2 require "../eruby_util.rb"
5 <% clear_answer_data %>
10 %q{Introduction and Review},
12 %q{The Mars Climate Orbiter is prepared for its mission.
13 The laws of physics are the same everywhere, even
14 on Mars, so the probe could be designed based on
15 the laws of physics as discovered on earth.
16 There is unfortunately another reason why this
17 spacecraft is relevant to the topics of this chapter: it
18 was destroyed attempting to enter Mars' atmosphere
19 because engineers at Lockheed Martin forgot to
20 convert data on engine thrusts from pounds into the
21 metric unit of force (newtons) before giving the
22 information to NASA. Conversions are important!},
23 {'opener'=>'climate-orbiter','sidecaption'=>true,'anonymous'=>true}
27 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
28 __incl(text/1_intro_and_review)
29 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
35 \vocabitem{matter}{Anything that is affected by gravity.}
37 \vocabitem{light}{Anything that can travel from one place to another
38 through empty space and can influence matter, but is not
41 \vocabitem{operational definition}{A definition that states what
42 operations should be carried out to measure the thing being defined.}
44 \vocabitem{Syst\`{e}me International}{A fancy name for the metric system.}
46 \vocabitem{mks system}{The use of metric units based on the meter,
47 kilogram, and second. Example: meters per second is the mks
48 unit of speed, not cm/s or km/hr.}
50 \vocabitem{mass}{A numerical measure of how difficult it is to
51 change an object's motion.}
53 \vocabitem{significant figures}{Digits that contribute to the accuracy of a measurement.}
59 \notationitem{m}{meter, the metric distance unit}
60 \notationitem{kg}{kilogram, the metric unit of mass}
61 \notationitem{s}{second, the metric unit of time}
62 \notationitem{M-}{the metric prefix mega-, $10^6$}
63 \notationitem{k-}{the metric prefix kilo-, $10^3$}
64 \notationitem{m-}{the metric prefix milli-, $10^{-3}$}
65 \notationitem{$\mu$-}{the metric prefix micro-, $10^{-6}$}
66 \notationitem{n-}{the metric prefix nano-, $10^{-9}$}
71 Physics is the use of the scientific method to study the
72 behavior of light and matter. The scientific method requires
73 a cycle of theory and experiment, theories with both
74 predictive and explanatory value, and reproducible experiments.
76 The metric system is a simple, consistent framework for
77 measurement built out of the meter, the kilogram, and the
78 second plus a set of prefixes denoting powers of ten. The
79 most systematic method for doing conversions is shown in
80 the following example:
82 370\ \zu{ms} \times \frac{10^{-3}\ \sunit}{1\ \zu{ms}} = 0.37\ \sunit
85 Mass is a measure of the amount of a substance. Mass can be
86 defined gravitationally, by comparing an object to a
87 standard mass on a double-pan balance, or in terms of
88 inertia, by comparing the effect of a force on an object to
89 the effect of the same force on a standard mass. The two
90 definitions are found experimentally to be proportional to
91 each other to a high degree of precision, so we usually
92 refer simply to ``mass,'' without bothering to specify which type.
94 A force is that which can change the motion of an object.
95 The metric unit of force is the Newton, defined as the force
96 required to accelerate a standard 1-kg mass from rest to a
97 speed of 1 m/s in 1 s.
99 Scientific notation means, for example, writing $3.2\times10^5$
102 Writing numbers with the correct number of significant
103 figures correctly communicates how accurate they are. As a
104 rule of thumb, the final result of a calculation is no more
105 accurate than, and should have no more significant figures
106 than, the least accurate piece of data.
114 <% begin_hw('calculator') %>__incl(hw/calculator)<% end_hw() %>
116 <% begin_hw('units') %>__incl(hw/units)<% end_hw() %>
118 <% begin_hw('backyard') %>__incl(hw/backyard)<% end_hw() %>
120 <% begin_hw('furlongs') %>__incl(hw/furlongs)<% end_hw() %>
122 <% begin_hw('micrograms') %>__incl(hw/micrograms)<% end_hw() %>
124 <% begin_hw('mg-to-kg') %>__incl(hw/mg-to-kg)<% end_hw() %>
126 <% begin_hw('estrogen') %>__incl(hw/estrogen)<% end_hw() %>
128 <% begin_hw('geometric-mean') %>__incl(hw/geometric-mean)<% end_hw() %>
130 <% begin_hw('sars') %>__incl(hw/sars)<% end_hw() %>
136 %q{Problem \ref{hw:pretzels}.}
143 %q{Problem \ref{hw:triangle-formula}.}
147 <% begin_hw('pretzels') %>__incl(hw/pretzels)<% end_hw() %>
149 <% begin_hw('horizon') %>__incl(hw/horizon)<% end_hw() %>
151 <% begin_hw('triangle-formula') %>__incl(hw/triangle-formula)<% end_hw() %>
160 %====================================================================
161 %====================================================================
162 %====================================================================
164 <% begin_ex("Models and Idealization") %>
168 \begin{indentedblock}
171 ramps (one per group)
173 balls of various sizes
177 vacuum pump and ``guinea and feather'' apparatus (one)
180 The motion of falling objects has been recognized since
181 ancient times as an important piece of physics, but the
182 motion is inconveniently fast, so in our everyday experience
183 it can be hard to tell exactly what objects are doing when
184 they fall. In this exercise you will use several techniques
185 to get around this problem and study the motion. Your goal
186 is to construct a scientific \emph{model} of falling. A
187 model means an explanation that makes testable predictions.
188 Often models contain simplifications or idealizations that
189 make them easier to work with, even though they are
190 not strictly realistic.
192 1. One method of making falling easier to observe is to use
193 objects like feathers that we know from everyday experience
194 will not fall as fast. You will use coffee filters, in
195 stacks of various sizes, to test the following two
196 hypotheses and see which one is true, or whether neither is true:
198 Hypothesis 1A: When an object is dropped, it rapidly speeds
199 up to a certain natural falling speed, and then continues to
200 fall at that speed. The falling speed is \emph{proportional}
201 to the object's weight. (A proportionality is not just a
202 statement that if one thing gets bigger, the other does too.
203 It says that if one becomes three times bigger, the other
204 also gets three times bigger, etc.)
206 Hypothesis 1B: Different objects fall the same way,
207 regardless of weight.
209 Test these hypotheses and discuss your results with your instructor.
211 2. A second way to slow down the action is to let a ball
212 roll down a ramp. The steeper the ramp, the closer to free
213 fall. Based on your experience in part 1, write a hypothesis
214 about what will happen when you race a heavier ball against
215 a lighter ball down the same ramp, starting them both from rest.
217 Hypothesis:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
219 Show your hypothesis to your instructor, and then test it.
221 You have probably found that falling was more complicated
222 than you thought! Is there more than one factor that affects
223 the motion of a falling object? Can you imagine certain
224 idealized situations that are simpler? Try to agree verbally
225 with your group on an informal model of falling that can
226 make predictions about the experiments described in parts 3 and 4.
228 3. You have three balls: a standard ``comparison ball'' of
229 medium weight, a light ball, and a heavy ball. Suppose you
230 stand on a chair and (a) drop the light ball side by side
231 with the comparison ball, then (b) drop the heavy ball side
232 by side with the comparison ball, then (c) join the light
233 and heavy balls together with sticky tape and drop them side
234 by side with the comparison ball.
236 Use your model to make a prediction:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
238 Test your prediction.
240 4. Your instructor will pump nearly all the air out of a
241 chamber containing a feather and a heavier object, then let
242 them fall side by side in the chamber.
244 Use your model to make a prediction:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
248 %%----------------------------------------------------------
250 <% figure_in_toc("bee-flying") %>\label{fig:toc-bee-flying}