1 Universal TUN/TAP device driver.
2 Copyright (C) 1999-2000 Maxim Krasnyansky <max_mk@yahoo.com>
5 Copyright (C) 1999-2000 Maxim Krasnyansky <max_mk@yahoo.com>
8 Copyright (c) 1999-2000 Maksim Yevmenkin <m_evmenkin@yahoo.com>
10 Revision of this document 2002 by Florian Thiel <florian.thiel@gmx.net>
13 TUN/TAP provides packet reception and transmission for user space programs.
14 It can be seen as a simple Point-to-Point or Ethernet device, which,
15 instead of receiving packets from physical media, receives them from
16 user space program and instead of sending packets via physical media
17 writes them to the user space program.
19 In order to use the driver a program has to open /dev/net/tun and issue a
20 corresponding ioctl() to register a network device with the kernel. A network
21 device will appear as tunXX or tapXX, depending on the options chosen. When
22 the program closes the file descriptor, the network device and all
23 corresponding routes will disappear.
25 Depending on the type of device chosen the userspace program has to read/write
26 IP packets (with tun) or ethernet frames (with tap). Which one is being used
27 depends on the flags given with the ioctl().
29 The package from http://vtun.sourceforge.net/tun contains two simple examples
30 for how to use tun and tap devices. Both programs work like a bridge between
31 two network interfaces.
32 br_select.c - bridge based on select system call.
33 br_sigio.c - bridge based on async io and SIGIO signal.
34 However, the best example is VTun http://vtun.sourceforge.net :))
38 mkdir /dev/net (if it doesn't exist already)
39 mknod /dev/net/tun c 10 200
42 e.g. chmod 0700 /dev/net/tun
43 if you want the device only accessible by root. Giving regular users the
44 right to assign network devices is NOT a good idea. Users could assign
45 bogus network interfaces to trick firewalls or administrators.
47 Driver module autoloading
49 Make sure that "Kernel module loader" - module auto-loading
50 support is enabled in your kernel. The kernel should load it on
54 insert the module by hand:
57 If you do it the latter way, you have to load the module every time you
58 need it, if you do it the other way it will be automatically loaded when
59 /dev/net/tun is being opened.
62 3.1 Network device allocation:
64 char *dev should be the name of the device with a format string (e.g.
65 "tun%d"), but (as far as I can see) this can be any valid network device name.
66 Note that the character pointer becomes overwritten with the real device name
70 #include <linux/if_tun.h>
72 int tun_alloc(char *dev)
77 if( (fd = open("/dev/net/tun", O_RDWR)) < 0 )
78 return tun_alloc_old(dev);
80 memset(&ifr, 0, sizeof(ifr));
82 /* Flags: IFF_TUN - TUN device (no Ethernet headers)
83 * IFF_TAP - TAP device
85 * IFF_NO_PI - Do not provide packet information
87 ifr.ifr_flags = IFF_TUN;
89 strncpy(ifr.ifr_name, dev, IFNAMSIZ);
91 if( (err = ioctl(fd, TUNSETIFF, (void *) &ifr)) < 0 ){
95 strcpy(dev, ifr.ifr_name);
100 If flag IFF_NO_PI is not set each frame format is:
103 Raw protocol(IP, IPv6, etc) frame.
105 Universal TUN/TAP device driver Frequently Asked Question.
107 1. What platforms are supported by TUN/TAP driver ?
108 Currently driver has been written for 3 Unices:
109 Linux kernels 2.2.x, 2.4.x
110 FreeBSD 3.x, 4.x, 5.x
111 Solaris 2.6, 7.0, 8.0
113 2. What is TUN/TAP driver used for?
114 As mentioned above, main purpose of TUN/TAP driver is tunneling.
115 It is used by VTun (http://vtun.sourceforge.net).
117 Another interesting application using TUN/TAP is pipsecd
118 (http://perso.enst.fr/~beyssac/pipsec/), an userspace IPSec
119 implementation that can use complete kernel routing (unlike FreeS/WAN).
121 3. How does Virtual network device actually work ?
122 Virtual network device can be viewed as a simple Point-to-Point or
123 Ethernet device, which instead of receiving packets from a physical
124 media, receives them from user space program and instead of sending
125 packets via physical media sends them to the user space program.
127 Let's say that you configured IPX on the tap0, then whenever
128 the kernel sends an IPX packet to tap0, it is passed to the application
129 (VTun for example). The application encrypts, compresses and sends it to
130 the other side over TCP or UDP. The application on the other side decompresses
131 and decrypts the data received and writes the packet to the TAP device,
132 the kernel handles the packet like it came from real physical device.
134 4. What is the difference between TUN driver and TAP driver?
135 TUN works with IP frames. TAP works with Ethernet frames.
137 This means that you have to read/write IP packets when you are using tun and
138 ethernet frames when using tap.
140 5. What is the difference between BPF and TUN/TAP driver?
141 BPF is an advanced packet filter. It can be attached to existing
142 network interface. It does not provide a virtual network interface.
143 A TUN/TAP driver does provide a virtual network interface and it is possible
144 to attach BPF to this interface.
146 6. Does TAP driver support kernel Ethernet bridging?
147 Yes. Linux and FreeBSD drivers support Ethernet bridging.