Check for extra digits in sized binary, octal and hex constants.

[iverilog.git] / verinum.cc

/*
 * Copyright (c) 1998-2000 Stephen Williams (steve@icarus.com)
 *
 *    This source code is free software; you can redistribute it
 *    and/or modify it in source code form under the terms of the GNU
 *    General Public License as published by the Free Software
 *    Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option)
 *    any later version.
 *
 *    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 *    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 *    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 *    GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 *    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 *    along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
 *    Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA
 */
#ifdef HAVE_CVS_IDENT
#ident "$Id: verinum.cc,v 1.52 2007/02/25 23:08:24 steve Exp $"
#endif

# include "config.h"

# include  "verinum.h"
# include  <iostream>
# include  <cassert>

verinum::verinum()
: bits_(0), nbits_(0), has_len_(false), has_sign_(false), string_flag_(false)
{
}

verinum::verinum(const V*bits, unsigned nbits, bool has_len)
: has_len_(has_len), has_sign_(false), string_flag_(false)
{
      nbits_ = nbits;
      bits_ = new V [nbits];
      for (unsigned idx = 0 ;  idx < nbits ;  idx += 1) {
            bits_[idx] = bits[idx];
      }
}

static string process_verilog_string_quotes(const string&str)
{
      string res;

      int idx = 0;
      int str_len = str.length();

      while (idx < str_len) {
            if (str[idx] == '\\') {
                  idx += 1;
                  assert(idx < str_len);
                  switch (str[idx]) {
                      case 'n':
                        res = res + '\n';
                        idx += 1;
                        break;
                      case 't':
                        res = res + '\t';
                        idx += 1;
                        break;
                      case '0':
                      case '1':
                      case '2':
                      case '3':
                      case '4':
                      case '5':
                      case '6':
                      case '7': {
                            char byte_val = 0;
                            int odx = 0;
                            while (odx < 3 && idx+odx < str_len
                                   && str[idx+odx] >= '0'
                                   && str[idx+odx] <= '7') {
                                  byte_val = 8*byte_val + str[idx+odx]-'0';
                                  odx += 1;
                            }
                            idx += odx;
                            res = res + byte_val;
                            break;
                      }
                      default:
                        res = res + str[idx];
                        idx += 1;
                        break;
                  }
            } else {
                  res = res + str[idx];
                  idx += 1;
            }
      }
      return res;
}

verinum::verinum(const string&s)
: has_len_(true), has_sign_(false), string_flag_(true)
{
      string str = process_verilog_string_quotes(s);
      nbits_ = str.length() * 8;

        // Special case: The string "" is 8 bits of 0.
      if (nbits_ == 0) {
            nbits_ = 8;
            bits_ = new V [nbits_];
            bits_[0] = V0;
            bits_[1] = V0;
            bits_[2] = V0;
            bits_[3] = V0;
            bits_[4] = V0;
            bits_[5] = V0;
            bits_[6] = V0;
            bits_[7] = V0;
            return;
      }

      bits_ = new V [nbits_];

      unsigned idx, cp;
      V*bp = bits_+nbits_;
      for (idx = nbits_, cp = 0 ;  idx > 0 ;  idx -= 8, cp += 1) {
            char ch = str[cp];
            *(--bp) = (ch&0x80) ? V1 : V0;
            *(--bp) = (ch&0x40) ? V1 : V0;
            *(--bp) = (ch&0x20) ? V1 : V0;
            *(--bp) = (ch&0x10) ? V1 : V0;
            *(--bp) = (ch&0x08) ? V1 : V0;
            *(--bp) = (ch&0x04) ? V1 : V0;
            *(--bp) = (ch&0x02) ? V1 : V0;
            *(--bp) = (ch&0x01) ? V1 : V0;
      }
}

verinum::verinum(verinum::V val, unsigned n, bool h)
: has_len_(h), has_sign_(false), string_flag_(false)
{
      nbits_ = n;
      bits_ = new V[nbits_];
      for (unsigned idx = 0 ;  idx < nbits_ ;  idx += 1)
            bits_[idx] = val;
}

verinum::verinum(uint64_t val, unsigned n)
: has_len_(true), has_sign_(false), string_flag_(false)
{
      nbits_ = n;
      bits_ = new V[nbits_];
      for (unsigned idx = 0 ;  idx < nbits_ ;  idx += 1) {
            bits_[idx] = (val&1) ? V1 : V0;
            val >>= (uint64_t)1;
      }
}

verinum::verinum(const verinum&that)
{
      string_flag_ = that.string_flag_;
      nbits_ = that.nbits_;
      bits_ = new V[nbits_];
      has_len_ = that.has_len_;
      has_sign_ = that.has_sign_;
      for (unsigned idx = 0 ;  idx < nbits_ ;  idx += 1)
            bits_[idx] = that.bits_[idx];
}

verinum::verinum(const verinum&that, unsigned nbits)
{
      string_flag_ = false;
      nbits_ = nbits;
      bits_ = new V[nbits_];
      has_len_ = true;
      has_sign_ = that.has_sign_;

      unsigned copy = nbits;
      if (copy > that.nbits_)
            copy = that.nbits_;
      for (unsigned idx = 0 ;  idx < copy ;  idx += 1)
            bits_[idx] = that.bits_[idx];

      if (copy < nbits_) {
            if (has_sign_) {
                  for (unsigned idx = copy ;  idx < nbits_ ;  idx += 1)
                        bits_[idx] = bits_[idx-1];
            } else {
                  for (unsigned idx = copy ;  idx < nbits_ ;  idx += 1)
                        bits_[idx] = verinum::V0;
            }
      }
}

verinum::verinum(int64_t that)
: has_len_(false), has_sign_(true), string_flag_(false)
{
      int64_t tmp;

      tmp = that/2;
      nbits_ = 1;
      while ((tmp != 0) && (tmp != -1)) {
            nbits_ += 1;
            tmp /= 2;
      }

      nbits_ += 1;

      bits_ = new V[nbits_];
      for (unsigned idx = 0 ;  idx < nbits_ ;  idx += 1) {
            bits_[idx] = (that & 1)? V1 : V0;
            that /= 2;
      }
}

verinum::~verinum()
{
      delete[]bits_;
}

verinum& verinum::operator= (const verinum&that)
{
      if (this == &that) return *this;
      delete[]bits_;
      nbits_ = that.nbits_;
      bits_ = new V[that.nbits_];
      for (unsigned idx = 0 ;  idx < nbits_ ;  idx += 1)
            bits_[idx] = that.bits_[idx];

      has_len_ = that.has_len_;
      has_sign_ = that.has_sign_;
      string_flag_ = that.string_flag_;
      return *this;
}

verinum::V verinum::get(unsigned idx) const
{
      assert(idx < nbits_);
      return bits_[idx];
}

verinum::V verinum::set(unsigned idx, verinum::V val)
{
      assert(idx < nbits_);
      return bits_[idx] = val;
}

unsigned long verinum::as_ulong() const
{
      if (nbits_ == 0)
            return 0;

      if (!is_defined())
            return 0;

      unsigned top = nbits_;
      if (top >= (8 * sizeof(unsigned long)))
          top = 8 * sizeof(unsigned long);

      unsigned long val = 0;
      unsigned long mask = 1;
      for (unsigned idx = 0 ;  idx < top ;  idx += 1, mask <<= 1)
            if (bits_[idx] == V1)
                  val |= mask;

      return val;
}

uint64_t verinum::as_ulong64() const
{
      if (nbits_ == 0)
            return 0;

      if (!is_defined())
            return 0;

      unsigned top = nbits_;
      if (top >= (8 * sizeof(uint64_t)))
          top = 8 * sizeof(uint64_t);

      uint64_t val = 0;
      uint64_t mask = 1;
      for (unsigned idx = 0 ;  idx < top ;  idx += 1, mask <<= 1)
            if (bits_[idx] == V1)
                  val |= mask;

      return val;
}

/*
 * This function returns the native long integer that represents the
 * value of this object. It accounts for sign extension if the value
 * is signed.
 *
 * If the value is undefined, return 0.
 *
 * This function presumes that the native format is 2s compliment
 * (pretty safe these days) and masks/sets bits accordingly. If the
 * value is too large for the native form, it truncates the high bits.
 */
signed long verinum::as_long() const
{
      if (nbits_ == 0)
            return 0;

      if (!is_defined())
            return 0;

      signed long val = 0;

      if (has_sign_ && (bits_[nbits_-1] == V1)) {
            unsigned top = nbits_;
            if (top > (8 * sizeof(long) - 1))
                  top = 8 * sizeof(long) - 1;

            val = -1;
            signed long mask = ~1L;
            for (unsigned idx = 0 ;  idx < top ;  idx += 1) {
                  if (bits_[idx] == V0)
                        val &= mask;

                  mask = (mask << 1) | 1L;
            }

      } else {
            unsigned top = nbits_;
            if (top > (8 * sizeof(long) - 1))
                  top = 8 * sizeof(long) - 1;

            signed long mask = 1;
            for (unsigned idx = 0 ;  idx < top ;  idx += 1, mask <<= 1)
                  if (bits_[idx] == V1)
                        val |= mask;
      }

      return val;
}

string verinum::as_string() const
{
      assert( nbits_%8 == 0 );
      if (nbits_ == 0)
            return "";

      string res;
      bool leading_nuls = true;
      for (unsigned idx = nbits_ ;  idx > 0 ;  idx -= 8) {
            char char_val = 0;
            V*bp = bits_+idx;

            if (*(--bp) == V1) char_val |= 0x80;
            if (*(--bp) == V1) char_val |= 0x40;
            if (*(--bp) == V1) char_val |= 0x20;
            if (*(--bp) == V1) char_val |= 0x10;
            if (*(--bp) == V1) char_val |= 0x08;
            if (*(--bp) == V1) char_val |= 0x04;
            if (*(--bp) == V1) char_val |= 0x02;
            if (*(--bp) == V1) char_val |= 0x01;
            if (char_val == 0 && leading_nuls)
                  continue;

            if (char_val == '"' || char_val == '\\') {
                  char tmp[5];
                  snprintf(tmp, sizeof tmp, "\\\%03o", char_val);
                  res = res + tmp;
            } else if (char_val == ' ' || isgraph(char_val)) {
                  res = res + char_val;

            } else {
                  char tmp[5];
                  snprintf(tmp, sizeof tmp, "\\\%03o", char_val);
                  res = res + tmp;
            }
      }
      return res;
}

bool verinum::is_before(const verinum&that) const
{
      if (that.nbits_ > nbits_) return true;
      if (that.nbits_ < nbits_) return false;

      for (unsigned idx = nbits_  ;  idx > 0 ;  idx -= 1) {
            if (bits_[idx-1] < that.bits_[idx-1]) return true;
            if (bits_[idx-1] > that.bits_[idx-1]) return false;
      }
      return false;
}

bool verinum::is_defined() const
{
      for (unsigned idx = 0 ;  idx < nbits_ ;  idx += 1) {
            if (bits_[idx] == Vx) return false;
            if (bits_[idx] == Vz) return false;
      }
      return true;
}

bool verinum::is_zero() const
{
      for (unsigned idx = 0 ;  idx < nbits_ ;  idx += 1)
            if (bits_[idx] != V0) return false;

      return true;
}

verinum pad_to_width(const verinum&that, unsigned width)
{
      if (that.len() >= width)
            return that;

      if (that.len() == 0) {
            verinum val (verinum::V0, width, that.has_len());
            val.has_sign(that.has_sign());
            return val;
      }

      verinum::V pad = that[that.len()-1];
      if (pad==verinum::V1 && !that.has_sign())
            pad = verinum::V0;
      if (that.has_len()) {
            if (pad==verinum::Vx)
                  pad = verinum::V0;
            if (pad==verinum::Vz)
                  pad = verinum::V0;
      }

      verinum val(pad, width, that.has_len());

      for (unsigned idx = 0 ;  idx < that.len() ;  idx += 1)
            val.set(idx, that[idx]);

      val.has_sign(that.has_sign());
      return val;
}

/*
 * This function returns a version of the verinum that has only as
 * many bits as are needed to accurately represent the value. It takes
 * into account the signedness of the value.
 *
 * If the input value has a definite length, then that value is just
 * returned as is.
 */
verinum trim_vnum(const verinum&that)
{
      unsigned tlen;

      if (that.has_len())
            return that;

      if (that.len() < 2)
            return that;

      if (that.has_sign()) {
            unsigned top = that.len()-1;
            verinum::V sign = that.get(top);

            while ((top > 0) && (that.get(top) == sign))
                  top -= 1;

              /* top points to the first digit that is not the
                 sign. Set the length to include this and one proper
                 sign bit. */

            if (that.get(top) != sign)
                  top += 1;

            tlen = top+1;

      } else {

              /* If the result is unsigned and has an indefinite
                 length, then trim off leading zeros. */
            tlen = 1;
            for (unsigned idx = tlen ;  idx < that.len() ;  idx += 1)
                  if (that.get(idx) != verinum::V0)
                        tlen = idx+1;

      }

      verinum tmp (verinum::V0, tlen, false);
      tmp.has_sign(that.has_sign());
      for (unsigned idx = 0 ;  idx < tmp.len() ;  idx += 1)
            tmp.set(idx, that.get(idx));

      return tmp;
}

ostream& operator<< (ostream&o, verinum::V v)
{
      switch (v) {
          case verinum::V0:
            o << "0";
            break;
          case verinum::V1:
            o << "1";
            break;
          case verinum::Vx:
            o << "x";
            break;
          case verinum::Vz:
            o << "z";
            break;
      }
      return o;
}

/*
 * This operator is used by various dumpers to write the verilog
 * number in a Verilog format.
 */
ostream& operator<< (ostream&o, const verinum&v)
{
      if (v.is_string()) {
            o << "\"" << v.as_string() << "\"";
            return o;
      }

        /* If the verinum number has a fixed length, dump all the bits
           literally. This is how we express the fixed length in the
           output. */
      if (v.has_len()) {
            o << v.len();
            if (v.has_sign())
                  o << "'sb";
            else
                  o << "'b";

            if (v.len() == 0) {
                  o << "0";
                  return o;
            }

            for (unsigned idx = v.len() ;  idx > 0 ;  idx -= 1)
                  o << v[idx-1];

            return o;
      }

        /* If the number is fully defined (no x or z) then print it
           out as a decimal number. */
      if (v.is_defined() && v.len() < sizeof(long)) {
            if (v.has_sign())
                  o << "'sd" << v.as_long();
            else
                  o << "'d" << v.as_ulong();
            return o;
      }

        /* Oh, well. Print the minimum to get the value properly
           displayed. */
      if (v.has_sign())
            o << "'sb";
      else
            o << "'b";

      if (v.len() == 0) {
            o << "0";
            return o;
      }

      verinum::V trim_left = v.get(v.len()-1);
      unsigned idx;

      for (idx = v.len()-1;  idx > 0;  idx -= 1)
            if (trim_left != v.get(idx-1))
                  break;

      o << trim_left;

      while (idx > 0) {
            o << v.get(idx-1);
            idx -= 1;
      }

      return o;
}

verinum::V operator == (const verinum&left, const verinum&right)
{
      if (left.len() != right.len())
            return verinum::V0;

      for (unsigned idx = 0 ;  idx < left.len() ;  idx += 1)
            if (left[idx] != right[idx])
                  return verinum::V0;

      return verinum::V1;
}

verinum::V operator <= (const verinum&left, const verinum&right)
{
      unsigned idx;
      for (idx = left.len() ; idx > right.len() ;  idx -= 1) {
            if (left[idx-1] != verinum::V0) return verinum::V0;
      }

      for (idx = right.len() ; idx > left.len() ;  idx -= 1) {
            if (right[idx-1] != verinum::V0) return verinum::V1;
      }

      idx = right.len();
      if (left.len() < idx) idx = left.len();

      while (idx > 0) {
            if (left[idx-1] == verinum::Vx) return verinum::Vx;
            if (left[idx-1] == verinum::Vz) return verinum::Vx;
            if (right[idx-1] == verinum::Vx) return verinum::Vx;
            if (right[idx-1] == verinum::Vz) return verinum::Vx;
            if (left[idx-1] > right[idx-1]) return verinum::V0;
            if (left[idx-1] < right[idx-1]) return verinum::V1;
            idx -= 1;
      }

      return verinum::V1;
}

verinum::V operator < (const verinum&left, const verinum&right)
{
      unsigned idx;
      for (idx = left.len() ; idx > right.len() ;  idx -= 1) {
            if (left[idx-1] != verinum::V0) return verinum::V0;
      }

      for (idx = right.len() ; idx > left.len() ;  idx -= 1) {
            if (right[idx-1] != verinum::V0) return verinum::V1;
      }

      while (idx > 0) {
            if (left[idx-1] == verinum::Vx) return verinum::Vx;
            if (left[idx-1] == verinum::Vz) return verinum::Vx;
            if (right[idx-1] == verinum::Vx) return verinum::Vx;
            if (right[idx-1] == verinum::Vz) return verinum::Vx;
            if (left[idx-1] > right[idx-1]) return verinum::V0;
            idx -= 1;
      }

      return verinum::V0;
}

static verinum::V add_with_carry(verinum::V l, verinum::V r, verinum::V&c)
{
      unsigned sum = 0;
      switch (c) {
          case verinum::Vx:
          case verinum::Vz:
            c = verinum::Vx;
            return verinum::Vx;
          case verinum::V0:
            break;
          case verinum::V1:
            sum += 1;
      }

      switch (l) {
          case verinum::Vx:
          case verinum::Vz:
            c = verinum::Vx;
            return verinum::Vx;
          case verinum::V0:
            break;
          case verinum::V1:
            sum += 1;
            break;
      }

      switch (r) {
          case verinum::Vx:
          case verinum::Vz:
            c = verinum::Vx;
            return verinum::Vx;
          case verinum::V0:
            break;
          case verinum::V1:
            sum += 1;
            break;
      }

      if (sum & 2)
            c = verinum::V1;
      else
            c = verinum::V0;
      if (sum & 1)
            return verinum::V1;
      else
            return verinum::V0;
}

verinum v_not(const verinum&left)
{
      verinum val = left;
      for (unsigned idx = 0 ;  idx < val.len() ;  idx += 1)
            switch (val[idx]) {
                case verinum::V0:
                  val.set(idx, verinum::V1);
                  break;
                case verinum::V1:
                  val.set(idx, verinum::V0);
                  break;
                default:
                  val.set(idx, verinum::Vx);
                  break;
            }

      return val;
}

/*
 * Addition works a bit at a time, from the least significant up to
 * the most significant. The result is signed only if both of the
 * operands are signed. The result is also expanded as needed to
 * prevent overflow. It is up to the caller to shrink the result back
 * down if that is the desire.
 */
verinum operator + (const verinum&left, const verinum&right)
{
      unsigned min = left.len();
      if (right.len() < min) min = right.len();

      unsigned max = left.len();
      if (right.len() > max) max = right.len();

      bool signed_flag = left.has_sign() && right.has_sign();
      verinum::V*val_bits = new verinum::V[max+1];

      verinum::V carry = verinum::V0;
      for (unsigned idx = 0 ;  idx < min ;  idx += 1)
            val_bits[idx] = add_with_carry(left[idx], right[idx], carry);

      verinum::V rpad = signed_flag? right[right.len()-1] : verinum::V0;
      verinum::V lpad = signed_flag? left[left.len()-1]   : verinum::V0;

      if (left.len() > right.len()) {

            for (unsigned idx = min ;  idx < left.len() ;  idx += 1)
                  val_bits[idx] = add_with_carry(left[idx], rpad, carry);

      } else {

            for (unsigned idx = min ;  idx < right.len() ;  idx += 1)
                  val_bits[idx] = add_with_carry(lpad, right[idx], carry);
      }

      val_bits[max] = add_with_carry(lpad, rpad, carry);
#if 0
      if (signed_flag) {
            if (val_bits[max] != val_bits[max-1])
                  max += 1;
      }
#endif
      verinum val (val_bits, max+1, false);
      val.has_sign(signed_flag);

      delete[]val_bits;

      return val;
}

verinum operator - (const verinum&left, const verinum&right)
{
      unsigned min = left.len();
      if (right.len() < min) min = right.len();

      unsigned max = left.len();
      if (right.len() > max) max = right.len();

      bool signed_flag = left.has_sign() && right.has_sign();
      verinum::V*val_bits = new verinum::V[max+1];

      verinum::V carry = verinum::V1;
      for (unsigned idx = 0 ;  idx < min ;  idx += 1)
            val_bits[idx] = add_with_carry(left[idx], ~right[idx], carry);

      verinum::V rpad = signed_flag? ~right[right.len()-1] : verinum::V1;
      verinum::V lpad = signed_flag?  left[left.len()-1]   : verinum::V0;

      if (left.len() > right.len()) {

            for (unsigned idx = min ;  idx < left.len() ;  idx += 1)
                  val_bits[idx] = add_with_carry(left[idx], rpad, carry);

      } else {

            for (unsigned idx = min ;  idx < right.len() ;  idx += 1)
                  val_bits[idx] = add_with_carry(lpad, ~right[idx], carry);
      }

      if (signed_flag) {
            val_bits[max] = add_with_carry(lpad, rpad, carry);
            if (val_bits[max] != val_bits[max-1])
                  max += 1;
      }

      verinum val (val_bits, max, false);
      val.has_sign(signed_flag);

      delete[]val_bits;

      return val;
}

/*
 * This multiplies two verinum numbers together into a verinum
 * result. The resulting number is as large as the sum of the sizes of
 * the operand.
 *
 * The algorithm used is successive shift and add operations,
 * implemented as the nested loops.
 *
 * If either value is not completely defined, then the result is not
 * defined either.
 */
verinum operator * (const verinum&left, const verinum&right)
{
      const bool has_len_flag = left.has_len() && right.has_len();

        /* If either operand is not fully defined, then the entire
           result is undefined. Create a result that is the right size
           and is filled with 'bx bits. */
      if (! (left.is_defined() && right.is_defined())) {
            verinum result (verinum::Vx, left.len()+right.len(), has_len_flag);
            result.has_sign(left.has_sign() || right.has_sign());
            return result;
      }

      verinum result(verinum::V0, left.len() + right.len(), has_len_flag);
      result.has_sign(left.has_sign() || right.has_sign());

      for (unsigned rdx = 0 ;  rdx < right.len() ;  rdx += 1) {

            if (right.get(rdx) == verinum::V0)
                  continue;

            verinum::V carry = verinum::V0;
            for (unsigned ldx = 0 ;  ldx < left.len() ;  ldx += 1) {
                  result.set(ldx+rdx, add_with_carry(left[ldx],
                                                     result[rdx+ldx],
                                                     carry));
            }
      }

      return trim_vnum(result);
}

verinum pow(const verinum&left, const verinum&right)
{
      verinum result = left;
      unsigned pow_count = right.as_ulong();

      for (unsigned idx = 1 ;  idx < pow_count ;  idx += 1)
            result = result * left;

      return result;
}

verinum operator << (const verinum&that, unsigned shift)
{
      verinum result(verinum::V0, that.len() + shift, that.has_len());

      for (unsigned idx = 0 ;  idx < that.len() ;  idx += 1)
            result.set(idx+shift, that.get(idx));

      return result;
}

verinum operator >> (const verinum&that, unsigned shift)
{
      if (shift >= that.len()) {
            if (that.has_sign()) {
                  verinum result (that.get(that.len()-1), 1);
                  result.has_sign(true);
                  return result;
            } else {
                  verinum result(verinum::V0, 1);
                  return result;
            }
      }

      verinum result(that.has_sign()? that.get(that.len()-1) : verinum::V0,
                     that.len() - shift, that.has_len());

      for (unsigned idx = shift ;  idx < that.len() ;  idx += 1)
            result.set(idx-shift, that.get(idx));

      return result;
}

static verinum unsigned_divide(verinum num, verinum den)
{
      unsigned nwid = num.len();
      while (nwid > 0 && (num.get(nwid-1) == verinum::V0))
            nwid -= 1;

      unsigned dwid = den.len();
      while (dwid > 0 && (den.get(dwid-1) == verinum::V0))
            dwid -= 1;

      if (dwid > nwid)
            return verinum(verinum::V0, 1);

      den = den << (nwid-dwid);

      unsigned idx = nwid - dwid + 1;
      verinum result (verinum::V0, idx);
      while (idx > 0) {
            if (den <= num) {
                  verinum dif = num - den;
                  num = dif;
                  result.set(idx-1, verinum::V1);
            }
            den = den >> 1;
            idx -= 1;
      }

      return result;
}

static verinum unsigned_modulus(verinum num, verinum den)
{
      unsigned nwid = num.len();
      while (nwid > 0 && (num.get(nwid-1) == verinum::V0))
            nwid -= 1;

      unsigned dwid = den.len();
      while (dwid > 0 && (den.get(dwid-1) == verinum::V0))
            dwid -= 1;

      if (dwid > nwid)
            return num;

      den = den << (nwid-dwid);

      unsigned idx = nwid - dwid + 1;
      verinum result (verinum::V0, idx);
      while (idx > 0) {
            if (den <= num) {
                  verinum dif = num - den;
                  num = dif;
                  result.set(idx-1, verinum::V1);
            }
            den = den >> 1;
            idx -= 1;
      }

      return num;
}

/*
 * This operator divides the left number by the right number. If
 * either value is signed, the result is signed. If both values have a
 * defined length, then the result has a defined length.
 */
verinum operator / (const verinum&left, const verinum&right)
{
      const bool has_len_flag = left.has_len() && right.has_len();

      unsigned use_len = left.len();

        /* If either operand is not fully defined, then the entire
           result is undefined. Create a result that is the right size
           and is filled with 'bx bits. */
      if (! (left.is_defined() && right.is_defined())) {
            verinum result (verinum::Vx, use_len, has_len_flag);
            result.has_sign(left.has_sign() || right.has_sign());
            return result;
      }

        /* If the right expression is a zero value, then the result is
           filled with 'bx bits. */
      if (right.is_zero()) {
            verinum result (verinum::Vx, use_len, has_len_flag);
            result.has_sign(left.has_sign() || right.has_sign());
            return result;
      }

      verinum result(verinum::Vz, use_len, has_len_flag);
      result.has_sign(left.has_sign() || right.has_sign());

        /* do the operation differently, depending on whether the
           result is signed or not. */
      if (result.has_sign()) {

            if (use_len <= (8*sizeof(long) - 1)) {
                  long l = left.as_long();
                  long r = right.as_long();
                  long v = l / r;
                  for (unsigned idx = 0 ;  idx < use_len ;  idx += 1) {
                        result.set(idx,  (v & 1)? verinum::V1 : verinum::V0);
                        v >>= 1;
                  }

            } else {
                  verinum use_left, use_right;
                  verinum zero(verinum::V0, 1, false);
                  bool negative = false;
                  if (left < zero) {
                        use_left = zero - left;
                        negative ^= negative;
                  } else {
                        use_left = left;
                  }
                  if (right < zero) {
                        use_right = zero - right;
                        negative ^= negative;
                  } else {
                        use_right = right;
                  }
                  result = unsigned_divide(use_left, use_right);
                  if (negative) result = zero - result;
            }

      } else {

            if (use_len <= 8 * sizeof(unsigned long)) {
                    /* Use native unsigned division to do the work. */

                  unsigned long l = left.as_ulong();
                  unsigned long r = right.as_ulong();
                  unsigned long v = l / r;
                  for (unsigned idx = 0 ;  idx < use_len ;  idx += 1) {
                        result.set(idx,  (v & 1)? verinum::V1 : verinum::V0);
                        v >>= 1;
                  }

            } else {
                  result = unsigned_divide(left, right);
            }
      }

      return trim_vnum(result);
}

verinum operator % (const verinum&left, const verinum&right)
{
      const bool has_len_flag = left.has_len() && right.has_len();

      unsigned use_len = left.len();

        /* If either operand is not fully defined, then the entire
           result is undefined. Create a result that is the right size
           and is filled with 'bx bits. */
      if (! (left.is_defined() && right.is_defined())) {
            verinum result (verinum::Vx, use_len, has_len_flag);
            result.has_sign(left.has_sign() || right.has_sign());
            return result;
      }

        /* If the right expression is a zero value, then the result is
           filled with 'bx bits. */
      if (right.as_ulong() == 0) {
            verinum result (verinum::Vx, use_len, has_len_flag);
            result.has_sign(left.has_sign() || right.has_sign());
            return result;
      }

      verinum result(verinum::Vz, use_len, has_len_flag);
      result.has_sign(left.has_sign() || right.has_sign());

      if (result.has_sign()) {

              /* XXXX FIXME XXXX Use native unsigned division to do
                 the work. This does not work if the result is too
                 large for the native integer. */
            assert(use_len <= 8*sizeof(long));
            long l = left.as_long();
            long r = right.as_long();
            long v = l % r;
            for (unsigned idx = 0 ;  idx < use_len ;  idx += 1) {
                  result.set(idx,  (v & 1)? verinum::V1 : verinum::V0);
                  v >>= 1;
            }

      } else {

              /* Use native unsigned division, if possible, to do
                 the work. This does not work if the result is too
                 large for the native integer, so resort to a modulus
                 function in that case. */
            if (use_len <= 8*sizeof(unsigned long)) {
                  assert(use_len <= 8*sizeof(unsigned long));
                  unsigned long l = left.as_ulong();
                  unsigned long r = right.as_ulong();
                  unsigned long v = l % r;
                  for (unsigned idx = 0 ;  idx < use_len ;  idx += 1) {
                        result.set(idx,  (v & 1)? verinum::V1 : verinum::V0);
                        v >>= 1;
                  }
            } else {
                  result = unsigned_modulus(left, right);
            }
      }

      return trim_vnum(result);
}

verinum concat(const verinum&left, const verinum&right)
{
      if (left.is_string() && right.is_string()) {
            std::string tmp = left.as_string() + right.as_string();
            verinum res (tmp);
            return res;
      }

      verinum res (verinum::V0, left.len() + right.len());
      for (unsigned idx = 0 ;  idx < right.len() ;  idx += 1)
            res.set(idx, right.get(idx));

      for (unsigned idx = 0 ;  idx < left.len() ;  idx += 1)
            res.set(idx+right.len(), left.get(idx));

      return res;
}

verinum::V operator ~ (verinum::V l)
{
      switch (l) {
          case verinum::V0:
            return verinum::V1;
          case verinum::V1:
            return verinum::V0;
          default:
            return verinum::Vx;
      }
}

verinum::V operator | (verinum::V l, verinum::V r)
{
      if (l == verinum::V1)
            return verinum::V1;
      if (r == verinum::V1)
            return verinum::V1;
      if (l != verinum::V0)
            return verinum::Vx;
      if (r != verinum::V0)
            return verinum::Vx;
      return verinum::V0;
}

verinum::V operator & (verinum::V l, verinum::V r)
{
      if (l == verinum::V0)
            return verinum::V0;
      if (r == verinum::V0)
            return verinum::V0;
      if (l != verinum::V1)
            return verinum::Vx;
      if (r != verinum::V1)
            return verinum::Vx;
      return verinum::V1;
}

verinum::V operator ^ (verinum::V l, verinum::V r)
{
      if (l == verinum::V0)
            return r;
      if (r == verinum::V0)
            return l;
      if ((l == verinum::V1) && (r == verinum::V1))
            return verinum::V0;

      return verinum::Vx;
}

/*
 * $Log: verinum.cc,v $
 * Revision 1.52  2007/02/25 23:08:24  steve
 *  Process Verilog escape sequences much earlier.
 *
 * Revision 1.51  2007/01/27 05:36:11  steve
 *  Fix padding of x when literal is sized and unsigned.
 *
 * Revision 1.50  2007/01/19 05:42:04  steve
 *  Fix calculation of verinum pow operation.
 *
 * Revision 1.49  2006/12/08 19:56:09  steve
 *  Handle very wide signed divide.
 *
 * Revision 1.48  2006/08/08 05:11:37  steve
 *  Handle 64bit delay constants.
 *
 * Revision 1.47  2006/07/31 03:50:17  steve
 *  Add support for power in constant expressions.
 *
 * Revision 1.46  2006/06/02 04:48:50  steve
 *  Make elaborate_expr methods aware of the width that the context
 *  requires of it. In the process, fix sizing of the width of unary
 *  minus is context determined sizes.
 *
 * Revision 1.45  2006/06/01 03:54:51  steve
 *  Fix broken subtraction of small constants.
 *
 * Revision 1.44  2005/12/07 04:04:24  steve
 *  Allow constant concat expressions.
 *
 * Revision 1.43  2004/05/18 18:43:15  steve
 *  Handle null string as a single nul character.
 *
 * Revision 1.42  2004/02/17 06:52:55  steve
 *  Support unsigned divide of huge numbers.
 *
 * Revision 1.41  2003/10/26 04:54:56  steve
 *  Support constant evaluation of binary ^ operator.
 *
 * Revision 1.40  2003/05/25 03:01:19  steve
 *  Get length of trimed unsigned value right.
 *
 * Revision 1.39  2003/04/14 03:40:21  steve
 *  Make some effort to preserve bits while
 *  operating on constant values.
 *
 * Revision 1.38  2003/04/03 04:30:00  steve
 *  Prevent overrun comparing verinums to zero.
 *
 * Revision 1.37  2003/02/02 00:43:16  steve
 *  Fix conversion of signed numbes to long
 *
 * Revision 1.36  2003/01/30 16:23:08  steve
 *  Spelling fixes.
 *
 * Revision 1.35  2002/08/19 02:39:17  steve
 *  Support parameters with defined ranges.
 *
 * Revision 1.34  2002/08/12 01:35:01  steve
 *  conditional ident string using autoconfig.
 *
 * Revision 1.33  2002/04/27 23:26:24  steve
 *  Trim leading nulls from string forms.
 *
 * Revision 1.32  2002/04/27 04:48:43  steve
 *  Display string verinums as strings.
 *
 * Revision 1.31  2002/02/01 05:09:14  steve
 *  Propagate sign in unary minus.
 *
 * Revision 1.30  2001/12/31 00:02:33  steve
 *  Include s indicator in dump of signed numbers.
 *
 * Revision 1.29  2001/11/19 02:54:12  steve
 *  Handle division and modulus by zero while
 *  evaluating run-time constants.
 *
 * Revision 1.28  2001/11/06 06:11:55  steve
 *  Support more real arithmetic in delay constants.
 *
 * Revision 1.27  2001/07/25 03:10:50  steve
 *  Create a config.h.in file to hold all the config
 *  junk, and support gcc 3.0. (Stephan Boettcher)
 *
 * Revision 1.26  2001/02/09 05:44:23  steve
 *  support evaluation of constant < in expressions.
 *
 * Revision 1.25  2001/02/08 05:38:18  steve
 *  trim the length of unsized numbers.
 *
 * Revision 1.24  2001/02/07 21:47:13  steve
 *  Fix expression widths for rvalues and parameters (PR#131,132)
 */