1 Mounting the root filesystem via NFS (nfsroot)
2 ===============================================
4 Written 1996 by Gero Kuhlmann <gero@gkminix.han.de>
5 Updated 1997 by Martin Mares <mj@atrey.karlin.mff.cuni.cz>
6 Updated 2006 by Nico Schottelius <nico-kernel-nfsroot@schottelius.org>
7 Updated 2006 by Horms <horms@verge.net.au>
11 In order to use a diskless system, such as an X-terminal or printer server
12 for example, it is necessary for the root filesystem to be present on a
13 non-disk device. This may be an initramfs (see Documentation/filesystems/
14 ramfs-rootfs-initramfs.txt), a ramdisk (see Documentation/initrd.txt) or a
15 filesystem mounted via NFS. The following text describes on how to use NFS
16 for the root filesystem. For the rest of this text 'client' means the
17 diskless system, and 'server' means the NFS server.
22 1.) Enabling nfsroot capabilities
23 -----------------------------
25 In order to use nfsroot, NFS client support needs to be selected as
26 built-in during configuration. Once this has been selected, the nfsroot
27 option will become available, which should also be selected.
29 In the networking options, kernel level autoconfiguration can be selected,
30 along with the types of autoconfiguration to support. Selecting all of
31 DHCP, BOOTP and RARP is safe.
36 2.) Kernel command line
39 When the kernel has been loaded by a boot loader (see below) it needs to be
40 told what root fs device to use. And in the case of nfsroot, where to find
41 both the server and the name of the directory on the server to mount as root.
42 This can be established using the following kernel command line parameters:
47 This is necessary to enable the pseudo-NFS-device. Note that it's not a
48 real device but just a synonym to tell the kernel to use NFS instead of
52 nfsroot=[<server-ip>:]<root-dir>[,<nfs-options>]
54 If the `nfsroot' parameter is NOT given on the command line,
55 the default "/tftpboot/%s" will be used.
57 <server-ip> Specifies the IP address of the NFS server.
58 The default address is determined by the `ip' parameter
59 (see below). This parameter allows the use of different
60 servers for IP autoconfiguration and NFS.
62 <root-dir> Name of the directory on the server to mount as root.
63 If there is a "%s" token in the string, it will be
64 replaced by the ASCII-representation of the client's
67 <nfs-options> Standard NFS options. All options are separated by commas.
68 The following defaults are used:
69 port = as given by server portmap daemon
78 flags = hard, nointr, noposix, cto, ac
81 ip=<client-ip>:<server-ip>:<gw-ip>:<netmask>:<hostname>:<device>:<autoconf>
83 This parameter tells the kernel how to configure IP addresses of devices
84 and also how to set up the IP routing table. It was originally called
85 `nfsaddrs', but now the boot-time IP configuration works independently of
86 NFS, so it was renamed to `ip' and the old name remained as an alias for
87 compatibility reasons.
89 If this parameter is missing from the kernel command line, all fields are
90 assumed to be empty, and the defaults mentioned below apply. In general
91 this means that the kernel tries to configure everything using
94 The <autoconf> parameter can appear alone as the value to the `ip'
95 parameter (without all the ':' characters before). If the value is
96 "ip=off" or "ip=none", no autoconfiguration will take place, otherwise
97 autoconfiguration will take place. The most common way to use this
100 <client-ip> IP address of the client.
102 Default: Determined using autoconfiguration.
104 <server-ip> IP address of the NFS server. If RARP is used to determine
105 the client address and this parameter is NOT empty only
106 replies from the specified server are accepted.
108 Only required for NFS root. That is autoconfiguration
109 will not be triggered if it is missing and NFS root is not
112 Default: Determined using autoconfiguration.
113 The address of the autoconfiguration server is used.
115 <gw-ip> IP address of a gateway if the server is on a different subnet.
117 Default: Determined using autoconfiguration.
119 <netmask> Netmask for local network interface. If unspecified
120 the netmask is derived from the client IP address assuming
123 Default: Determined using autoconfiguration.
125 <hostname> Name of the client. May be supplied by autoconfiguration,
126 but its absence will not trigger autoconfiguration.
127 If specified and DHCP is used, the user provided hostname will
128 be carried in the DHCP request to hopefully update DNS record.
130 Default: Client IP address is used in ASCII notation.
132 <device> Name of network device to use.
134 Default: If the host only has one device, it is used.
135 Otherwise the device is determined using
136 autoconfiguration. This is done by sending
137 autoconfiguration requests out of all devices,
138 and using the device that received the first reply.
140 <autoconf> Method to use for autoconfiguration. In the case of options
141 which specify multiple autoconfiguration protocols,
142 requests are sent using all protocols, and the first one
145 Only autoconfiguration protocols that have been compiled
146 into the kernel will be used, regardless of the value of
149 off or none: don't use autoconfiguration
150 (do static IP assignment instead)
151 on or any: use any protocol available in the kernel
156 both: use both BOOTP and RARP but not DHCP
157 (old option kept for backwards compatibility)
164 This parameter enables debugging messages to appear in the kernel
165 log at boot time so that administrators can verify that the correct
166 NFS mount options, server address, and root path are passed to the
170 rdinit=<executable file>
172 To specify which file contains the program that starts system
173 initialization, administrators can use this command line parameter.
174 The default value of this parameter is "/init". If the specified
175 file exists and the kernel can execute it, root filesystem related
176 kernel command line parameters, including `nfsroot=', are ignored.
178 A description of the process of mounting the root file system can be
181 Documentation/early-userspace/README
189 To get the kernel into memory different approaches can be used.
190 They depend on various facilities being available:
193 3.1) Booting from a floppy using syslinux
195 When building kernels, an easy way to create a boot floppy that uses
196 syslinux is to use the zdisk or bzdisk make targets which use zimage
197 and bzimage images respectively. Both targets accept the
198 FDARGS parameter which can be used to set the kernel command line.
201 make bzdisk FDARGS="root=/dev/nfs"
203 Note that the user running this command will need to have
204 access to the floppy drive device, /dev/fd0
206 For more information on syslinux, including how to create bootdisks
207 for prebuilt kernels, see http://syslinux.zytor.com/
209 N.B: Previously it was possible to write a kernel directly to
210 a floppy using dd, configure the boot device using rdev, and
211 boot using the resulting floppy. Linux no longer supports this
214 3.2) Booting from a cdrom using isolinux
216 When building kernels, an easy way to create a bootable cdrom that
217 uses isolinux is to use the isoimage target which uses a bzimage
218 image. Like zdisk and bzdisk, this target accepts the FDARGS
219 parameter which can be used to set the kernel command line.
222 make isoimage FDARGS="root=/dev/nfs"
224 The resulting iso image will be arch/<ARCH>/boot/image.iso
225 This can be written to a cdrom using a variety of tools including
229 cdrecord dev=ATAPI:1,0,0 arch/x86/boot/image.iso
231 For more information on isolinux, including how to create bootdisks
232 for prebuilt kernels, see http://syslinux.zytor.com/
235 When using LILO all the necessary command line parameters may be
236 specified using the 'append=' directive in the LILO configuration
239 However, to use the 'root=' directive you also need to create
240 a dummy root device, which may be removed after LILO is run.
242 mknod /dev/boot255 c 0 255
244 For information on configuring LILO, please refer to its documentation.
247 When using GRUB, kernel parameter are simply appended after the kernel
248 specification: kernel <kernel> <parameters>
251 loadlin may be used to boot Linux from a DOS command prompt without
252 requiring a local hard disk to mount as root. This has not been
253 thoroughly tested by the authors of this document, but in general
254 it should be possible configure the kernel command line similarly
255 to the configuration of LILO.
257 Please refer to the loadlin documentation for further information.
259 3.5) Using a boot ROM
260 This is probably the most elegant way of booting a diskless client.
261 With a boot ROM the kernel is loaded using the TFTP protocol. The
262 authors of this document are not aware of any no commercial boot
263 ROMs that support booting Linux over the network. However, there
264 are two free implementations of a boot ROM, netboot-nfs and
265 etherboot, both of which are available on sunsite.unc.edu, and both
266 of which contain everything you need to boot a diskless Linux client.
269 Pxelinux may be used to boot linux using the PXE boot loader
270 which is present on many modern network cards.
272 When using pxelinux, the kernel image is specified using
273 "kernel <relative-path-below /tftpboot>". The nfsroot parameters
274 are passed to the kernel by adding them to the "append" line.
275 It is common to use serial console in conjunction with pxeliunx,
276 see Documentation/serial-console.txt for more information.
278 For more information on isolinux, including how to create bootdisks
279 for prebuilt kernels, see http://syslinux.zytor.com/
287 The nfsroot code in the kernel and the RARP support have been written
288 by Gero Kuhlmann <gero@gkminix.han.de>.
290 The rest of the IP layer autoconfiguration code has been written
291 by Martin Mares <mj@atrey.karlin.mff.cuni.cz>.
293 In order to write the initial version of nfsroot I would like to thank
294 Jens-Uwe Mager <jum@anubis.han.de> for his help.