will be generated based on local MAC
73 # example UUID for WPS
74 uuid=12345678-9abc-def0-1234-56789abcdef0
76 The network configuration blocks needed for WPS are added
77 automatically based on control interface commands, so they do not need
78 to be added explicitly in the configuration file.
80 WPS registration will generate new network blocks for the acquired
81 credentials. If these are to be stored for future use (after
82 restarting wpa_supplicant), wpa_supplicant will need to be configured
83 to allow configuration file updates:
92 WPS requires either a device PIN code (usually, 8-digit number) or a
93 pushbutton event (for PBC) to allow a new WPS Enrollee to join the
94 network. wpa_supplicant uses the control interface as an input channel
97 If the client device has a display, a random PIN has to be generated
98 for each WPS registration session. wpa_supplicant can do this with a
99 control interface request, e.g., by calling wpa_cli:
103 This will return the generated 8-digit PIN which will then need to be
104 entered at the Registrar to complete WPS registration. At that point,
105 the client will be enrolled with credentials needed to connect to the
106 AP to access the network.
109 If the client device does not have a display that could show the
110 random PIN, a hardcoded PIN that is printed on a label can be
111 used. wpa_supplicant is notified this with a control interface
112 request, e.g., by calling wpa_cli:
114 wpa_cli wps_pin any 12345670
116 This starts the WPS negotiation in the same way as above with the
120 If the client design wants to support optional WPS PBC mode, this can
121 be enabled by either a physical button in the client device or a
122 virtual button in the user interface. The PBC operation requires that
123 a button is also pressed at the AP/Registrar at about the same time (2
124 minute window). wpa_supplicant is notified of the local button event
125 over the control interface, e.g., by calling wpa_cli:
129 At this point, the AP/Registrar has two minutes to complete WPS
130 negotiation which will generate a new WPA PSK in the same way as the
131 PIN method described above.
134 If the client wants to operate in the Registrar role to learn the
135 current AP configuration and optionally, to configure an AP,
136 wpa_supplicant is notified over the control interface, e.g., with
139 wpa_cli wps_reg <AP BSSID> <AP PIN>
140 (example: wpa_cli wps_reg 02:34:56:78:9a:bc 12345670)
142 This is used to fetch the current AP settings instead of actually
143 changing them. The main difference with the wps_pin command is that
144 wps_reg uses the AP PIN (e.g., from a label on the AP) instead of a
145 PIN generated at the client.
147 In order to change the AP configuration, the new configuration
148 parameters are given to the wps_reg command:
150 wpa_cli wps_reg <AP BSSID> <AP PIN> <new SSID> <auth> <encr> <new key>
152 wpa_cli wps_reg 02:34:56:78:9a:bc 12345670 testing WPA2PSK CCMP 12345678
153 wpa_cli wps_reg 02:34:56:78:9a:bc 12345670 clear OPEN NONE ""
155 <auth> must be one of the following: OPEN WPAPSK WPA2PSK
156 <encr> must be one of the following: NONE WEP TKIP CCMP
162 Scan results ('wpa_cli scan_results' or 'wpa_cli bss <idx>') include a
163 flags field that is used to indicate whether the BSS support WPS. If
164 the AP support WPS, but has not recently activated a Registrar, [WPS]
165 flag will be included. If PIN method has been recently selected,
166 [WPS-PIN] is shown instead. Similarly, [WPS-PBC] is shown if PBC mode
167 is in progress. GUI programs can use these as triggers for suggesting
168 a guided WPS configuration to the user. In addition, control interface
169 monitor events WPS-AP-AVAILABLE{,-PBC,-PIN} can be used to find out if
170 there are WPS enabled APs in scan results without having to go through
171 all the details in the GUI. These notification could be used, e.g., to
172 suggest possible WPS connection to the user.
178 wpa_gui-qt4 directory contains a sample GUI that shows an example of
179 how WPS support can be integrated into the GUI. Its main window has a
180 WPS tab that guides user through WPS registration with automatic AP
181 selection. In addition, it shows how WPS can be started manually by
182 selecting an AP from scan results.
185 Credential processing
186 ---------------------
188 By default, wpa_supplicant processes received credentials and updates
189 its configuration internally. However, it is possible to
190 control these operations from external programs, if desired.
192 This internal processing can be disabled with wps_cred_processing=1
193 option. When this is used, an external program is responsible for
194 processing the credential attributes and updating wpa_supplicant
195 configuration based on them.
197 Following control interface messages are sent out for external programs:
199 WPS-CRED-RECEIVED <hexdump of Credential attribute(s)>
201 <2>WPS-CRED-RECEIVED 100e006f10260001011045000c6a6b6d2d7770732d74657374100300020020100f000200081027004030653462303435366332363666653064333961643135353461316634626637313234333761636664623766333939653534663166316230323061643434386235102000060266a0ee1727