1 ==========================
2 Kprobe-based Event Tracing
3 ==========================
5 :Author: Masami Hiramatsu
9 These events are similar to tracepoint based events. Instead of Tracepoint,
10 this is based on kprobes (kprobe and kretprobe). So it can probe wherever
11 kprobes can probe (this means, all functions except those with
12 __kprobes/nokprobe_inline annotation and those marked NOKPROBE_SYMBOL).
13 Unlike the Tracepoint based event, this can be added and removed
14 dynamically, on the fly.
16 To enable this feature, build your kernel with CONFIG_KPROBE_EVENTS=y.
18 Similar to the events tracer, this doesn't need to be activated via
19 current_tracer. Instead of that, add probe points via
20 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/kprobe_events, and enable it via
21 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/kprobes/<EVENT>/enable.
23 You can also use /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/dynamic_events instead of
24 kprobe_events. That interface will provide unified access to other
27 Synopsis of kprobe_events
28 -------------------------
31 p[:[GRP/]EVENT] [MOD:]SYM[+offs]|MEMADDR [FETCHARGS] : Set a probe
32 r[MAXACTIVE][:[GRP/]EVENT] [MOD:]SYM[+0] [FETCHARGS] : Set a return probe
33 -:[GRP/]EVENT : Clear a probe
35 GRP : Group name. If omitted, use "kprobes" for it.
36 EVENT : Event name. If omitted, the event name is generated
37 based on SYM+offs or MEMADDR.
38 MOD : Module name which has given SYM.
39 SYM[+offs] : Symbol+offset where the probe is inserted.
40 MEMADDR : Address where the probe is inserted.
41 MAXACTIVE : Maximum number of instances of the specified function that
42 can be probed simultaneously, or 0 for the default value
43 as defined in Documentation/kprobes.txt section 1.3.1.
45 FETCHARGS : Arguments. Each probe can have up to 128 args.
46 %REG : Fetch register REG
47 @ADDR : Fetch memory at ADDR (ADDR should be in kernel)
48 @SYM[+|-offs] : Fetch memory at SYM +|- offs (SYM should be a data symbol)
49 $stackN : Fetch Nth entry of stack (N >= 0)
50 $stack : Fetch stack address.
51 $argN : Fetch the Nth function argument. (N >= 1) (\*1)
52 $retval : Fetch return value.(\*2)
53 $comm : Fetch current task comm.
54 +|-offs(FETCHARG) : Fetch memory at FETCHARG +|- offs address.(\*3)
55 NAME=FETCHARG : Set NAME as the argument name of FETCHARG.
56 FETCHARG:TYPE : Set TYPE as the type of FETCHARG. Currently, basic types
57 (u8/u16/u32/u64/s8/s16/s32/s64), hexadecimal types
58 (x8/x16/x32/x64), "string" and bitfield are supported.
60 (\*1) only for the probe on function entry (offs == 0).
61 (\*2) only for return probe.
62 (\*3) this is useful for fetching a field of data structures.
66 Several types are supported for fetch-args. Kprobe tracer will access memory
67 by given type. Prefix 's' and 'u' means those types are signed and unsigned
68 respectively. 'x' prefix implies it is unsigned. Traced arguments are shown
69 in decimal ('s' and 'u') or hexadecimal ('x'). Without type casting, 'x32'
70 or 'x64' is used depends on the architecture (e.g. x86-32 uses x32, and
72 These value types can be an array. To record array data, you can add '[N]'
73 (where N is a fixed number, less than 64) to the base type.
74 E.g. 'x16[4]' means an array of x16 (2bytes hex) with 4 elements.
75 Note that the array can be applied to memory type fetchargs, you can not
76 apply it to registers/stack-entries etc. (for example, '$stack1:x8[8]' is
77 wrong, but '+8($stack):x8[8]' is OK.)
78 String type is a special type, which fetches a "null-terminated" string from
79 kernel space. This means it will fail and store NULL if the string container
81 The string array type is a bit different from other types. For other base
82 types, <base-type>[1] is equal to <base-type> (e.g. +0(%di):x32[1] is same
83 as +0(%di):x32.) But string[1] is not equal to string. The string type itself
84 represents "char array", but string array type represents "char * array".
85 So, for example, +0(%di):string[1] is equal to +0(+0(%di)):string.
86 Bitfield is another special type, which takes 3 parameters, bit-width, bit-
87 offset, and container-size (usually 32). The syntax is::
89 b<bit-width>@<bit-offset>/<container-size>
91 Symbol type('symbol') is an alias of u32 or u64 type (depends on BITS_PER_LONG)
92 which shows given pointer in "symbol+offset" style.
93 For $comm, the default type is "string"; any other type is invalid.
96 Per-Probe Event Filtering
97 -------------------------
98 Per-probe event filtering feature allows you to set different filter on each
99 probe and gives you what arguments will be shown in trace buffer. If an event
100 name is specified right after 'p:' or 'r:' in kprobe_events, it adds an event
101 under tracing/events/kprobes/<EVENT>, at the directory you can see 'id',
102 'enable', 'format', 'filter' and 'trigger'.
105 You can enable/disable the probe by writing 1 or 0 on it.
108 This shows the format of this probe event.
111 You can write filtering rules of this event.
114 This shows the id of this probe event.
117 This allows to install trigger commands which are executed when the event is
118 hit (for details, see Documentation/trace/events.rst, section 6).
122 You can check the total number of probe hits and probe miss-hits via
123 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/kprobe_profile.
124 The first column is event name, the second is the number of probe hits,
125 the third is the number of probe miss-hits.
130 To add a probe as a new event, write a new definition to kprobe_events
133 echo 'p:myprobe do_sys_open dfd=%ax filename=%dx flags=%cx mode=+4($stack)' > /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/kprobe_events
135 This sets a kprobe on the top of do_sys_open() function with recording
136 1st to 4th arguments as "myprobe" event. Note, which register/stack entry is
137 assigned to each function argument depends on arch-specific ABI. If you unsure
138 the ABI, please try to use probe subcommand of perf-tools (you can find it
140 As this example shows, users can choose more familiar names for each arguments.
143 echo 'r:myretprobe do_sys_open $retval' >> /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/kprobe_events
145 This sets a kretprobe on the return point of do_sys_open() function with
146 recording return value as "myretprobe" event.
147 You can see the format of these events via
148 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/kprobes/<EVENT>/format.
151 cat /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/kprobes/myprobe/format
155 field:unsigned short common_type; offset:0; size:2; signed:0;
156 field:unsigned char common_flags; offset:2; size:1; signed:0;
157 field:unsigned char common_preempt_count; offset:3; size:1;signed:0;
158 field:int common_pid; offset:4; size:4; signed:1;
160 field:unsigned long __probe_ip; offset:12; size:4; signed:0;
161 field:int __probe_nargs; offset:16; size:4; signed:1;
162 field:unsigned long dfd; offset:20; size:4; signed:0;
163 field:unsigned long filename; offset:24; size:4; signed:0;
164 field:unsigned long flags; offset:28; size:4; signed:0;
165 field:unsigned long mode; offset:32; size:4; signed:0;
168 print fmt: "(%lx) dfd=%lx filename=%lx flags=%lx mode=%lx", REC->__probe_ip,
169 REC->dfd, REC->filename, REC->flags, REC->mode
171 You can see that the event has 4 arguments as in the expressions you specified.
174 echo > /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/kprobe_events
176 This clears all probe points.
181 echo -:myprobe >> kprobe_events
183 This clears probe points selectively.
185 Right after definition, each event is disabled by default. For tracing these
186 events, you need to enable it.
189 echo 1 > /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/kprobes/myprobe/enable
190 echo 1 > /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/kprobes/myretprobe/enable
192 And you can see the traced information via /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/trace.
195 cat /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/trace
198 # TASK-PID CPU# TIMESTAMP FUNCTION
200 <...>-1447 [001] 1038282.286875: myprobe: (do_sys_open+0x0/0xd6) dfd=3 filename=7fffd1ec4440 flags=8000 mode=0
201 <...>-1447 [001] 1038282.286878: myretprobe: (sys_openat+0xc/0xe <- do_sys_open) $retval=fffffffffffffffe
202 <...>-1447 [001] 1038282.286885: myprobe: (do_sys_open+0x0/0xd6) dfd=ffffff9c filename=40413c flags=8000 mode=1b6
203 <...>-1447 [001] 1038282.286915: myretprobe: (sys_open+0x1b/0x1d <- do_sys_open) $retval=3
204 <...>-1447 [001] 1038282.286969: myprobe: (do_sys_open+0x0/0xd6) dfd=ffffff9c filename=4041c6 flags=98800 mode=10
205 <...>-1447 [001] 1038282.286976: myretprobe: (sys_open+0x1b/0x1d <- do_sys_open) $retval=3
208 Each line shows when the kernel hits an event, and <- SYMBOL means kernel
209 returns from SYMBOL(e.g. "sys_open+0x1b/0x1d <- do_sys_open" means kernel
210 returns from do_sys_open to sys_open+0x1b).