3 /** \eigenManualPage TutorialMatrixClass The Matrix class
7 In Eigen, all matrices and vectors are objects of the Matrix template class.
8 Vectors are just a special case of matrices, with either 1 row or 1 column.
10 \section TutorialMatrixFirst3Params The first three template parameters of Matrix
12 The Matrix class takes six template parameters, but for now it's enough to
13 learn about the first three first parameters. The three remaining parameters have default
14 values, which for now we will leave untouched, and which we
15 \ref TutorialMatrixOptTemplParams "discuss below".
17 The three mandatory template parameters of Matrix are:
19 Matrix<typename Scalar, int RowsAtCompileTime, int ColsAtCompileTime>
21 \li \c Scalar is the scalar type, i.e. the type of the coefficients.
22 That is, if you want a matrix of floats, choose \c float here.
23 See \ref TopicScalarTypes "Scalar types" for a list of all supported
24 scalar types and for how to extend support to new types.
25 \li \c RowsAtCompileTime and \c ColsAtCompileTime are the number of rows
26 and columns of the matrix as known at compile time (see
27 \ref TutorialMatrixDynamic "below" for what to do if the number is not
28 known at compile time).
30 We offer a lot of convenience typedefs to cover the usual cases. For example, \c Matrix4f is
31 a 4x4 matrix of floats. Here is how it is defined by Eigen:
33 typedef Matrix<float, 4, 4> Matrix4f;
35 We discuss \ref TutorialMatrixTypedefs "below" these convenience typedefs.
37 \section TutorialMatrixVectors Vectors
39 As mentioned above, in Eigen, vectors are just a special case of
40 matrices, with either 1 row or 1 column. The case where they have 1 column is the most common;
41 such vectors are called column-vectors, often abbreviated as just vectors. In the other case
42 where they have 1 row, they are called row-vectors.
44 For example, the convenience typedef \c Vector3f is a (column) vector of 3 floats. It is defined as follows by Eigen:
46 typedef Matrix<float, 3, 1> Vector3f;
48 We also offer convenience typedefs for row-vectors, for example:
50 typedef Matrix<int, 1, 2> RowVector2i;
53 \section TutorialMatrixDynamic The special value Dynamic
55 Of course, Eigen is not limited to matrices whose dimensions are known at compile time.
56 The \c RowsAtCompileTime and \c ColsAtCompileTime template parameters can take the special
57 value \c Dynamic which indicates that the size is unknown at compile time, so must
58 be handled as a run-time variable. In Eigen terminology, such a size is referred to as a
59 \em dynamic \em size; while a size that is known at compile time is called a
60 \em fixed \em size. For example, the convenience typedef \c MatrixXd, meaning
61 a matrix of doubles with dynamic size, is defined as follows:
63 typedef Matrix<double, Dynamic, Dynamic> MatrixXd;
65 And similarly, we define a self-explanatory typedef \c VectorXi as follows:
67 typedef Matrix<int, Dynamic, 1> VectorXi;
69 You can perfectly have e.g. a fixed number of rows with a dynamic number of columns, as in:
71 Matrix<float, 3, Dynamic>
74 \section TutorialMatrixConstructors Constructors
76 A default constructor is always available, never performs any dynamic memory allocation, and never initializes the matrix coefficients. You can do:
82 \li \c a is a 3-by-3 matrix, with a plain float[9] array of uninitialized coefficients,
83 \li \c b is a dynamic-size matrix whose size is currently 0-by-0, and whose array of
84 coefficients hasn't yet been allocated at all.
86 Constructors taking sizes are also available. For matrices, the number of rows is always passed first.
87 For vectors, just pass the vector size. They allocate the array of coefficients
88 with the given size, but don't initialize the coefficients themselves:
94 \li \c a is a 10x15 dynamic-size matrix, with allocated but currently uninitialized coefficients.
95 \li \c b is a dynamic-size vector of size 30, with allocated but currently uninitialized coefficients.
97 In order to offer a uniform API across fixed-size and dynamic-size matrices, it is legal to use these
98 constructors on fixed-size matrices, even if passing the sizes is useless in this case. So this is legal:
102 and is a no-operation.
104 Finally, we also offer some constructors to initialize the coefficients of small fixed-size vectors up to size 4:
106 Vector2d a(5.0, 6.0);
107 Vector3d b(5.0, 6.0, 7.0);
108 Vector4d c(5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0);
111 \section TutorialMatrixCoeffAccessors Coefficient accessors
113 The primary coefficient accessors and mutators in Eigen are the overloaded parenthesis operators.
114 For matrices, the row index is always passed first. For vectors, just pass one index.
115 The numbering starts at 0. This example is self-explanatory:
117 <table class="example">
118 <tr><th>Example:</th><th>Output:</th></tr>
120 \include tut_matrix_coefficient_accessors.cpp
123 \verbinclude tut_matrix_coefficient_accessors.out
126 Note that the syntax <tt> m(index) </tt>
127 is not restricted to vectors, it is also available for general matrices, meaning index-based access
128 in the array of coefficients. This however depends on the matrix's storage order. All Eigen matrices default to
129 column-major storage order, but this can be changed to row-major, see \ref TopicStorageOrders "Storage orders".
131 The operator[] is also overloaded for index-based access in vectors, but keep in mind that C++ doesn't allow operator[] to
132 take more than one argument. We restrict operator[] to vectors, because an awkwardness in the C++ language
133 would make matrix[i,j] compile to the same thing as matrix[j] !
135 \section TutorialMatrixCommaInitializer Comma-initialization
137 %Matrix and vector coefficients can be conveniently set using the so-called \em comma-initializer syntax.
138 For now, it is enough to know this example:
140 <table class="example">
141 <tr><th>Example:</th><th>Output:</th></tr>
143 <td>\include Tutorial_commainit_01.cpp </td>
144 <td>\verbinclude Tutorial_commainit_01.out </td>
148 The right-hand side can also contain matrix expressions as discussed in \ref TutorialAdvancedInitialization "this page".
150 \section TutorialMatrixSizesResizing Resizing
152 The current size of a matrix can be retrieved by \link EigenBase::rows() rows()\endlink, \link EigenBase::cols() cols() \endlink and \link EigenBase::size() size()\endlink. These methods return the number of rows, the number of columns and the number of coefficients, respectively. Resizing a dynamic-size matrix is done by the \link PlainObjectBase::resize(Index,Index) resize() \endlink method.
154 <table class="example">
155 <tr><th>Example:</th><th>Output:</th></tr>
157 <td>\include tut_matrix_resize.cpp </td>
158 <td>\verbinclude tut_matrix_resize.out </td>
161 The resize() method is a no-operation if the actual matrix size doesn't change; otherwise it is destructive: the values of the coefficients may change.
162 If you want a conservative variant of resize() which does not change the coefficients, use \link PlainObjectBase::conservativeResize() conservativeResize()\endlink, see \ref TopicResizing "this page" for more details.
164 All these methods are still available on fixed-size matrices, for the sake of API uniformity. Of course, you can't actually
165 resize a fixed-size matrix. Trying to change a fixed size to an actually different value will trigger an assertion failure;
166 but the following code is legal:
168 <table class="example">
169 <tr><th>Example:</th><th>Output:</th></tr>
171 <td>\include tut_matrix_resize_fixed_size.cpp </td>
172 <td>\verbinclude tut_matrix_resize_fixed_size.out </td>
176 \section TutorialMatrixAssignment Assignment and resizing
178 Assignment is the action of copying a matrix into another, using \c operator=. Eigen resizes the matrix on the left-hand side automatically so that it matches the size of the matrix on the right-hand size. For example:
180 <table class="example">
181 <tr><th>Example:</th><th>Output:</th></tr>
183 <td>\include tut_matrix_assignment_resizing.cpp </td>
184 <td>\verbinclude tut_matrix_assignment_resizing.out </td>
187 Of course, if the left-hand side is of fixed size, resizing it is not allowed.
189 If you do not want this automatic resizing to happen (for example for debugging purposes), you can disable it, see
190 \ref TopicResizing "this page".
193 \section TutorialMatrixFixedVsDynamic Fixed vs. Dynamic size
195 When should one use fixed sizes (e.g. \c Matrix4f), and when should one prefer dynamic sizes (e.g. \c MatrixXf)?
196 The simple answer is: use fixed
197 sizes for very small sizes where you can, and use dynamic sizes for larger sizes or where you have to. For small sizes,
198 especially for sizes smaller than (roughly) 16, using fixed sizes is hugely beneficial
199 to performance, as it allows Eigen to avoid dynamic memory allocation and to unroll
200 loops. Internally, a fixed-size Eigen matrix is just a plain array, i.e. doing
201 \code Matrix4f mymatrix; \endcode
202 really amounts to just doing
203 \code float mymatrix[16]; \endcode
204 so this really has zero runtime cost. By contrast, the array of a dynamic-size matrix
205 is always allocated on the heap, so doing
206 \code MatrixXf mymatrix(rows,columns); \endcode
208 \code float *mymatrix = new float[rows*columns]; \endcode
209 and in addition to that, the MatrixXf object stores its number of rows and columns as
212 The limitation of using fixed sizes, of course, is that this is only possible
213 when you know the sizes at compile time. Also, for large enough sizes, say for sizes
214 greater than (roughly) 32, the performance benefit of using fixed sizes becomes negligible.
215 Worse, trying to create a very large matrix using fixed sizes inside a function could result in a
216 stack overflow, since Eigen will try to allocate the array automatically as a local variable, and
217 this is normally done on the stack.
218 Finally, depending on circumstances, Eigen can also be more aggressive trying to vectorize
219 (use SIMD instructions) when dynamic sizes are used, see \ref TopicVectorization "Vectorization".
221 \section TutorialMatrixOptTemplParams Optional template parameters
223 We mentioned at the beginning of this page that the Matrix class takes six template parameters,
224 but so far we only discussed the first three. The remaining three parameters are optional. Here is
225 the complete list of template parameters:
227 Matrix<typename Scalar,
228 int RowsAtCompileTime,
229 int ColsAtCompileTime,
231 int MaxRowsAtCompileTime = RowsAtCompileTime,
232 int MaxColsAtCompileTime = ColsAtCompileTime>
234 \li \c Options is a bit field. Here, we discuss only one bit: \c RowMajor. It specifies that the matrices
235 of this type use row-major storage order; by default, the storage order is column-major. See the page on
236 \ref TopicStorageOrders "storage orders". For example, this type means row-major 3x3 matrices:
238 Matrix<float, 3, 3, RowMajor>
240 \li \c MaxRowsAtCompileTime and \c MaxColsAtCompileTime are useful when you want to specify that, even though
241 the exact sizes of your matrices are not known at compile time, a fixed upper bound is known at
242 compile time. The biggest reason why you might want to do that is to avoid dynamic memory allocation.
243 For example the following matrix type uses a plain array of 12 floats, without dynamic memory allocation:
245 Matrix<float, Dynamic, Dynamic, 0, 3, 4>
248 \section TutorialMatrixTypedefs Convenience typedefs
250 Eigen defines the following Matrix typedefs:
251 \li MatrixNt for Matrix<type, N, N>. For example, MatrixXi for Matrix<int, Dynamic, Dynamic>.
252 \li VectorNt for Matrix<type, N, 1>. For example, Vector2f for Matrix<float, 2, 1>.
253 \li RowVectorNt for Matrix<type, 1, N>. For example, RowVector3d for Matrix<double, 1, 3>.
256 \li N can be any one of \c 2, \c 3, \c 4, or \c X (meaning \c Dynamic).
257 \li t can be any one of \c i (meaning int), \c f (meaning float), \c d (meaning double),
258 \c cf (meaning complex<float>), or \c cd (meaning complex<double>). The fact that typedefs are only
259 defined for these five types doesn't mean that they are the only supported scalar types. For example,
260 all standard integer types are supported, see \ref TopicScalarTypes "Scalar types".