latex2e-20151001/base/sample2e.tex

   1 % This is a sample LaTeX input file.  (Version of 12 August 2004.)
   2 %
   3 % A '%' character causes TeX to ignore all remaining text on the line,
   4 % and is used for comments like this one.
   5
   6 \documentclass{article}      % Specifies the document class
   7
   8                              % The preamble begins here.
   9 \title{An Example Document}  % Declares the document's title.
  10 \author{Leslie Lamport}      % Declares the author's name.
  11 \date{January 21, 1994}      % Deleting this command produces today's date.
  12
  13 \newcommand{\ip}[2]{(#1, #2)}
  14                              % Defines \ip{arg1}{arg2} to mean
  15                              % (arg1, arg2).
  16
  17 %\newcommand{\ip}[2]{\langle #1 | #2\rangle}
  18                              % This is an alternative definition of
  19                              % \ip that is commented out.
  20
  21 \begin{document}             % End of preamble and beginning of text.
  22
  23 \maketitle                   % Produces the title.
  24
  25 This is an example input file.  Comparing it with
  26 the output it generates can show you how to
  27 produce a simple document of your own.
  28
  29 \section{Ordinary Text}      % Produces section heading.  Lower-level
  30                              % sections are begun with similar
  31                              % \subsection and \subsubsection commands.
  32
  33 The ends  of words and sentences are marked
  34   by   spaces. It  doesn't matter how many
  35 spaces    you type; one is as good as 100.  The
  36 end of   a line counts as a space.
  37
  38 One   or more   blank lines denote the  end
  39 of  a paragraph.
  40
  41 Since any number of consecutive spaces are treated
  42 like a single one, the formatting of the input
  43 file makes no difference to
  44       \LaTeX,                % The \LaTeX command generates the LaTeX logo.
  45 but it makes a difference to you.  When you use
  46 \LaTeX, making your input file as easy to read
  47 as possible will be a great help as you write
  48 your document and when you change it.  This sample
  49 file shows how you can add comments to your own input
  50 file.
  51
  52 Because printing is different from typewriting,
  53 there are a number of things that you have to do
  54 differently when preparing an input file than if
  55 you were just typing the document directly.
  56 Quotation marks like
  57        ``this''
  58 have to be handled specially, as do quotes within
  59 quotes:
  60        ``\,`this'            % \, separates the double and single quote.
  61         is what I just
  62         wrote, not  `that'\,''.
  63
  64 Dashes come in three sizes: an
  65        intra-word
  66 dash, a medium dash for number ranges like
  67        1--2,
  68 and a punctuation
  69        dash---like
  70 this.
  71
  72 A sentence-ending space should be larger than the
  73 space between words within a sentence.  You
  74 sometimes have to type special commands in
  75 conjunction with punctuation characters to get
  76 this right, as in the following sentence.
  77        Gnats, gnus, etc.\ all  % `\ ' makes an inter-word space.
  78        begin with G\@.         % \@ marks end-of-sentence punctuation.
  79 You should check the spaces after periods when
  80 reading your output to make sure you haven't
  81 forgotten any special cases.  Generating an
  82 ellipsis
  83        \ldots\               % `\ ' is needed after `\ldots' because TeX
  84                              % ignores spaces after command names like \ldots
  85                              % made from \ + letters.
  86                              %
  87                              % Note how a `%' character causes TeX to ignore
  88                              % the end of the input line, so these blank lines
  89                              % do not start a new paragraph.
  90                              %
  91 with the right spacing around the periods requires
  92 a special command.
  93
  94 \LaTeX\ interprets some common characters as
  95 commands, so you must type special commands to
  96 generate them.  These characters include the
  97 following:
  98        \$ \& \% \# \{ and \}.
  99
 100 In printing, text is usually emphasized with an
 101        \emph{italic}
 102 type style.
 103
 104 \begin{em}
 105    A long segment of text can also be emphasized
 106    in this way.  Text within such a segment can be
 107    given \emph{additional} emphasis.
 108 \end{em}
 109
 110 It is sometimes necessary to prevent \LaTeX\ from
 111 breaking a line where it might otherwise do so.
 112 This may be at a space, as between the ``Mr.''\ and
 113 ``Jones'' in
 114        ``Mr.~Jones'',        % ~ produces an unbreakable interword space.
 115 or within a word---especially when the word is a
 116 symbol like
 117        \mbox{\emph{itemnum}}
 118 that makes little sense when hyphenated across
 119 lines.
 120
 121 Footnotes\footnote{This is an example of a footnote.}
 122 pose no problem.
 123
 124 \LaTeX\ is good at typesetting mathematical formulas
 125 like
 126        \( x-3y + z = 7 \)
 127 or
 128        \( a_{1} > x^{2n} + y^{2n} > x' \)
 129 or
 130        \( \ip{A}{B} = \sum_{i} a_{i} b_{i} \).
 131 The spaces you type in a formula are
 132 ignored.  Remember that a letter like
 133        $x$                   % $ ... $  and  \( ... \)  are equivalent
 134 is a formula when it denotes a mathematical
 135 symbol, and it should be typed as one.
 136
 137 \section{Displayed Text}
 138
 139 Text is displayed by indenting it from the left
 140 margin.  Quotations are commonly displayed.  There
 141 are short quotations
 142 \begin{quote}
 143    This is a short quotation.  It consists of a
 144    single paragraph of text.  See how it is formatted.
 145 \end{quote}
 146 and longer ones.
 147 \begin{quotation}
 148    This is a longer quotation.  It consists of two
 149    paragraphs of text, neither of which are
 150    particularly interesting.
 151
 152    This is the second paragraph of the quotation.  It
 153    is just as dull as the first paragraph.
 154 \end{quotation}
 155 Another frequently-displayed structure is a list.
 156 The following is an example of an \emph{itemized}
 157 list.
 158 \begin{itemize}
 159    \item This is the first item of an itemized list.
 160          Each item in the list is marked with a ``tick''.
 161          You don't have to worry about what kind of tick
 162          mark is used.
 163
 164    \item This is the second item of the list.  It
 165          contains another list nested inside it.  The inner
 166          list is an \emph{enumerated} list.
 167          \begin{enumerate}
 168             \item This is the first item of an enumerated
 169                   list that is nested within the itemized list.
 170
 171             \item This is the second item of the inner list.
 172                   \LaTeX\ allows you to nest lists deeper than
 173                   you really should.
 174          \end{enumerate}
 175          This is the rest of the second item of the outer
 176          list.  It is no more interesting than any other
 177          part of the item.
 178    \item This is the third item of the list.
 179 \end{itemize}
 180 You can even display poetry.
 181 \begin{verse}
 182    There is an environment
 183     for verse \\             % The \\ command separates lines
 184    Whose features some poets % within a stanza.
 185    will curse.
 186
 187                              % One or more blank lines separate stanzas.
 188
 189    For instead of making\\
 190    Them do \emph{all} line breaking, \\
 191    It allows them to put too many words on a line when they'd rather be
 192    forced to be terse.
 193 \end{verse}
 194
 195 Mathematical formulas may also be displayed.  A
 196 displayed formula
 197 is
 198 one-line long; multiline
 199 formulas require special formatting instructions.
 200    \[  \ip{\Gamma}{\psi'} = x'' + y^{2} + z_{i}^{n}\]
 201 Don't start a paragraph with a displayed equation,
 202 nor make one a paragraph by itself.
 203
 204 \end{document}               % End of document.