1 Review Checklist for RCU Patches
4 This document contains a checklist for producing and reviewing patches
5 that make use of RCU. Violating any of the rules listed below will
6 result in the same sorts of problems that leaving out a locking primitive
7 would cause. This list is based on experiences reviewing such patches
8 over a rather long period of time, but improvements are always welcome!
10 0. Is RCU being applied to a read-mostly situation? If the data
11 structure is updated more than about 10% of the time, then
12 you should strongly consider some other approach, unless
13 detailed performance measurements show that RCU is nonetheless
14 the right tool for the job.
16 The other exception would be where performance is not an issue,
17 and RCU provides a simpler implementation. An example of this
18 situation is the dynamic NMI code in the Linux 2.6 kernel,
19 at least on architectures where NMIs are rare.
21 1. Does the update code have proper mutual exclusion?
23 RCU does allow -readers- to run (almost) naked, but -writers- must
24 still use some sort of mutual exclusion, such as:
27 b. atomic operations, or
28 c. restricting updates to a single task.
30 If you choose #b, be prepared to describe how you have handled
31 memory barriers on weakly ordered machines (pretty much all of
32 them -- even x86 allows reads to be reordered), and be prepared
33 to explain why this added complexity is worthwhile. If you
34 choose #c, be prepared to explain how this single task does not
35 become a major bottleneck on big multiprocessor machines (for
36 example, if the task is updating information relating to itself
37 that other tasks can read, there by definition can be no
40 2. Do the RCU read-side critical sections make proper use of
41 rcu_read_lock() and friends? These primitives are needed
42 to suppress preemption (or bottom halves, in the case of
43 rcu_read_lock_bh()) in the read-side critical sections,
44 and are also an excellent aid to readability.
46 3. Does the update code tolerate concurrent accesses?
48 The whole point of RCU is to permit readers to run without
49 any locks or atomic operations. This means that readers will
50 be running while updates are in progress. There are a number
51 of ways to handle this concurrency, depending on the situation:
53 a. Make updates appear atomic to readers. For example,
54 pointer updates to properly aligned fields will appear
55 atomic, as will individual atomic primitives. Operations
56 performed under a lock and sequences of multiple atomic
57 primitives will -not- appear to be atomic.
59 This is almost always the best approach.
61 b. Carefully order the updates and the reads so that
62 readers see valid data at all phases of the update.
63 This is often more difficult than it sounds, especially
64 given modern CPUs' tendency to reorder memory references.
65 One must usually liberally sprinkle memory barriers
66 (smp_wmb(), smp_rmb(), smp_mb()) through the code,
67 making it difficult to understand and to test.
69 It is usually better to group the changing data into
70 a separate structure, so that the change may be made
71 to appear atomic by updating a pointer to reference
72 a new structure containing updated values.
74 4. Weakly ordered CPUs pose special challenges. Almost all CPUs
75 are weakly ordered -- even i386 CPUs allow reads to be reordered.
76 RCU code must take all of the following measures to prevent
77 memory-corruption problems:
79 a. Readers must maintain proper ordering of their memory
80 accesses. The rcu_dereference() primitive ensures that
81 the CPU picks up the pointer before it picks up the data
82 that the pointer points to. This really is necessary
83 on Alpha CPUs. If you don't believe me, see:
85 http://www.openvms.compaq.com/wizard/wiz_2637.html
87 The rcu_dereference() primitive is also an excellent
88 documentation aid, letting the person reading the code
89 know exactly which pointers are protected by RCU.
91 The rcu_dereference() primitive is used by the various
92 "_rcu()" list-traversal primitives, such as the
93 list_for_each_entry_rcu().
95 b. If the list macros are being used, the list_add_tail_rcu()
96 and list_add_rcu() primitives must be used in order
97 to prevent weakly ordered machines from misordering
98 structure initialization and pointer planting.
99 Similarly, if the hlist macros are being used, the
100 hlist_add_head_rcu() primitive is required.
102 c. If the list macros are being used, the list_del_rcu()
103 primitive must be used to keep list_del()'s pointer
104 poisoning from inflicting toxic effects on concurrent
105 readers. Similarly, if the hlist macros are being used,
106 the hlist_del_rcu() primitive is required.
108 The list_replace_rcu() primitive may be used to
109 replace an old structure with a new one in an
112 d. Updates must ensure that initialization of a given
113 structure happens before pointers to that structure are
114 publicized. Use the rcu_assign_pointer() primitive
115 when publicizing a pointer to a structure that can
116 be traversed by an RCU read-side critical section.
118 5. If call_rcu(), or a related primitive such as call_rcu_bh(),
119 is used, the callback function must be written to be called
120 from softirq context. In particular, it cannot block.
122 6. Since synchronize_rcu() can block, it cannot be called from
123 any sort of irq context.
125 7. If the updater uses call_rcu(), then the corresponding readers
126 must use rcu_read_lock() and rcu_read_unlock(). If the updater
127 uses call_rcu_bh(), then the corresponding readers must use
128 rcu_read_lock_bh() and rcu_read_unlock_bh(). Mixing things up
129 will result in confusion and broken kernels.
131 One exception to this rule: rcu_read_lock() and rcu_read_unlock()
132 may be substituted for rcu_read_lock_bh() and rcu_read_unlock_bh()
133 in cases where local bottom halves are already known to be
134 disabled, for example, in irq or softirq context. Commenting
135 such cases is a must, of course! And the jury is still out on
136 whether the increased speed is worth it.
138 8. Although synchronize_rcu() is a bit slower than is call_rcu(),
139 it usually results in simpler code. So, unless update performance
140 is important or the updaters cannot block, synchronize_rcu()
141 should be used in preference to call_rcu().
143 9. All RCU list-traversal primitives, which include
144 list_for_each_rcu(), list_for_each_entry_rcu(),
145 list_for_each_continue_rcu(), and list_for_each_safe_rcu(),
146 must be within an RCU read-side critical section. RCU
147 read-side critical sections are delimited by rcu_read_lock()
148 and rcu_read_unlock(), or by similar primitives such as
149 rcu_read_lock_bh() and rcu_read_unlock_bh().
151 Use of the _rcu() list-traversal primitives outside of an
152 RCU read-side critical section causes no harm other than
153 a slight performance degradation on Alpha CPUs and some
154 confusion on the part of people trying to read the code.
156 Another way of thinking of this is "If you are holding the
157 lock that prevents the data structure from changing, why do
158 you also need RCU-based protection?" That said, there may
159 well be situations where use of the _rcu() list-traversal
160 primitives while the update-side lock is held results in
161 simpler and more maintainable code. The jury is still out
164 10. Conversely, if you are in an RCU read-side critical section,
165 you -must- use the "_rcu()" variants of the list macros.
166 Failing to do so will break Alpha and confuse people reading
169 11. Note that synchronize_rcu() -only- guarantees to wait until
170 all currently executing rcu_read_lock()-protected RCU read-side
171 critical sections complete. It does -not- necessarily guarantee
172 that all currently running interrupts, NMIs, preempt_disable()
173 code, or idle loops will complete. Therefore, if you do not have
174 rcu_read_lock()-protected read-side critical sections, do -not-
175 use synchronize_rcu().
177 If you want to wait for some of these other things, you might
178 instead need to use synchronize_irq() or synchronize_sched().