dynstring.d

   1 /*
   2  * simple malloced refcounted dynamic strings
   3  *
   4  * coded by Ketmar // Invisible Vector <ketmar@ketmar.no-ip.org>
   5  * Understanding is not required. Only obedience.
   6  *
   7  * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
   8  * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
   9  * the Free Software Foundation, version 3 of the License ONLY.
  10  *
  11  * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
  12  * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  13  * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
  14  * GNU General Public License for more details.
  15  *
  16  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
  17  * along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
  18  */
  19 module iv.dynstring;
  20
  21 private import iv.atomic;
  22 private import iv.strex;
  23
  24 //version = dynstring_debug;
  25 //version = dynstring_debug_clear;
  26 //version = dynstring_more_asserts;
  27
  28
  29 // ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //
  30 alias dynstr = dynstring;
  31
  32 public struct dynstring {
  33 private:
  34   static struct Data {
  35     uint rc = void;
  36     uint used = void;
  37     uint alloted = void;
  38     uint dummy = void;
  39     // string data follows
  40
  41     inout(char)* ptr () inout pure nothrow @trusted @nogc { pragma(inline, true); return (cast(inout(char)*)&this)+Data.sizeof; }
  42   }
  43   static assert(Data.sizeof == 16, "invalid `dynstring.Data` size");
  44
  45 private:
  46   usize udata = 0;
  47   uint ofs = 0, len = 0; // for slices
  48
  49 nothrow @trusted @nogc:
  50 private:
  51   inout(Data)* datap () inout pure { pragma(inline, true); return cast(Data*)udata; }
  52
  53   void outofmem () const {
  54     import core.exception : onOutOfMemoryErrorNoGC;
  55     version(dynstring_test) assert(0, "out of memory");
  56     onOutOfMemoryErrorNoGC();
  57   }
  58
  59   void incRef () const {
  60     pragma(inline, true);
  61     if (udata) {
  62       atomicFetchAdd((cast(Data*)udata).rc, 1);
  63       version(dynstring_debug) { import core.stdc.stdio : stderr, fprintf; fprintf(stderr, "incRef: %08x; rc=%u; used=%u; alloted=%u; len=%u; ofs=%u\n", cast(uint)udata, datap.rc, datap.used, datap.alloted, len, ofs); }
  64     }
  65   }
  66
  67   void decRef () {
  68     pragma(inline, true);
  69     if (udata) {
  70       version(dynstring_debug) { import core.stdc.stdio : stderr, fprintf; fprintf(stderr, "decRef: %08x; rc=%u; used=%u; alloted=%u; len=%u; ofs=%u\n", cast(uint)udata, datap.rc, datap.used, datap.alloted, len, ofs); }
  71       if (atomicFetchSub((cast(Data*)udata).rc, 1) == 1) {
  72         version(dynstring_debug) {
  73           import core.stdc.stdio : stderr, fprintf; fprintf(stderr, "freeData: %08x; used=%u; alloted=%u\n", cast(uint)udata, (cast(Data*)udata).used, (cast(Data*)udata).alloted);
  74         }
  75         import core.stdc.stdlib : free;
  76         version(dynstring_debug_clear) import core.stdc.string : memset;
  77         version(dynstring_debug_clear) assert((cast(Data*)udata).used <= (cast(Data*)udata).alloted);
  78         version(dynstring_debug_clear) memset((cast(Data*)udata), 0, Data.sizeof);
  79         free((cast(Data*)udata));
  80       }
  81       udata = 0;
  82       ofs = len = 0;
  83     }
  84   }
  85
  86 private:
  87   bool isMyData (const(void)* ptr) const pure {
  88     pragma(inline, true);
  89     if (ptr is null || !udata) return false;
  90     immutable usize cc = cast(usize)ptr;
  91     return (cc >= udata+Data.sizeof && cc < udata+Data.sizeof+datap.alloted);
  92   }
  93
  94   static uint alignSize(bool overalloc) (uint sz) pure {
  95     pragma(inline, true);
  96     static if (overalloc) {
  97            if (sz <= 256) return (sz|0x1fU)+1U;
  98       else if (sz <= 1024) return (sz|0x3fU)+1U;
  99       else if (sz <= 8192) return (sz|0x1ffU)+1U;
 100       else if (sz <= 16384) return (sz|0x3ffU)+1U;
 101       else if (sz <= 32768) return (sz|0xfffU)+1U;
 102       else return (sz|0x1fffU)+1U;
 103     } else {
 104       return (sz|0x1fU)+1U;
 105     }
 106   }
 107
 108   // make sure that we have a room for at least `sz` chars
 109   void ensureRoomFor(bool overalloc) (uint sz) {
 110     if (sz == 0) return;
 111     if (sz > 0x3fff_ffffU) outofmem();
 112     // if empty, allocate new storage and data
 113     if (!udata) {
 114       import core.stdc.stdlib : malloc;
 115       version(dynstring_more_asserts) assert(len == 0);
 116       sz = alignSize!overalloc(sz);
 117       Data* xdp = cast(Data*)malloc(Data.sizeof+sz);
 118       if (xdp is null) outofmem();
 119       xdp.rc = 1;
 120       xdp.used = 0;
 121       xdp.alloted = sz;
 122       xdp.dummy = 0;
 123       udata = cast(usize)xdp;
 124       ofs = len = 0; // just in case
 125       version(dynstring_debug) {
 126         import core.stdc.stdio : stderr, fprintf; fprintf(stderr, "NEWSTR000: udata=0x%08x; rc=%u; ofs=%u; len=%u; used=%u; alloted=%u; sz=%u\n",
 127           cast(uint)udata, (udata ? datap.rc : 0), ofs, len, (udata ? datap.used : 0), (udata ? datap.alloted : 0), sz);
 128       }
 129       return;
 130     }
 131     // if shared, allocate completely new data and storage
 132     Data* dp = datap;
 133     if (atomicLoad(dp.rc) != 1) {
 134       version(dynstring_debug) {
 135         import core.stdc.stdio : stderr, fprintf; fprintf(stderr, "NEWSTR100: udata=0x%08x; rc=%u; ofs=%u; len=%u; used=%u; alloted=%u; sz=%u\n",
 136           cast(uint)udata, (udata ? datap.rc : 0), ofs, len, (udata ? datap.used : 0), (udata ? datap.alloted : 0), sz);
 137       }
 138       import core.stdc.stdlib : malloc;
 139       if (len > 0x3fff_ffffU || uint.max-len <= sz || len+sz > 0x3fff_ffffU) outofmem();
 140       sz = alignSize!overalloc(len+sz);
 141       version(dynstring_more_asserts) assert(sz > len);
 142       Data* dpnew = cast(Data*)malloc(Data.sizeof+sz);
 143       if (dpnew is null) outofmem();
 144       dpnew.rc = 1;
 145       dpnew.used = len;
 146       dpnew.alloted = sz;
 147       dpnew.dummy = 0;
 148       if (len) dpnew.ptr[0..len] = dp.ptr[ofs..ofs+len];
 149       decRef();
 150       udata = cast(usize)dpnew;
 151       ofs = 0; // always reset by `decRef()`, but meh...
 152       len = dpnew.used; // it was reset by `decRef()`, so restore it
 153       version(dynstring_debug) {
 154         import core.stdc.stdio : stderr, fprintf; fprintf(stderr, "NEWSTR101: udata=0x%08x; rc=%u; ofs=%u; len=%u; used=%u; alloted=%u; sz=%u\n",
 155           cast(uint)udata, (udata ? datap.rc : 0), ofs, len, (udata ? datap.used : 0), (udata ? datap.alloted : 0), sz);
 156       }
 157       return;
 158     }
 159     // if unshared slice, normalise storage
 160     if (ofs) {
 161       version(dynstring_debug) { import core.stdc.stdio : stderr, fprintf; fprintf(stderr, "strOFS: udata=0x%08x; rc=%u; ofs=%u; len=%u; used=%u; alloted=%u\n", cast(uint)dp, dp.rc, ofs, len, dp.used, dp.alloted); }
 162       import core.stdc.string : memmove;
 163       if (len) memmove(dp.ptr, dp.ptr+ofs, len);
 164       ofs = 0;
 165     }
 166     if (len != dp.used) {
 167       version(dynstring_debug) { import core.stdc.stdio : stderr, fprintf; fprintf(stderr, "strLEN: udata=0x%08x (0x%08x); rc=%u; ofs=%u; len=%u; used=%u; alloted=%u\n", cast(uint)dp, udata, dp.rc, ofs, len, dp.used, dp.alloted); }
 168       version(dynstring_more_asserts) assert(len <= dp.used);
 169       dp.used = len;
 170     }
 171     // not shared, not slice, expand storage
 172     version(dynstring_more_asserts) assert(ofs == 0);
 173     version(dynstring_more_asserts) assert(len == dp.used);
 174     if (len > 0x3fff_ffffU || uint.max-len <= sz || len+sz > 0x3fff_ffffU) outofmem();
 175     sz = alignSize!overalloc(len+sz);
 176     version(dynstring_more_asserts) assert(sz > len);
 177     if (sz > dp.alloted) {
 178       import core.stdc.stdlib : realloc;
 179       Data* np = cast(Data*)realloc(dp, Data.sizeof+sz);
 180       if (np is null) outofmem();
 181       np.alloted = sz;
 182       udata = cast(usize)np;
 183       version(dynstring_debug) {
 184         import core.stdc.stdio : stderr, fprintf; fprintf(stderr, "NEWSTR200: udata=0x%08x; rc=%u; ofs=%u; len=%u; used=%u; alloted=%u; sz=%u\n",
 185           cast(uint)udata, (udata ? datap.rc : 0), ofs, len, (udata ? datap.used : 0), (udata ? datap.alloted : 0), sz);
 186       }
 187     }
 188   }
 189
 190   enum MixinEnsureUniqueBuf(string bname) = `
 191     dynstring tmpstr;
 192     if (isMyData(`~bname~`.ptr)) {
 193       version(dynstring_debug) { import core.stdc.stdio : stderr, fprintf; fprintf(stderr, "MYDATA!: udata=0x%08x; rc=%u; ofs=%u; len=%u; used=%u; alloted=%u; ptr=0x%08x\n",
 194         cast(uint)udata, datap.rc, ofs, len, datap.used, datap.alloted, cast(uint)`~bname~`.ptr); }
 195       tmpstr.set(`~bname~`);
 196       `~bname~` = cast(typeof(`~bname~`))tmpstr.getData();
 197       version(dynstring_more_asserts) assert(!isMyData(`~bname~`.ptr));
 198     }
 199   `;
 200
 201 public:
 202   alias getData this;
 203
 204 public:
 205   this() (in auto ref dynstring s) { pragma(inline, true); if (s.len) { udata = s.udata; ofs = s.ofs; len = s.len; incRef(); } }
 206
 207   this (const(char)[] s) {
 208     if (s.length) {
 209       ensureRoomFor!false(s.length);
 210       datap.ptr[0..s.length] = s[];
 211       len = datap.used = cast(uint)s.length;
 212       //ofs = 0;
 213     }
 214   }
 215
 216   this (in char ch) { ensureRoomFor!false(1); datap.ptr[0] = ch; len = datap.used = 1; ofs = 0; }
 217
 218   this (this) { pragma(inline, true); if (udata) incRef(); }
 219   ~this () { pragma(inline, true); if (udata) decRef(); }
 220
 221   void clear () { pragma(inline, true); decRef(); }
 222
 223   void makeUnique(bool compress=false) () {
 224     if (!udata) { ofs = len = 0; return; }
 225     if (!len) { decRef(); return; }
 226     Data* dp = datap;
 227     // non-shared?
 228     if (atomicLoad(dp.rc) == 1) {
 229       // normalise storage
 230       if (ofs) {
 231         import core.stdc.string : memmove;
 232         if (len) memmove(dp.ptr, dp.ptr+ofs, len);
 233         ofs = 0;
 234       }
 235       if (len != dp.used) { version(dynstring_more_asserts) assert(len <= dp.used); dp.used = len; }
 236       static if (compress) {
 237         if ((dp.used|0x1fU)+1U < dp.alloted) {
 238           // realloc
 239           import core.stdc.stdlib : realloc;
 240           immutable uint sz = (dp.used|0x1fU)+1U;
 241           Data* np = cast(Data*)realloc(dp, Data.sizeof+sz);
 242           if (np !is null) {
 243             np.alloted = sz;
 244             udata = cast(usize)np;
 245             version(dynstring_debug) {
 246               import core.stdc.stdio : stderr, fprintf; fprintf(stderr, "UNIQUERE: udata=0x%08x; rc=%u; ofs=%u; len=%u; used=%u; alloted=%u\n",
 247                 cast(uint)udata, (udata ? datap.rc : 0), ofs, len, (udata ? datap.used : 0), (udata ? datap.alloted : 0));
 248             }
 249           }
 250         }
 251       }
 252       return;
 253     }
 254     // allocate new storage
 255     dynstring tmpstr;
 256     tmpstr.set(getData());
 257     decRef();
 258     udata = tmpstr.udata;
 259     ofs = tmpstr.ofs;
 260     len = tmpstr.len;
 261     tmpstr.udata = 0;
 262     tmpstr.ofs = tmpstr.len = 0;
 263   }
 264
 265   //WARNING! MAKE SURE THAT YOU KNOW WHAT YOU'RE DOING!
 266   char *makeUniquePointer () { pragma(inline, true); makeUnique(); return (len ? datap.ptr : null); }
 267
 268   bool isSlice () const pure { pragma(inline, true); return !!ofs; }
 269   bool isShared () const pure { pragma(inline, true); return (udata && atomicLoad(datap.rc) != 1); }
 270   uint capacity () const pure { pragma(inline, true); return (udata ? datap.alloted : 0); }
 271
 272   void reserve(bool overalloc=false) (uint newsz) {
 273     pragma(inline, true);
 274     if (newsz && newsz < 0x3fff_ffffU && newsz > len) ensureRoomFor!overalloc(newsz-len);
 275   }
 276
 277   void append(bool overalloc=true) (const(void)[] buf) {
 278     if (buf.length == 0) return;
 279     if (buf.length > cast(usize)0x3fff_ffff) outofmem();
 280     //if (udata && cast(usize)0x3000_0000-datap.used < buf.length) outofmem();
 281     version(dynstring_debug) {
 282       import core.stdc.stdio : stderr, fprintf; fprintf(stderr, "APPEND000: udata=0x%08x; rc=%u; ofs=%u; len=%u; used=%u; alloted=%u; ptr=0x%08x; buflen=%u\n",
 283         cast(uint)udata, (udata ? datap.rc : 0), ofs, len, (udata ? datap.used : 0), (udata ? datap.alloted : 0), cast(uint)buf.ptr, cast(uint)buf.length);
 284     }
 285     mixin(MixinEnsureUniqueBuf!"buf");
 286     version(dynstring_debug) {
 287       import core.stdc.stdio : stderr, fprintf; fprintf(stderr, "APPEND001: udata=0x%08x; rc=%u; ofs=%u; len=%u; used=%u; alloted=%u; ptr=0x%08x; buflen=%u\n",
 288         cast(uint)udata, (udata ? datap.rc : 0), ofs, len, (udata ? datap.used : 0), (udata ? datap.alloted : 0), cast(uint)buf.ptr, cast(uint)buf.length);
 289     }
 290     ensureRoomFor!overalloc(buf.length);
 291     version(dynstring_debug) {
 292       import core.stdc.stdio : stderr, fprintf; fprintf(stderr, "APPEND002: udata=0x%08x; rc=%u; ofs=%u; len=%u; used=%u; alloted=%u; ptr=0x%08x; buflen=%u\n",
 293         cast(uint)udata, (udata ? datap.rc : 0), ofs, len, (udata ? datap.used : 0), (udata ? datap.alloted : 0), cast(uint)buf.ptr, cast(uint)buf.length);
 294     }
 295     version(dynstring_more_asserts) assert(ofs == 0);
 296     Data* data = datap;
 297     version(dynstring_more_asserts) assert(data !is null && data.used+buf.length <= data.alloted);
 298     version(dynstring_more_asserts) assert(len == datap.used);
 299     data.ptr[len..len+buf.length] = cast(const(char)[])buf;
 300     data.used += cast(uint)buf.length;
 301     len += cast(uint)buf.length;
 302     version(dynstring_more_asserts) assert(len <= data.used);
 303   }
 304   void append(bool overalloc=true) (in char ch) { pragma(inline, true); append!overalloc((&ch)[0..1]); }
 305
 306   void set (const(void)[] buf) {
 307     if (buf.length > cast(usize)0x3fff_ffff) outofmem();
 308     if (buf.length == 0) { decRef(); return; }
 309     if (udata) {
 310       if (isMyData(buf.ptr)) {
 311         // do not copy data if it is not necessary
 312         if (ofs == 0 && buf.ptr == datap.ptr && buf.length <= datap.used) {
 313           if (len != cast(uint)buf.length) {
 314             len = cast(uint)buf.length;
 315             if (atomicLoad(datap.rc) == 1) datap.used = len;
 316           }
 317           return;
 318         }
 319         dynstring tmpstr;
 320         tmpstr.set(buf);
 321         decRef();
 322         udata = tmpstr.udata;
 323         ofs = tmpstr.ofs;
 324         len = tmpstr.len;
 325         tmpstr.udata = 0;
 326         tmpstr.ofs = tmpstr.len = 0;
 327         return;
 328       }
 329       decRef();
 330     }
 331     version(dynstring_more_asserts) assert(udata == 0 && ofs == 0 && len == 0);
 332     ensureRoomFor!false(buf.length);
 333     datap.ptr[0..buf.length] = cast(const(char)[])buf;
 334     len = datap.used = cast(uint)buf.length;
 335   }
 336   void set (in char ch) { pragma(inline, true); set((&ch)[0..1]); }
 337
 338   uint length () const pure { pragma(inline, true); return len; }
 339
 340   void length (in uint newlen) {
 341     pragma(inline, true);
 342     if (newlen < len) {
 343       len = newlen;
 344     } else if (newlen != len) {
 345       ensureRoomFor!false(newlen-len);
 346       version(dynstring_more_asserts) assert(len < newlen);
 347       version(dynstring_more_asserts) assert(ofs == 0);
 348       version(dynstring_more_asserts) assert(newlen <= datap.alloted);
 349       datap.ptr[len..newlen] = 0;
 350       len = datap.used = newlen;
 351     }
 352   }
 353
 354   const(char)[] getData () const pure { pragma(inline, true); return (len ? datap.ptr[ofs..ofs+len] : null); }
 355   const(ubyte)[] getBytes () const pure { pragma(inline, true); return cast(const(ubyte)[])(len ? datap.ptr[ofs..ofs+len] : null); }
 356
 357   void opAssign() (const(char)[] s) { pragma(inline, true); set(s); }
 358   void opAssign() (in char ch) { pragma(inline, true); set(ch); }
 359
 360   void opAssign() (in auto ref dynstring s) {
 361     pragma(inline, true);
 362     if (s.udata != udata) {
 363       if (s.len) {
 364         s.incRef();
 365         decRef();
 366         udata = s.udata;
 367         ofs = s.ofs;
 368         len = s.len;
 369       } else {
 370         decRef();
 371       }
 372     } else {
 373       // same data, so RC is already valid
 374       ofs = s.ofs;
 375       len = s.len;
 376     }
 377   }
 378
 379   void opOpAssign(string op:"~") (const(char)[] s) { pragma(inline, true); if (s.length) append(s); }
 380   void opOpAssign(string op:"~") (in char ch) { pragma(inline, true); append(ch); }
 381   void opOpAssign(string op:"~") (in auto ref dynstring s) { pragma(inline, true); if (s.len) append(s.getData()); }
 382
 383   const(char)[] opCast(T=const(char)[]) () const pure { pragma(inline, true); return getData(); }
 384   const(ubyte)[] opCast(T=const(ubyte)[]) () const pure { pragma(inline, true); return getBytes(); }
 385
 386   bool opCast(T=bool) () const pure { pragma(inline, true); return (len != 0); }
 387
 388   bool opEqual (const(char)[] other) const pure { pragma(inline, true); return (other.length == len && other[] == getBytes()[]); }
 389   bool opEqual() (in auto ref dynstring other) const pure { pragma(inline, true); return (other.len == len && other.getBytes()[] == getBytes()[]); }
 390
 391   int opCmp (const(char)[] other) const pure {
 392     if (len == 0) return (other.length ? -1 : 0);
 393     if (other.length == 0) return 1;
 394     if (len == other.length && datap.ptr+ofs == other.ptr) return 0;
 395     import core.stdc.string : memcmp;
 396     immutable int cres = memcmp(datap.ptr+ofs, other.ptr, (len <= other.length ? len : other.length));
 397     if (cres != 0) return (cres < 0 ? -1 : +1);
 398     return (len < other.length ? -1 : len > other.length ? +1 : 0);
 399   }
 400
 401   int opCmp() (in auto ref dynstring other) const { pragma(inline, true); return opCmp(other.getData); }
 402
 403   dynstring opBinary(string op:"~") (in auto ref dynstring other) const {
 404     pragma(inline, true);
 405     dynstring res;
 406     if (!len) {
 407       res.set(other.getData);
 408     } else if (!other.len) {
 409       res.set(getData);
 410     } else {
 411       if (uint.max-len <= other.len) outofmem();
 412       res.ensureRoomFor!false(len+other.len);
 413       res.datap.ptr[0..len] = getData();
 414       res.datap.ptr[len..len+other.len] = other.getData();
 415       version(dynstring_more_asserts) assert(res.ofs == 0);
 416       res.datap.used = res.len = len+other.len;
 417     }
 418     return res;
 419   }
 420
 421   dynstring opBinary(string op:"~") (const(char)[] other) const {
 422     pragma(inline, true);
 423     dynstring res;
 424     if (!len) {
 425       res.set(other);
 426     } else if (!other.length) {
 427       res.set(getData);
 428     } else {
 429       if (uint.max-len <= other.length) outofmem();
 430       res.ensureRoomFor!false(len+cast(uint)other.length);
 431       res.datap.ptr[0..len] = getData();
 432       res.datap.ptr[len..len+other.length] = other.getData();
 433       version(dynstring_more_asserts) assert(res.ofs == 0);
 434       res.datap.used = res.len = len+cast(uint)other.length;
 435     }
 436     return res;
 437   }
 438
 439   char opIndex (in uint pos) const pure { pragma(inline, true); if (pos >= len) assert(0, "dynstring index out of bounds"); return datap.ptr[ofs+pos]; }
 440   void opIndexAssign (in char ch, in uint pos) {
 441     pragma(inline, true);
 442     if (pos >= len) assert(0, "dynstring index out of bounds");
 443     makeUnique();
 444     version(dynstring_more_asserts) assert(pos < len);
 445     datap.ptr[ofs+pos] = ch;
 446   }
 447
 448   dynstring opSlice (in uint lo, in uint hi) const {
 449     if (lo > hi) assert(0, "dynstring slice index out of bounds (0)");
 450     if (lo > len || hi > len) assert(0, "dynstring slice index out of bounds (1)");
 451     dynstring res;
 452     if (lo < hi) {
 453       incRef();
 454       res.udata = udata;
 455       res.ofs = ofs+lo;
 456       res.len = hi-lo;
 457     }
 458     return res;
 459   }
 460
 461   uint opDollar () const pure { pragma(inline, true); return len; }
 462
 463   void appendQEncoded (const(void)[] ss) {
 464     static bool isSpecial (immutable char ch) pure nothrow @safe @nogc {
 465       return
 466         ch < ' ' ||
 467         ch >= 127 ||
 468         ch == '\'' ||
 469         ch == '`' ||
 470         ch == '"' ||
 471         ch == '\\' ||
 472         ch == '@';
 473     }
 474
 475     if (ss.length == 0) return;
 476     const(char)[] s = cast(const(char)[])ss;
 477
 478     static immutable string hexd = "0123456789abcdef";
 479
 480     bool needWork = (s[0] == '=' || s[0] == '?');
 481     if (!needWork) foreach (char ch; s) if (isSpecial(ch)) { needWork = true; break; }
 482
 483     if (!needWork) {
 484       append(s);
 485     } else {
 486       mixin(MixinEnsureUniqueBuf!"ss");
 487       append("=?UTF-8?Q?"); // quoted printable
 488       foreach (char ch; s) {
 489         if (ch <= ' ') ch = '_';
 490         if (!isSpecial(ch) && ch != '=' && ch != '?') {
 491           append(ch);
 492         } else {
 493           append("=");
 494           append(hexd[(cast(ubyte)ch)>>4]);
 495           append(hexd[(cast(ubyte)ch)&0x0f]);
 496         }
 497       }
 498       append("?=");
 499     }
 500   }
 501
 502   void appendB64Encoded (const(void)[] buf, uint maxlinelen=76) {
 503     static immutable string b64alphabet = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/";
 504     ubyte[3] bts = void;
 505     uint btspos = 0;
 506     uint linelen = 0;
 507
 508     void putB64Char (immutable char ch) nothrow @trusted @nogc {
 509       if (maxlinelen && linelen >= maxlinelen) { append("\r\n"); linelen = 0; }
 510       append(ch);
 511       ++linelen;
 512     }
 513
 514     void encodeChunk () nothrow @trusted @nogc {
 515       if (btspos == 0) return;
 516       putB64Char(b64alphabet.ptr[(bts.ptr[0]&0xfc)>>2]);
 517       if (btspos == 1) {
 518         putB64Char(b64alphabet.ptr[(bts.ptr[0]&0x03)<<4]);
 519         /*static if (padding)*/ { putB64Char('='); putB64Char('='); }
 520       } else {
 521         // 2 or more
 522         putB64Char(b64alphabet.ptr[((bts.ptr[0]&0x03)<<4)|((bts.ptr[1]&0xf0)>>4)]);
 523         if (btspos == 2) {
 524           putB64Char(b64alphabet.ptr[(bts.ptr[1]&0x0f)<<2]);
 525           /*static if (padding)*/ putB64Char('=');
 526         } else {
 527           // 3 bytes
 528           putB64Char(b64alphabet.ptr[((bts.ptr[1]&0x0f)<<2)|((bts.ptr[2]&0xc0)>>6)]);
 529           putB64Char(b64alphabet.ptr[bts.ptr[2]&0x3f]);
 530         }
 531       }
 532       btspos = 0;
 533     }
 534
 535     mixin(MixinEnsureUniqueBuf!"buf");
 536
 537     foreach (immutable ubyte ib; (cast(const(ubyte)[])buf)[]) {
 538       bts.ptr[btspos++] = ib;
 539       if (btspos == 3) encodeChunk();
 540     }
 541     if (btspos != 0) encodeChunk();
 542
 543     if (maxlinelen) append("\r\n");
 544   }
 545
 546   void appendNum(T) (in T v) if (__traits(isIntegral, T)) {
 547     import core.stdc.stdio : snprintf;
 548     static if (T.sizeof <= 4) {
 549       char[32] buf = void;
 550       static if (__traits(isUnsigned, T)) {
 551         auto len = snprintf(buf.ptr, buf.length, "%u", cast(uint)v);
 552       } else {
 553         auto len = snprintf(buf.ptr, buf.length, "%d", cast(int)v);
 554       }
 555       append(buf[0..len]);
 556     } else {
 557       char[128] buf = void;
 558       static if (__traits(isUnsigned, T)) {
 559         auto len = snprintf(buf.ptr, buf.length, "%llu", cast(ulong)v);
 560       } else {
 561         auto len = snprintf(buf.ptr, buf.length, "%lld", cast(long)v);
 562       }
 563       append(buf[0..len]);
 564     }
 565   }
 566
 567   void removeASCIICtrls (in char repch=' ') {
 568     static bool isCtrl (in char ch) pure nothrow @safe @nogc {
 569       pragma(inline, true);
 570       return (ch < 32 && ch != '\t' && ch != '\n');
 571     }
 572
 573     bool needWork = false;
 574     foreach (immutable char ch; getData) if (isCtrl(ch)) { needWork = true; break; }
 575     if (!needWork) return;
 576
 577     makeUnique();
 578     char[] buf = cast(char[])datap.ptr[0..datap.used];
 579     foreach (ref char ch; buf) if (isCtrl(ch)) ch = repch;
 580   }
 581
 582   // only for ASCII
 583   void lowerInPlace () {
 584     bool needWork = false;
 585     foreach (immutable char ch; getData) if (ch >= 'A' && ch <= 'Z') { needWork = true; break; }
 586     if (!needWork) return;
 587
 588     makeUnique();
 589     char[] buf = cast(char[])datap.ptr[0..datap.used];
 590     foreach (ref char ch; buf) if (ch >= 'A' && ch <= 'Z') ch += 32;
 591   }
 592
 593   // only for ASCII
 594   void upperInPlace () {
 595     bool needWork = false;
 596     foreach (immutable char ch; getData) if (ch >= 'a' && ch <= 'z') { needWork = true; break; }
 597     if (!needWork) return;
 598
 599     makeUnique();
 600     char[] buf = cast(char[])datap.ptr[0..datap.used];
 601     foreach (ref char ch; buf) if (ch >= 'a' && ch <= 'z') ch -= 32;
 602   }
 603
 604   dynstring xstripright () const {
 605     dynstring res;
 606     if (len == 0) return res;
 607     if (opIndex(len-1) > ' ') { res = this; return res; }
 608     const(char)[] dt = getData().xstripright;
 609     res.set(dt);
 610     return res;
 611   }
 612
 613   dynstring xstripleft () const {
 614     dynstring res;
 615     if (len == 0) return res;
 616     if (opIndex(0) > ' ') { res = this; return res; }
 617     const(char)[] dt = getData().xstripleft;
 618     res.set(dt);
 619     return res;
 620   }
 621
 622   dynstring xstrip () const {
 623     dynstring res;
 624     if (len == 0) return res;
 625     if (opIndex(0) > ' ' && opIndex(len-1) > ' ') { res = this; return res; }
 626     const(char)[] dt = getData().xstrip;
 627     res.set(dt);
 628     return res;
 629   }
 630
 631   // this can never return `int.min` from conversion!
 632   int toInt (int defval=int.min) const pure {
 633     const(char)[] dt = getData().xstrip;
 634     if (dt.length == 0) return defval;
 635     bool neg = false;
 636          if (dt[0] == '+') dt = dt[1..$];
 637     else if (dt[0] == '-') { neg = true; dt = dt[1..$]; }
 638     bool wasDigit = false;
 639     int n = 0;
 640     foreach (immutable char ch; dt) {
 641       if (ch == '_' || ch == ' ' || ch == ',') continue;
 642       immutable int dg = digitInBase(ch, 10);
 643       if (dg < 0) return defval;
 644       wasDigit = true;
 645       n *= 10;
 646       if (n < 0) return defval;
 647       n += dg;
 648       if (n < 0) return defval;
 649     }
 650     if (!wasDigit) return defval;
 651     if (neg) n = -n;
 652     return n;
 653   }
 654 }
 655
 656
 657 version(dynstring_test) {
 658 import iv.dynstring;
 659 import iv.vfs.io;
 660
 661 void main () {
 662   dynstring tmp;
 663   tmp = "abc";
 664   writefln("tmp: udata=0x%08x; (%u) ofs=%u; len=%u; <%s>", tmp.udata, (tmp.udata ? tmp.datap.rc : 0), tmp.ofs, tmp.len, tmp.getData);
 665   tmp ~= "d";
 666   writefln("tmp: udata=0x%08x; (%u) ofs=%u; len=%u; <%s>", tmp.udata, (tmp.udata ? tmp.datap.rc : 0), tmp.ofs, tmp.len, tmp.getData);
 667   tmp = tmp[1..3];
 668   writefln("tmp: udata=0x%08x; (%u) ofs=%u; len=%u; <%s>", tmp.udata, (tmp.udata ? tmp.datap.rc : 0), tmp.ofs, tmp.len, tmp.getData);
 669   tmp[1] = '!';
 670   writefln("tmp: udata=0x%08x; (%u) ofs=%u; len=%u; <%s>", tmp.udata, (tmp.udata ? tmp.datap.rc : 0), tmp.ofs, tmp.len, tmp.getData);
 671   tmp.makeUnique();
 672   writefln("tmp: udata=0x%08x; (%u) ofs=%u; len=%u; <%s>", tmp.udata, (tmp.udata ? tmp.datap.rc : 0), tmp.ofs, tmp.len, tmp.getData);
 673
 674   tmp = "abcdefgh";
 675   writefln("tmp: udata=0x%08x; (%u) ofs=%u; len=%u; <%s>", tmp.udata, (tmp.udata ? tmp.datap.rc : 0), tmp.ofs, tmp.len, tmp.getData);
 676   tmp = tmp[1..$-1];
 677   writefln("tmp: udata=0x%08x; (%u) ofs=%u; len=%u; <%s>", tmp.udata, (tmp.udata ? tmp.datap.rc : 0), tmp.ofs, tmp.len, tmp.getData);
 678   tmp = tmp[1..$-1];
 679   writefln("tmp: udata=0x%08x; (%u) ofs=%u; len=%u; <%s>", tmp.udata, (tmp.udata ? tmp.datap.rc : 0), tmp.ofs, tmp.len, tmp.getData);
 680   writeln("tmp[2]='", tmp[2], "'");
 681
 682   tmp = " goo  ";
 683   tmp = tmp.xstripright;
 684   writeln("tmp: <", tmp.getData, ">");
 685
 686   tmp = " goo  ";
 687   tmp = tmp.xstripleft;
 688   writeln("tmp: <", tmp.getData, ">");
 689
 690   tmp = " goo  ";
 691   tmp = tmp.xstrip;
 692   writeln("tmp: <", tmp.getData, ">");
 693 }
 694 }