1 <sect1 id="ai-geocoords">
4 <firstname>Jason</firstname>
5 <surname>Harris</surname>
8 <title>Geographic Coordinates</title>
9 <indexterm><primary>Geographic Coordinate System</primary></indexterm>
10 <indexterm><primary>Longitude</primary><see>Geographic Coordinate System</see></indexterm>
11 <indexterm><primary>Latitude</primary><see>Geographic Coordinate System</see></indexterm>
13 Locations on Earth can be specified using a spherical coordinate system.
14 The geographic (<quote>earth-mapping</quote>) coordinate system is aligned
15 with the spin axis of the Earth. It defines two angles measured from
16 the center of the Earth. One angle, called the <firstterm>Latitude</firstterm>,
17 measures the angle between any point and the Equator. The other angle, called
18 the <firstterm>Longitude</firstterm>, measures the angle
19 <emphasis>along</emphasis> the Equator from an arbitrary point on the Earth
20 (Greenwich, England is the accepted zero-longitude point in most modern
23 By combining these two angles, any location on Earth can be specified.
24 For example, Baltimore, Maryland (USA) has a latitude of 39.3 degrees
25 North, and a longitude of 76.6 degrees West. So, a vector drawn from
26 the center of the Earth to a point 39.3 degrees above the Equator and
27 76.6 degrees west of Greenwich, England will pass through Baltimore.
29 The Equator is obviously an important part of this coordinate system; it
30 represents the <emphasis>zeropoint</emphasis> of the latitude angle, and the
31 halfway point between the poles. The Equator is the <firstterm>Fundamental
32 Plane</firstterm> of the geographic coordinate system. <link
33 linkend="ai-skycoords">All Spherical Coordinate Systems</link> define such a
36 Lines of constant Latitude are called <firstterm>Parallels</firstterm>. They
37 trace circles on the surface of the Earth, but the only parallel that is a <link
38 linkend="ai-greatcircle">Great Circle</link> is the Equator (Latitude=0
39 degrees). Lines of constant Longitude are called
40 <firstterm>Meridians</firstterm>. The Meridian passing through Greenwich is the
41 <firstterm>Prime Meridian</firstterm> (longitude=0 degrees). Unlike Parallels,
42 all Meridians are great circles, and Meridians are not parallel: they intersect
43 at the north and south poles.
46 <para>Exercise:</para>
48 What is the longitude of the North Pole? Its latitude
52 This is a trick question. The Longitude is meaningless at the north pole (and the
53 south pole too). It has all longitudes at the same time.