1 "LAMMPS WWW Site"_lws - "LAMMPS Documentation"_ld - "LAMMPS Commands"_lc :c
3 :link(lws,http://lammps.sandia.gov)
5 :link(lc,Section_commands.html#comm)
9 fix orient/fcc command :h3
10 fix orient/bcc command :h3
12 fix ID group-ID orient/fcc nstats dir alat dE cutlo cuthi file0 file1
13 fix ID group-ID orient/bcc nstats dir alat dE cutlo cuthi file0 file1 :pre
15 ID, group-ID are documented in "fix"_fix.html command
16 nstats = print stats every this many steps, 0 = never
17 dir = 0/1 for which crystal is used as reference
18 alat = fcc/bcc cubic lattice constant (distance units)
19 dE = energy added to each atom (energy units)
20 cutlo,cuthi = values between 0.0 and 1.0, cutlo < cuthi
21 file0,file1 = files that specify orientation of each grain :ul
25 fix gb all orient/fcc 0 1 4.032008 0.001 0.25 0.75 xi.vec chi.vec
26 fix gb all orient/bcc 0 1 2.882 0.001 0.25 0.75 ngb.left ngb.right :pre
30 The fix applies an orientation-dependent force to atoms near a planar
31 grain boundary which can be used to induce grain boundary migration
32 (in the direction perpendicular to the grain boundary plane). The
33 motivation and explanation of this force and its application are
34 described in "(Janssens)"_#Janssens. The adaptiation to bcc crystals
35 is described in "(Wicaksono1)"_#Wicaksono1. The computed force is only
36 applied to atoms in the fix group.
38 The basic idea is that atoms in one grain (on one side of the
39 boundary) have a potential energy dE added to them. Atoms in the
40 other grain have 0.0 potential energy added. Atoms near the boundary
41 (whose neighbor environment is intermediate between the two grain
42 orientations) have an energy between 0.0 and dE added. This creates
43 an effective driving force to reduce the potential energy of atoms
44 near the boundary by pushing them towards one of the grain
45 orientations. For dir = 1 and dE > 0, the boundary will thus move so
46 that the grain described by file0 grows and the grain described by
47 file1 shrinks. Thus this fix is designed for simulations of two-grain
48 systems, either with one grain boundary and free surfaces parallel to
49 the boundary, or a system with periodic boundary conditions and two
50 equal and opposite grain boundaries. In either case, the entire
51 system can displace during the simulation, and such motion should be
52 accounted for in measuring the grain boundary velocity.
54 The potential energy added to atom I is given by these formulas
56 :c,image(Eqs/fix_orient_fcc.jpg)
58 which are fully explained in "(Janssens)"_#Janssens. For fcc crystals
59 this order parameter Xi for atom I in equation (1) is a sum over the
60 12 nearest neighbors of atom I. For bcc crystals it is the
61 corresponding sum of the 8 nearest neighbors. Rj is the vector from
62 atom I to its neighbor J, and RIj is a vector in the reference
63 (perfect) crystal. That is, if dir = 0/1, then RIj is a vector to an
64 atom coord from file 0/1. Equation (2) gives the expected value of
65 the order parameter XiIJ in the other grain. Hi and lo cutoffs are
66 defined in equations (3) and (4), using the input parameters {cutlo}
67 and {cuthi} as thresholds to avoid adding grain boundary energy when
68 the deviation in the order parameter from 0 or 1 is small (e.g. due to
69 thermal fluctuations in a perfect crystal). The added potential
70 energy Ui for atom I is given in equation (6) where it is interpolated
71 between 0 and dE using the two threshold Xi values and the Wi value of
74 The derivative of this energy expression gives the force on each atom
75 which thus depends on the orientation of its neighbors relative to the
76 2 grain orientations. Only atoms near the grain boundary feel a net
77 force which tends to drive them to one of the two grain orientations.
79 In equation (1), the reference vector used for each neighbor is the
80 reference vector closest to the actual neighbor position. This means
81 it is possible two different neighbors will use the same reference
82 vector. In such cases, the atom in question is far from a perfect
83 orientation and will likely receive the full dE addition, so the
84 effect of duplicate reference vector usage is small.
86 The {dir} parameter determines which grain wants to grow at the
87 expense of the other. A value of 0 means the first grain will shrink;
88 a value of 1 means it will grow. This assumes that {dE} is positive.
89 The reverse will be true if {dE} is negative.
91 The {alat} parameter is the cubic lattice constant for the fcc or bcc
92 material and is only used to compute a cutoff distance of 1.57 * alat
93 / sqrt(2) for finding the 12 or 8 nearest neighbors of each atom
94 (which should be valid for an fcc or bcc crystal). A longer/shorter
95 cutoff can be imposed by adjusting {alat}. If a particular atom has
96 less than 12 or 8 neighbors within the cutoff, the order parameter of
97 equation (1) is effectively multiplied by 12 or 8 divided by the
98 actual number of neighbors within the cutoff.
100 The {dE} parameter is the maximum amount of additional energy added to
101 each atom in the grain which wants to shrink.
103 The {cutlo} and {cuthi} parameters are used to reduce the force added
104 to bulk atoms in each grain far away from the boundary. An atom in
105 the bulk surrounded by neighbors at the ideal grain orientation would
106 compute an order parameter of 0 or 1 and have no force added.
107 However, thermal vibrations in the solid will cause the order
108 parameters to be greater than 0 or less than 1. The cutoff parameters
109 mask this effect, allowing forces to only be added to atoms with
110 order-parameters between the cutoff values.
112 {File0} and {file1} are filenames for the two grains which each
113 contain 6 vectors (6 lines with 3 values per line) which specify the
114 grain orientations. Each vector is a displacement from a central atom
115 (0,0,0) to a nearest neighbor atom in an fcc lattice at the proper
116 orientation. The vector lengths should all be identical since an fcc
117 lattice has a coordination number of 12. Only 6 are listed due to
118 symmetry, so the list must include one from each pair of
119 equal-and-opposite neighbors. A pair of orientation files for a
120 Sigma=5 tilt boundary are shown below. A tutorial that can help for
121 writing the orientation files is given in "(Wicaksono2)"_#Wicaksono2
123 [Restart, fix_modify, output, run start/stop, minimize info:]
125 No information about this fix is written to "binary restart
128 The "fix_modify"_fix_modify.html {energy} option is supported by this
129 fix to add the potential energy of atom interactions with the grain
130 boundary driving force to the system's potential energy as part of
131 "thermodynamic output"_thermo_style.html.
133 The "fix_modify"_fix_modify.html {respa} option is supported by these
134 fixes. This allows to set at which level of the "r-RESPA"_run_style.html
135 integrator a fix is adding its forces. Default is the outermost level.
137 This fix calculates a global scalar which can be accessed by various
138 "output commands"_Section_howto.html#howto_15. The scalar is the
139 potential energy change due to this fix. The scalar value calculated
140 by this fix is "extensive".
142 This fix also calculates a per-atom array which can be accessed by
143 various "output commands"_Section_howto.html#howto_15. The array
144 stores the order parameter Xi and normalized order parameter (0 to 1)
145 for each atom. The per-atom values can be accessed on any timestep.
147 No parameter of this fix can be used with the {start/stop} keywords of
148 the "run"_run.html command. This fix is not invoked during "energy
149 minimization"_minimize.html.
153 This fix is part of the MISC package. It is only enabled if LAMMPS
154 was built with that package. See the "Making
155 LAMMPS"_Section_start.html#start_3 section for more info.
157 This fix should only be used with fcc or bcc lattices.
161 "fix_modify"_fix_modify.html
168 [(Janssens)] Janssens, Olmsted, Holm, Foiles, Plimpton, Derlet, Nature
169 Materials, 5, 124-127 (2006).
172 [(Wicaksono1)] Wicaksono, Sinclair, Militzer, Computational Materials
173 Science, 117, 397-405 (2016).
176 [(Wicaksono2)] Wicaksono, figshare,
177 https://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1488628.v1 (2015).
181 For illustration purposes, here are example files that specify a
182 Sigma=5 <100> tilt boundary. This is for a lattice constant of 3.5706
187 0.798410432046075 1.785300000000000 1.596820864092150
188 -0.798410432046075 1.785300000000000 -1.596820864092150
189 2.395231296138225 0.000000000000000 0.798410432046075
190 0.798410432046075 0.000000000000000 -2.395231296138225
191 1.596820864092150 1.785300000000000 -0.798410432046075
192 1.596820864092150 -1.785300000000000 -0.798410432046075 :pre
196 -0.798410432046075 1.785300000000000 1.596820864092150
197 0.798410432046075 1.785300000000000 -1.596820864092150
198 0.798410432046075 0.000000000000000 2.395231296138225
199 2.395231296138225 0.000000000000000 -0.798410432046075
200 1.596820864092150 1.785300000000000 0.798410432046075
201 1.596820864092150 -1.785300000000000 0.798410432046075 :pre