1 "LAMMPS WWW Site"_lws - "LAMMPS Documentation"_ld - "LAMMPS Commands"_lc :c
3 :link(lws,http://lammps.sandia.gov)
5 :link(lc,Section_commands.html#comm)
13 fix ID group-ID tfmc Delta Temp seed keyword value :pre
15 ID, group-ID are documented in "fix"_fix.html command :ulb,l
16 tfmc = style name of this fix command :l
17 Delta = maximal displacement length (distance units) :l
18 Temp = imposed temperature of the system :l
19 seed = random number seed (positive integer) :l
20 zero or more keyword/arg pairs may be appended :l
21 keyword = {com} or {rot} :l
22 {com} args = xflag yflag zflag
23 xflag,yflag,zflag = 0/1 to exclude/include each dimension
24 {rot} args = none :pre
29 fix 1 all tfmc 0.1 1000.0 159345
30 fix 1 all tfmc 0.05 600.0 658943 com 1 1 0
31 fix 1 all tfmc 0.1 750.0 387068 com 1 1 1 rot :pre
35 Perform uniform-acceptance force-bias Monte Carlo (fbMC) simulations,
36 using the time-stamped force-bias Monte Carlo (tfMC) algorithm
37 described in "(Mees)"_#Mees and "(Bal)"_#Bal.
39 One successful use case of force-bias Monte Carlo methods is that they
40 can be used to extend the time scale of atomistic simulations, in
41 particular when long time scale relaxation effects must be considered;
42 some interesting examples are given in the review by "(Neyts)"_#Neyts.
43 An example of a typical use case would be the modelling of chemical
44 vapour deposition (CVD) processes on a surface, in which impacts by
45 gas-phase species can be performed using MD, but subsequent relaxation
46 of the surface is too slow to be done using MD only. Using tfMC can
47 allow for a much faster relaxation of the surface, so that higher
48 fluxes can be used, effectively extending the time scale of the
49 simulation. (Such an alternating simulation approach could be set up
50 using a "loop"_jump.html.)
52 The initial version of tfMC algorithm in "(Mees)"_#Mees contained an
53 estimation of the effective time scale of such a simulation, but it
54 was later shown that the speed-up one can gain from a tfMC simulation
55 is system- and process-dependent, ranging from none to several orders
56 of magnitude. In general, solid-state processes such as
57 (re)crystallisation or growth can be accelerated by up to two or three
58 orders of magnitude, whereas diffusion in the liquid phase is not
59 accelerated at all. The observed pseudodynamics when using the tfMC
60 method is not the actual dynamics one would obtain using MD, but the
61 relative importance of processes can match the actual relative
62 dynamics of the system quite well, provided {Delta} is chosen with
63 care. Thus, the system's equilibrium is reached faster than in MD,
64 along a path that is generally roughly similar to a typical MD
65 simulation (but not necessarily so). See "(Bal)"_#Bal for details.
67 Each step, all atoms in the selected group are displaced using the
68 stochastic tfMC algorithm, which is designed to sample the canonical
69 (NVT) ensemble at the temperature {Temp}. Although tfMC is a Monte
70 Carlo algorithm and thus strictly speaking does not perform time
71 integration, it is similar in the sense that it uses the forces on all
72 atoms in order to update their positions. Therefore, it is implemented
73 as a time integration fix, and no other fixes of this type (such as
74 "fix nve"_fix_nve.html) should be used at the same time. Because
75 velocities do not play a role in this kind of Monte Carlo simulations,
76 instantaneous temperatures as calculated by "temperature
77 computes"_compute_temp.html or "thermodynamic
78 output"_thermo_style.html have no meaning: the only relevant
79 temperature is the sampling temperature {Temp}. Similarly, performing
80 tfMC simulations does not require setting a "timestep"_timestep.html
81 and the "simulated time"_thermo_style.html as calculated by LAMMPS is
84 The critical parameter determining the success of a tfMC simulation is
85 {Delta}, the maximal displacement length of the lightest element in
86 the system: the larger it is, the longer the effective time scale of
87 the simulation will be (there is an approximately quadratic
88 dependence). However, {Delta} must also be chosen sufficiently small
89 in order to comply with detailed balance; in general values between 5
90 and 10 % of the nearest neighbor distance are found to be a good
91 choice. For a more extensive discussion with specific examples, please
92 refer to "(Bal)"_#Bal, which also describes how the code calculates
93 element-specific maximal displacements from {Delta}, based on the
94 fourth root of their mass.
96 Because of the uncorrelated movements of the atoms, the center-of-mass
97 of the fix group will not necessarily be stationary, just like its
98 orientation. When the {com} keyword is used, all atom positions will
99 be shifted (after every tfMC iteration) in order to fix the position
100 of the center-of-mass along the included directions, by setting the
101 corresponding flag to 1. The {rot} keyword does the same for the
102 rotational component of the tfMC displacements after every iteration.
104 NOTE: the {com} and {rot} keywords should not be used if an external
105 force is acting on the specified fix group, along the included
106 directions. This can be either a true external force (e.g. through
107 "fix wall"_fix_wall.html) or forces due to the interaction with atoms
108 not included in the fix group. This is because in such cases,
109 translations or rotations of the fix group could be induced by these
110 external forces, and removing them will lead to a violation of
115 [Restart, fix_modify, output, run start/stop, minimize info:]
117 No information about this fix is written to "binary restart
120 None of the "fix_modify"_fix_modify.html options are relevant to this
123 This fix is not invoked during "energy minimization"_minimize.html.
127 This fix is part of the MC package. It is only enabled if LAMMPS was
128 built with that package. See the "Making
129 LAMMPS"_Section_start.html#start_3 section for more info.
131 This fix is not compatible with "fix shake"_fix_shake.html.
135 "fix gcmc"_fix_gcmc.html, "fix nvt"_fix_nh.html
139 The option default is com = 0 0 0
144 [(Bal)] K. M Bal and E. C. Neyts, J. Chem. Phys. 141, 204104 (2014).
147 [(Mees)] M. J. Mees, G. Pourtois, E. C. Neyts, B. J. Thijsse, and
148 A. Stesmans, Phys. Rev. B 85, 134301 (2012).
151 [(Neyts)] E. C. Neyts and A. Bogaerts, Theor. Chem. Acc. 132, 1320