latex2e-20150101/required/babel/tb1401.tex

   1 % \iffalse meta-comment
   2 %
   3 % Copyright 1989-2009 Johannes L. Braams and any individual authors
   4 % listed elsewhere in this file.  All rights reserved.
   5 %
   6 % This file is part of the Babel system.
   7 % --------------------------------------
   8 %
   9 % It may be distributed and/or modified under the
  10 % conditions of the LaTeX Project Public License, either version 1.3
  11 % of this license or (at your option) any later version.
  12 % The latest version of this license is in
  13 %   http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt
  14 % and version 1.3 or later is part of all distributions of LaTeX
  15 % version 2003/12/01 or later.
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  17 % This work has the LPPL maintenance status "maintained".
  18 %
  19 % The Current Maintainer of this work is Johannes Braams.
  20 %
  21 % The list of all files belonging to the Babel system is
  22 % given in the file `manifest.bbl. See also `legal.bbl' for additional
  23 % information.
  24 %
  25 % The list of derived (unpacked) files belonging to the distribution
  26 % and covered by LPPL is defined by the unpacking scripts (with
  27 % extension .ins) which are part of the distribution.
  28 % \fi
  29 %%% ====================================================================
  30 %%%  @TeX-file{
  31 %%%     author          = "Johannes L. Braams",
  32 %%%     version         = "1.02",
  33 %%%     date            = "06 January 1997",
  34 %%%     time            = "23:18:11 MET",
  35 %%%     filename        = "tb1401.tex",
  36 %%%     address         = "TeXniek,
  37 %%%                        Kersengaarde 33
  38 %%%                        2723 BP Zoetermeer
  39 %%%                        The Netherlands",
  40 %%%     telephone       = "+31 79 352 28 19",
  41 %%%     FAX             = "+31 70 343 23 95",
  42 %%%     checksum        = "33086 238 1209 9472",
  43 %%%     email           = "babel@braams.cistron.nl (Internet)",
  44 %%%     codetable       = "ISO/ASCII",
  45 %%%     keywords        = "",
  46 %%%     supported       = "yes",
  47 %%%     abstract        = "",
  48 %%%     docstring       = "The update article on babel that appeared
  49 %%%                        in TUGboat Volume 14 No 1.
  50 %%%
  51 %%%                        The checksum field above contains a CRC-16
  52 %%%                        checksum as the first value, followed by the
  53 %%%                        equivalent of the standard UNIX wc (word
  54 %%%                        count) utility output of lines, words, and
  55 %%%                        characters.  This is produced by Robert
  56 %%%                        Solovay's checksum utility.",
  57 %%%  }
  58 %%% ====================================================================
  59 \NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}
  60 \IfFileExists{ltugboat.cls}{%
  61   \documentclass{ltugboat}
  62   \def\rtitlex{TUGboat, Volume 14 (1993), No. 1}
  63   \def\midrtitle{}
  64   \def\PrelimDraftfooter{}
  65   \let\TBmaketitle\maketitle
  66   \setcounter{page}{60}
  67   }{%
  68   \documentclass{article}
  69   \newcommand\address[1]{}
  70   \newcommand\netaddress[1]{}
  71   \newcommand\TUB{\textsl{TUGboat\/}}
  72   \newcommand\TeXhax{\TeX hax}
  73   \newcommand{\plain}{\texttt{plain}}}
  74 \usepackage{shortvrb}
  75 \MakeShortVerb{\|}
  76 %
  77 \newcommand{\file}[1]{\texttt{#1}}
  78 \newcommand{\Lopt}[1]{\textsf{#1}}
  79 \newcommand{\babel}{\textsf{babel}}
  80 \makeatletter
  81 %  -------------------------------------------------
  82 %  Definitions copied from doc.sty by FMi
  83 %  -------------------------------------------------
  84 {\obeyspaces%
  85 \gdef\meta{\begingroup\obeyspaces%
  86 \def {\egroup\space\hbox\bgroup\it}\m@ta}}
  87 \def\m@ta#1{\hbox\bgroup$\langle$\it#1\/$\rangle$\egroup\endgroup}
  88 %
  89 {\catcode`\|=\z@ \catcode`\\=12|gdef|bslash{\}}
  90 %
  91 \makeatother
  92 \newcommand{\bsl}{\protect\bslash}
  93
  94
  95 \begin{document}
  96 \title{An update on the \babel\ system}
  97 \author{Johannes Braams}
  98 \address{%
  99   \TeX niek\\
 100   Kersengaarde 33\\
 101   2723 BP Zoetermeer\\
 102   The Netherlands}
 103 \netaddress{babel@braams.cistron.nl}
 104 \date{06 January 1997 \\
 105   Version 1.02}
 106 \maketitle
 107
 108 \begin{abstract}
 109   This article describes the changes that have been made to the
 110   \babel\ system, since the article describing the system appeared in
 111   \TUB\ Volume 12, number 2. This article announces the release of a
 112   new version of the \babel\ system.
 113 \end{abstract}
 114
 115 \section{Introduction}
 116
 117 Since the publication of the \babel\ system in \TUB~\cite{bab} several
 118 changes have occurred. With the new release of \LaTeX\ -- which
 119 appeared at the end of 1991 -- the internationalised version I\LaTeX,
 120 prepared by Joachim Schrod~\cite{ilatex} was withdrawn. But some of
 121 its functionality was still needed, so a modification of the \babel\
 122 system was necessary.
 123
 124 Besides this a couple of bugs were reported and had to be fixed. The
 125 major problem was that the language changing commands were not
 126 `local', they contained global definitions. In the current version
 127 these commands obey grouping correctly.
 128
 129 Some macros that formerly were in language-specific files have been
 130 moved to the core of the system, because they are being used in
 131 several language-specific files.
 132
 133 \section{Changes to the core of \babel}
 134
 135 The changes to the core of the \babel\ system are the most extensive.
 136
 137 \subsection*{{\tt\bsl selectlanguage}}
 138 The \babel\ user-command |\selectlanguage| now also accepts a control
 139 sequence as its argument. This was included to provide compatibility
 140 for users who were used to the syntax of the original
 141 \file{german.tex}, but wanted to switch to \babel.  The escape
 142 character is `peeled off' and the name of the control sequence is then
 143 used as the name of the language to select.
 144
 145 Another change to the |\selectlanguage| macro is that it now stores
 146 the name of the current language in the control sequence
 147 |\languagename|. The contents of this control sequence could be tested
 148 in the following way:
 149
 150 \begin{verbatim}
 151   \edef\tmp{\string english}
 152   \ifx\languagename\tmp
 153     ...
 154   \else
 155     ...
 156   \fi
 157 \end{verbatim}
 158
 159 The construction with |\string| is necessary because
 160 |\languagename| returns the name with characters of category code
 161 \texttt{12} (other).
 162
 163 \subsection*{Saving macro definitions}
 164
 165 A new way of handling macros that are temporarily \emph{re}defined was
 166 developed by Bernd Raichle and included in the core of the \babel\
 167 system. Two new macros, for use in the language-specific files have
 168 been introduced.\\
 169 These macros, |\babel@savevariable|\meta{register} and
 170 |\babel@save|\meta{macro}, append code to |\originalTeX|.  This code
 171 restores the value (or meaning) of what was saved when |\originalTeX|
 172 was executed.
 173
 174 \subsection*{Special characters}
 175
 176 Some of the language-specific files introduce one or more characters
 177 that are special in some way. Such characters have to be added to
 178 |\dospecials| (and |\@sanitize| too for \LaTeX) whenever their special
 179 meaning is activated. But, they may have to be removed again when
 180 another language, which doesn't use them, is in effect.
 181
 182 To this end two new control sequences, that are meant to be used in
 183 the language-specific files are introduced. They are
 184 |\babel@add@special| and |\babel@remove@special| and perform the
 185 necessary tasks.
 186
 187 \subsection*{Additional facilities}
 188
 189 A specific request from Joachim Schrod for \babel, was the possibility
 190 to extend the definition of a control sequence on the fly. It should,
 191 for instance, be possible that the user adds a macro of his own to the
 192 definition of |\extrasenglish|.
 193
 194 This feature is now provided by the macro\\
 195  |\addto{|\meta{control sequence}|}{|\meta{\TeX\ code}|}|.
 196  It is now used throughout the
 197 language-specific files to build the macros |\extras|\meta{lang} and
 198 |\noextras|\meta{lang}.
 199
 200 The support macros |\allowhyphens|,\\ |\set@low@box| and |\save@sf@q|
 201 have been moved from the language-specific files to the core of the
 202 \babel\ system.
 203
 204 \subsection{The files}
 205
 206 In the previous release a file called \file{latexhax.com} was
 207 provided.  This was needed to provide some macros normally defined by
 208 \LaTeX, to \plain~\TeX\ users. The need for this file has been removed
 209 in the current release of the \babel\ system.
 210
 211 In the previous release of the system, four different files were
 212 provided (all derived from \file{hyphen.doc} that were needed for
 213 different combinations of versions of \TeX\ and \file{plain.tex} or
 214 \file{lplain.tex}. This has been changed. In the current version only
 215 two different files are derived from \file{hyphen.doc}. They are
 216 \file{babel.switch} and \file{babel.hyphen}.\\
 217 The file \file{babel.switch} is needed for people who can't build a
 218 new format or don't have \TeX\ version 3. The file \file{babel.hyphen}
 219 should be loaded into the format by ini\TeX. It provides the macros
 220 from \file{babel.switch}, but additionally it reads the file
 221 \file{language.dat}, which specifies the languages for which
 222 hyphenation patterns should be loaded.
 223
 224 In the previous release the file \file{babel.com} contained
 225 redefinitions for a lot of \LaTeX\ macros to replace texts with
 226 control sequences. This has been removed, because it is no longer
 227 necessary for releases of \LaTeX\ dated december 1991 or later.  Those
 228 who still have an older release of \LaTeX\ can produce a special
 229 version of \file{babel.com} by including the docstrip option
 230 \meta{names} when stripping the file \file{babel.doc}.
 231
 232 With the release of the new version of Frank Mittelbach's \texttt{doc}
 233 package the stripped files are no longer distributed. The distribution
 234 of babel now includes a file \file{install.babel} with which you can
 235 produce them (give the command \file{tex install.babel}).
 236
 237 \section{Changes to the language specific files}
 238
 239 Bernd Raichle has invented a solution for things like |\char"45|
 240 when the |"| is active. His solution (from german 2.3e) has been
 241 included in germanb and is copied for other language specific files
 242 that have an active |"|.
 243
 244 A few terms have been added to the |\captions|\meta{...} macros,
 245 again following \file{german.tex}. These terms are |\prefacename|,
 246 |\seename| and |\seealsoname|. I don't have the correct
 247 translations for all languages yet, but that will be repaired as soon
 248 as someone provides them to me.
 249
 250 For the dutch language the behaviour of the active double quote has
 251 been slightly modified. It has been noted that there is a difference
 252 between |"e|, where a `trema' should be produced and |\"u|, where we
 253 should get an `umlaut'. The difference between the two is that the
 254 `trema' should disappear at a hyphenation point, whereas the `umlaut'
 255 should not.
 256
 257 \begin{thebibliography}{9}
 258   \bibitem{bab} Johannes Braams,
 259     \emph{Babel, a multilingual style-option system for use with
 260       \LaTeX's standard document styles},
 261     \emph{TUGboat} 12 (1991) \#2, p.~291--301.
 262  \bibitem{ilatex}Joachim Schrod,
 263   \emph{International \LaTeX\ is ready to use},
 264   \emph{TUGboat} 11 (1990) \#1, p.~87--90.
 265 \end{thebibliography}
 266 \end{document}