ehea: fix skb_frag_size typo

[linux-btrfs-devel.git] / fs / ext4 / extents.c

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2003-2006, Cluster File Systems, Inc, info@clusterfs.com
 * Written by Alex Tomas <alex@clusterfs.com>
 *
 * Architecture independence:
 *   Copyright (c) 2005, Bull S.A.
 *   Written by Pierre Peiffer <pierre.peiffer@bull.net>
 *
 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation.
 *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 * GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public Licens
 * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
 * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-
 */

/*
 * Extents support for EXT4
 *
 * TODO:
 *   - ext4*_error() should be used in some situations
 *   - analyze all BUG()/BUG_ON(), use -EIO where appropriate
 *   - smart tree reduction
 */

#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/time.h>
#include <linux/jbd2.h>
#include <linux/highuid.h>
#include <linux/pagemap.h>
#include <linux/quotaops.h>
#include <linux/string.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/falloc.h>
#include <asm/uaccess.h>
#include <linux/fiemap.h>
#include "ext4_jbd2.h"
#include "ext4_extents.h"

#include <trace/events/ext4.h>

static int ext4_split_extent(handle_t *handle,
                                struct inode *inode,
                                struct ext4_ext_path *path,
                                struct ext4_map_blocks *map,
                                int split_flag,
                                int flags);

static int ext4_ext_truncate_extend_restart(handle_t *handle,
                                            struct inode *inode,
                                            int needed)
{
        int err;

        if (!ext4_handle_valid(handle))
                return 0;
        if (handle->h_buffer_credits > needed)
                return 0;
        err = ext4_journal_extend(handle, needed);
        if (err <= 0)
                return err;
        err = ext4_truncate_restart_trans(handle, inode, needed);
        if (err == 0)
                err = -EAGAIN;

        return err;
}

/*
 * could return:
 *  - EROFS
 *  - ENOMEM
 */
static int ext4_ext_get_access(handle_t *handle, struct inode *inode,
                                struct ext4_ext_path *path)
{
        if (path->p_bh) {
                /* path points to block */
                return ext4_journal_get_write_access(handle, path->p_bh);
        }
        /* path points to leaf/index in inode body */
        /* we use in-core data, no need to protect them */
        return 0;
}

/*
 * could return:
 *  - EROFS
 *  - ENOMEM
 *  - EIO
 */
static int ext4_ext_dirty(handle_t *handle, struct inode *inode,
                                struct ext4_ext_path *path)
{
        int err;
        if (path->p_bh) {
                /* path points to block */
                err = ext4_handle_dirty_metadata(handle, inode, path->p_bh);
        } else {
                /* path points to leaf/index in inode body */
                err = ext4_mark_inode_dirty(handle, inode);
        }
        return err;
}

static ext4_fsblk_t ext4_ext_find_goal(struct inode *inode,
                              struct ext4_ext_path *path,
                              ext4_lblk_t block)
{
        int depth;

        if (path) {
                struct ext4_extent *ex;
                depth = path->p_depth;

                /*
                 * Try to predict block placement assuming that we are
                 * filling in a file which will eventually be
                 * non-sparse --- i.e., in the case of libbfd writing
                 * an ELF object sections out-of-order but in a way
                 * the eventually results in a contiguous object or
                 * executable file, or some database extending a table
                 * space file.  However, this is actually somewhat
                 * non-ideal if we are writing a sparse file such as
                 * qemu or KVM writing a raw image file that is going
                 * to stay fairly sparse, since it will end up
                 * fragmenting the file system's free space.  Maybe we
                 * should have some hueristics or some way to allow
                 * userspace to pass a hint to file system,
                 * especially if the latter case turns out to be
                 * common.
                 */
                ex = path[depth].p_ext;
                if (ex) {
                        ext4_fsblk_t ext_pblk = ext4_ext_pblock(ex);
                        ext4_lblk_t ext_block = le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block);

                        if (block > ext_block)
                                return ext_pblk + (block - ext_block);
                        else
                                return ext_pblk - (ext_block - block);
                }

                /* it looks like index is empty;
                 * try to find starting block from index itself */
                if (path[depth].p_bh)
                        return path[depth].p_bh->b_blocknr;
        }

        /* OK. use inode's group */
        return ext4_inode_to_goal_block(inode);
}

/*
 * Allocation for a meta data block
 */
static ext4_fsblk_t
ext4_ext_new_meta_block(handle_t *handle, struct inode *inode,
                        struct ext4_ext_path *path,
                        struct ext4_extent *ex, int *err, unsigned int flags)
{
        ext4_fsblk_t goal, newblock;

        goal = ext4_ext_find_goal(inode, path, le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block));
        newblock = ext4_new_meta_blocks(handle, inode, goal, flags,
                                        NULL, err);
        return newblock;
}

static inline int ext4_ext_space_block(struct inode *inode, int check)
{
        int size;

        size = (inode->i_sb->s_blocksize - sizeof(struct ext4_extent_header))
                        / sizeof(struct ext4_extent);
        if (!check) {
#ifdef AGGRESSIVE_TEST
                if (size > 6)
                        size = 6;
#endif
        }
        return size;
}

static inline int ext4_ext_space_block_idx(struct inode *inode, int check)
{
        int size;

        size = (inode->i_sb->s_blocksize - sizeof(struct ext4_extent_header))
                        / sizeof(struct ext4_extent_idx);
        if (!check) {
#ifdef AGGRESSIVE_TEST
                if (size > 5)
                        size = 5;
#endif
        }
        return size;
}

static inline int ext4_ext_space_root(struct inode *inode, int check)
{
        int size;

        size = sizeof(EXT4_I(inode)->i_data);
        size -= sizeof(struct ext4_extent_header);
        size /= sizeof(struct ext4_extent);
        if (!check) {
#ifdef AGGRESSIVE_TEST
                if (size > 3)
                        size = 3;
#endif
        }
        return size;
}

static inline int ext4_ext_space_root_idx(struct inode *inode, int check)
{
        int size;

        size = sizeof(EXT4_I(inode)->i_data);
        size -= sizeof(struct ext4_extent_header);
        size /= sizeof(struct ext4_extent_idx);
        if (!check) {
#ifdef AGGRESSIVE_TEST
                if (size > 4)
                        size = 4;
#endif
        }
        return size;
}

/*
 * Calculate the number of metadata blocks needed
 * to allocate @blocks
 * Worse case is one block per extent
 */
int ext4_ext_calc_metadata_amount(struct inode *inode, ext4_lblk_t lblock)
{
        struct ext4_inode_info *ei = EXT4_I(inode);
        int idxs, num = 0;

        idxs = ((inode->i_sb->s_blocksize - sizeof(struct ext4_extent_header))
                / sizeof(struct ext4_extent_idx));

        /*
         * If the new delayed allocation block is contiguous with the
         * previous da block, it can share index blocks with the
         * previous block, so we only need to allocate a new index
         * block every idxs leaf blocks.  At ldxs**2 blocks, we need
         * an additional index block, and at ldxs**3 blocks, yet
         * another index blocks.
         */
        if (ei->i_da_metadata_calc_len &&
            ei->i_da_metadata_calc_last_lblock+1 == lblock) {
                if ((ei->i_da_metadata_calc_len % idxs) == 0)
                        num++;
                if ((ei->i_da_metadata_calc_len % (idxs*idxs)) == 0)
                        num++;
                if ((ei->i_da_metadata_calc_len % (idxs*idxs*idxs)) == 0) {
                        num++;
                        ei->i_da_metadata_calc_len = 0;
                } else
                        ei->i_da_metadata_calc_len++;
                ei->i_da_metadata_calc_last_lblock++;
                return num;
        }

        /*
         * In the worst case we need a new set of index blocks at
         * every level of the inode's extent tree.
         */
        ei->i_da_metadata_calc_len = 1;
        ei->i_da_metadata_calc_last_lblock = lblock;
        return ext_depth(inode) + 1;
}

static int
ext4_ext_max_entries(struct inode *inode, int depth)
{
        int max;

        if (depth == ext_depth(inode)) {
                if (depth == 0)
                        max = ext4_ext_space_root(inode, 1);
                else
                        max = ext4_ext_space_root_idx(inode, 1);
        } else {
                if (depth == 0)
                        max = ext4_ext_space_block(inode, 1);
                else
                        max = ext4_ext_space_block_idx(inode, 1);
        }

        return max;
}

static int ext4_valid_extent(struct inode *inode, struct ext4_extent *ext)
{
        ext4_fsblk_t block = ext4_ext_pblock(ext);
        int len = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ext);

        return ext4_data_block_valid(EXT4_SB(inode->i_sb), block, len);
}

static int ext4_valid_extent_idx(struct inode *inode,
                                struct ext4_extent_idx *ext_idx)
{
        ext4_fsblk_t block = ext4_idx_pblock(ext_idx);

        return ext4_data_block_valid(EXT4_SB(inode->i_sb), block, 1);
}

static int ext4_valid_extent_entries(struct inode *inode,
                                struct ext4_extent_header *eh,
                                int depth)
{
        struct ext4_extent *ext;
        struct ext4_extent_idx *ext_idx;
        unsigned short entries;
        if (eh->eh_entries == 0)
                return 1;

        entries = le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_entries);

        if (depth == 0) {
                /* leaf entries */
                ext = EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(eh);
                while (entries) {
                        if (!ext4_valid_extent(inode, ext))
                                return 0;
                        ext++;
                        entries--;
                }
        } else {
                ext_idx = EXT_FIRST_INDEX(eh);
                while (entries) {
                        if (!ext4_valid_extent_idx(inode, ext_idx))
                                return 0;
                        ext_idx++;
                        entries--;
                }
        }
        return 1;
}

static int __ext4_ext_check(const char *function, unsigned int line,
                            struct inode *inode, struct ext4_extent_header *eh,
                            int depth)
{
        const char *error_msg;
        int max = 0;

        if (unlikely(eh->eh_magic != EXT4_EXT_MAGIC)) {
                error_msg = "invalid magic";
                goto corrupted;
        }
        if (unlikely(le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_depth) != depth)) {
                error_msg = "unexpected eh_depth";
                goto corrupted;
        }
        if (unlikely(eh->eh_max == 0)) {
                error_msg = "invalid eh_max";
                goto corrupted;
        }
        max = ext4_ext_max_entries(inode, depth);
        if (unlikely(le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_max) > max)) {
                error_msg = "too large eh_max";
                goto corrupted;
        }
        if (unlikely(le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_entries) > le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_max))) {
                error_msg = "invalid eh_entries";
                goto corrupted;
        }
        if (!ext4_valid_extent_entries(inode, eh, depth)) {
                error_msg = "invalid extent entries";
                goto corrupted;
        }
        return 0;

corrupted:
        ext4_error_inode(inode, function, line, 0,
                        "bad header/extent: %s - magic %x, "
                        "entries %u, max %u(%u), depth %u(%u)",
                        error_msg, le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_magic),
                        le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_entries), le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_max),
                        max, le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_depth), depth);

        return -EIO;
}

#define ext4_ext_check(inode, eh, depth)        \
        __ext4_ext_check(__func__, __LINE__, inode, eh, depth)

int ext4_ext_check_inode(struct inode *inode)
{
        return ext4_ext_check(inode, ext_inode_hdr(inode), ext_depth(inode));
}

#ifdef EXT_DEBUG
static void ext4_ext_show_path(struct inode *inode, struct ext4_ext_path *path)
{
        int k, l = path->p_depth;

        ext_debug("path:");
        for (k = 0; k <= l; k++, path++) {
                if (path->p_idx) {
                  ext_debug("  %d->%llu", le32_to_cpu(path->p_idx->ei_block),
                            ext4_idx_pblock(path->p_idx));
                } else if (path->p_ext) {
                        ext_debug("  %d:[%d]%d:%llu ",
                                  le32_to_cpu(path->p_ext->ee_block),
                                  ext4_ext_is_uninitialized(path->p_ext),
                                  ext4_ext_get_actual_len(path->p_ext),
                                  ext4_ext_pblock(path->p_ext));
                } else
                        ext_debug("  []");
        }
        ext_debug("\n");
}

static void ext4_ext_show_leaf(struct inode *inode, struct ext4_ext_path *path)
{
        int depth = ext_depth(inode);
        struct ext4_extent_header *eh;
        struct ext4_extent *ex;
        int i;

        if (!path)
                return;

        eh = path[depth].p_hdr;
        ex = EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(eh);

        ext_debug("Displaying leaf extents for inode %lu\n", inode->i_ino);

        for (i = 0; i < le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_entries); i++, ex++) {
                ext_debug("%d:[%d]%d:%llu ", le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block),
                          ext4_ext_is_uninitialized(ex),
                          ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex), ext4_ext_pblock(ex));
        }
        ext_debug("\n");
}

static void ext4_ext_show_move(struct inode *inode, struct ext4_ext_path *path,
                        ext4_fsblk_t newblock, int level)
{
        int depth = ext_depth(inode);
        struct ext4_extent *ex;

        if (depth != level) {
                struct ext4_extent_idx *idx;
                idx = path[level].p_idx;
                while (idx <= EXT_MAX_INDEX(path[level].p_hdr)) {
                        ext_debug("%d: move %d:%llu in new index %llu\n", level,
                                        le32_to_cpu(idx->ei_block),
                                        ext4_idx_pblock(idx),
                                        newblock);
                        idx++;
                }

                return;
        }

        ex = path[depth].p_ext;
        while (ex <= EXT_MAX_EXTENT(path[depth].p_hdr)) {
                ext_debug("move %d:%llu:[%d]%d in new leaf %llu\n",
                                le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block),
                                ext4_ext_pblock(ex),
                                ext4_ext_is_uninitialized(ex),
                                ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex),
                                newblock);
                ex++;
        }
}

#else
#define ext4_ext_show_path(inode, path)
#define ext4_ext_show_leaf(inode, path)
#define ext4_ext_show_move(inode, path, newblock, level)
#endif

void ext4_ext_drop_refs(struct ext4_ext_path *path)
{
        int depth = path->p_depth;
        int i;

        for (i = 0; i <= depth; i++, path++)
                if (path->p_bh) {
                        brelse(path->p_bh);
                        path->p_bh = NULL;
                }
}

/*
 * ext4_ext_binsearch_idx:
 * binary search for the closest index of the given block
 * the header must be checked before calling this
 */
static void
ext4_ext_binsearch_idx(struct inode *inode,
                        struct ext4_ext_path *path, ext4_lblk_t block)
{
        struct ext4_extent_header *eh = path->p_hdr;
        struct ext4_extent_idx *r, *l, *m;


        ext_debug("binsearch for %u(idx):  ", block);

        l = EXT_FIRST_INDEX(eh) + 1;
        r = EXT_LAST_INDEX(eh);
        while (l <= r) {
                m = l + (r - l) / 2;
                if (block < le32_to_cpu(m->ei_block))
                        r = m - 1;
                else
                        l = m + 1;
                ext_debug("%p(%u):%p(%u):%p(%u) ", l, le32_to_cpu(l->ei_block),
                                m, le32_to_cpu(m->ei_block),
                                r, le32_to_cpu(r->ei_block));
        }

        path->p_idx = l - 1;
        ext_debug("  -> %d->%lld ", le32_to_cpu(path->p_idx->ei_block),
                  ext4_idx_pblock(path->p_idx));

#ifdef CHECK_BINSEARCH
        {
                struct ext4_extent_idx *chix, *ix;
                int k;

                chix = ix = EXT_FIRST_INDEX(eh);
                for (k = 0; k < le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_entries); k++, ix++) {
                  if (k != 0 &&
                      le32_to_cpu(ix->ei_block) <= le32_to_cpu(ix[-1].ei_block)) {
                                printk(KERN_DEBUG "k=%d, ix=0x%p, "
                                       "first=0x%p\n", k,
                                       ix, EXT_FIRST_INDEX(eh));
                                printk(KERN_DEBUG "%u <= %u\n",
                                       le32_to_cpu(ix->ei_block),
                                       le32_to_cpu(ix[-1].ei_block));
                        }
                        BUG_ON(k && le32_to_cpu(ix->ei_block)
                                           <= le32_to_cpu(ix[-1].ei_block));
                        if (block < le32_to_cpu(ix->ei_block))
                                break;
                        chix = ix;
                }
                BUG_ON(chix != path->p_idx);
        }
#endif

}

/*
 * ext4_ext_binsearch:
 * binary search for closest extent of the given block
 * the header must be checked before calling this
 */
static void
ext4_ext_binsearch(struct inode *inode,
                struct ext4_ext_path *path, ext4_lblk_t block)
{
        struct ext4_extent_header *eh = path->p_hdr;
        struct ext4_extent *r, *l, *m;

        if (eh->eh_entries == 0) {
                /*
                 * this leaf is empty:
                 * we get such a leaf in split/add case
                 */
                return;
        }

        ext_debug("binsearch for %u:  ", block);

        l = EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(eh) + 1;
        r = EXT_LAST_EXTENT(eh);

        while (l <= r) {
                m = l + (r - l) / 2;
                if (block < le32_to_cpu(m->ee_block))
                        r = m - 1;
                else
                        l = m + 1;
                ext_debug("%p(%u):%p(%u):%p(%u) ", l, le32_to_cpu(l->ee_block),
                                m, le32_to_cpu(m->ee_block),
                                r, le32_to_cpu(r->ee_block));
        }

        path->p_ext = l - 1;
        ext_debug("  -> %d:%llu:[%d]%d ",
                        le32_to_cpu(path->p_ext->ee_block),
                        ext4_ext_pblock(path->p_ext),
                        ext4_ext_is_uninitialized(path->p_ext),
                        ext4_ext_get_actual_len(path->p_ext));

#ifdef CHECK_BINSEARCH
        {
                struct ext4_extent *chex, *ex;
                int k;

                chex = ex = EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(eh);
                for (k = 0; k < le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_entries); k++, ex++) {
                        BUG_ON(k && le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block)
                                          <= le32_to_cpu(ex[-1].ee_block));
                        if (block < le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block))
                                break;
                        chex = ex;
                }
                BUG_ON(chex != path->p_ext);
        }
#endif

}

int ext4_ext_tree_init(handle_t *handle, struct inode *inode)
{
        struct ext4_extent_header *eh;

        eh = ext_inode_hdr(inode);
        eh->eh_depth = 0;
        eh->eh_entries = 0;
        eh->eh_magic = EXT4_EXT_MAGIC;
        eh->eh_max = cpu_to_le16(ext4_ext_space_root(inode, 0));
        ext4_mark_inode_dirty(handle, inode);
        ext4_ext_invalidate_cache(inode);
        return 0;
}

struct ext4_ext_path *
ext4_ext_find_extent(struct inode *inode, ext4_lblk_t block,
                                        struct ext4_ext_path *path)
{
        struct ext4_extent_header *eh;
        struct buffer_head *bh;
        short int depth, i, ppos = 0, alloc = 0;

        eh = ext_inode_hdr(inode);
        depth = ext_depth(inode);

        /* account possible depth increase */
        if (!path) {
                path = kzalloc(sizeof(struct ext4_ext_path) * (depth + 2),
                                GFP_NOFS);
                if (!path)
                        return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
                alloc = 1;
        }
        path[0].p_hdr = eh;
        path[0].p_bh = NULL;

        i = depth;
        /* walk through the tree */
        while (i) {
                int need_to_validate = 0;

                ext_debug("depth %d: num %d, max %d\n",
                          ppos, le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_entries), le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_max));

                ext4_ext_binsearch_idx(inode, path + ppos, block);
                path[ppos].p_block = ext4_idx_pblock(path[ppos].p_idx);
                path[ppos].p_depth = i;
                path[ppos].p_ext = NULL;

                bh = sb_getblk(inode->i_sb, path[ppos].p_block);
                if (unlikely(!bh))
                        goto err;
                if (!bh_uptodate_or_lock(bh)) {
                        trace_ext4_ext_load_extent(inode, block,
                                                path[ppos].p_block);
                        if (bh_submit_read(bh) < 0) {
                                put_bh(bh);
                                goto err;
                        }
                        /* validate the extent entries */
                        need_to_validate = 1;
                }
                eh = ext_block_hdr(bh);
                ppos++;
                if (unlikely(ppos > depth)) {
                        put_bh(bh);
                        EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode,
                                         "ppos %d > depth %d", ppos, depth);
                        goto err;
                }
                path[ppos].p_bh = bh;
                path[ppos].p_hdr = eh;
                i--;

                if (need_to_validate && ext4_ext_check(inode, eh, i))
                        goto err;
        }

        path[ppos].p_depth = i;
        path[ppos].p_ext = NULL;
        path[ppos].p_idx = NULL;

        /* find extent */
        ext4_ext_binsearch(inode, path + ppos, block);
        /* if not an empty leaf */
        if (path[ppos].p_ext)
                path[ppos].p_block = ext4_ext_pblock(path[ppos].p_ext);

        ext4_ext_show_path(inode, path);

        return path;

err:
        ext4_ext_drop_refs(path);
        if (alloc)
                kfree(path);
        return ERR_PTR(-EIO);
}

/*
 * ext4_ext_insert_index:
 * insert new index [@logical;@ptr] into the block at @curp;
 * check where to insert: before @curp or after @curp
 */
static int ext4_ext_insert_index(handle_t *handle, struct inode *inode,
                                 struct ext4_ext_path *curp,
                                 int logical, ext4_fsblk_t ptr)
{
        struct ext4_extent_idx *ix;
        int len, err;

        err = ext4_ext_get_access(handle, inode, curp);
        if (err)
                return err;

        if (unlikely(logical == le32_to_cpu(curp->p_idx->ei_block))) {
                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode,
                                 "logical %d == ei_block %d!",
                                 logical, le32_to_cpu(curp->p_idx->ei_block));
                return -EIO;
        }

        if (unlikely(le16_to_cpu(curp->p_hdr->eh_entries)
                             >= le16_to_cpu(curp->p_hdr->eh_max))) {
                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode,
                                 "eh_entries %d >= eh_max %d!",
                                 le16_to_cpu(curp->p_hdr->eh_entries),
                                 le16_to_cpu(curp->p_hdr->eh_max));
                return -EIO;
        }

        len = EXT_MAX_INDEX(curp->p_hdr) - curp->p_idx;
        if (logical > le32_to_cpu(curp->p_idx->ei_block)) {
                /* insert after */
                if (curp->p_idx != EXT_LAST_INDEX(curp->p_hdr)) {
                        len = (len - 1) * sizeof(struct ext4_extent_idx);
                        len = len < 0 ? 0 : len;
                        ext_debug("insert new index %d after: %llu. "
                                        "move %d from 0x%p to 0x%p\n",
                                        logical, ptr, len,
                                        (curp->p_idx + 1), (curp->p_idx + 2));
                        memmove(curp->p_idx + 2, curp->p_idx + 1, len);
                }
                ix = curp->p_idx + 1;
        } else {
                /* insert before */
                len = len * sizeof(struct ext4_extent_idx);
                len = len < 0 ? 0 : len;
                ext_debug("insert new index %d before: %llu. "
                                "move %d from 0x%p to 0x%p\n",
                                logical, ptr, len,
                                curp->p_idx, (curp->p_idx + 1));
                memmove(curp->p_idx + 1, curp->p_idx, len);
                ix = curp->p_idx;
        }

        ix->ei_block = cpu_to_le32(logical);
        ext4_idx_store_pblock(ix, ptr);
        le16_add_cpu(&curp->p_hdr->eh_entries, 1);

        if (unlikely(ix > EXT_LAST_INDEX(curp->p_hdr))) {
                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode, "ix > EXT_LAST_INDEX!");
                return -EIO;
        }

        err = ext4_ext_dirty(handle, inode, curp);
        ext4_std_error(inode->i_sb, err);

        return err;
}

/*
 * ext4_ext_split:
 * inserts new subtree into the path, using free index entry
 * at depth @at:
 * - allocates all needed blocks (new leaf and all intermediate index blocks)
 * - makes decision where to split
 * - moves remaining extents and index entries (right to the split point)
 *   into the newly allocated blocks
 * - initializes subtree
 */
static int ext4_ext_split(handle_t *handle, struct inode *inode,
                          unsigned int flags,
                          struct ext4_ext_path *path,
                          struct ext4_extent *newext, int at)
{
        struct buffer_head *bh = NULL;
        int depth = ext_depth(inode);
        struct ext4_extent_header *neh;
        struct ext4_extent_idx *fidx;
        int i = at, k, m, a;
        ext4_fsblk_t newblock, oldblock;
        __le32 border;
        ext4_fsblk_t *ablocks = NULL; /* array of allocated blocks */
        int err = 0;

        /* make decision: where to split? */
        /* FIXME: now decision is simplest: at current extent */

        /* if current leaf will be split, then we should use
         * border from split point */
        if (unlikely(path[depth].p_ext > EXT_MAX_EXTENT(path[depth].p_hdr))) {
                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode, "p_ext > EXT_MAX_EXTENT!");
                return -EIO;
        }
        if (path[depth].p_ext != EXT_MAX_EXTENT(path[depth].p_hdr)) {
                border = path[depth].p_ext[1].ee_block;
                ext_debug("leaf will be split."
                                " next leaf starts at %d\n",
                                  le32_to_cpu(border));
        } else {
                border = newext->ee_block;
                ext_debug("leaf will be added."
                                " next leaf starts at %d\n",
                                le32_to_cpu(border));
        }

        /*
         * If error occurs, then we break processing
         * and mark filesystem read-only. index won't
         * be inserted and tree will be in consistent
         * state. Next mount will repair buffers too.
         */

        /*
         * Get array to track all allocated blocks.
         * We need this to handle errors and free blocks
         * upon them.
         */
        ablocks = kzalloc(sizeof(ext4_fsblk_t) * depth, GFP_NOFS);
        if (!ablocks)
                return -ENOMEM;

        /* allocate all needed blocks */
        ext_debug("allocate %d blocks for indexes/leaf\n", depth - at);
        for (a = 0; a < depth - at; a++) {
                newblock = ext4_ext_new_meta_block(handle, inode, path,
                                                   newext, &err, flags);
                if (newblock == 0)
                        goto cleanup;
                ablocks[a] = newblock;
        }

        /* initialize new leaf */
        newblock = ablocks[--a];
        if (unlikely(newblock == 0)) {
                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode, "newblock == 0!");
                err = -EIO;
                goto cleanup;
        }
        bh = sb_getblk(inode->i_sb, newblock);
        if (!bh) {
                err = -EIO;
                goto cleanup;
        }
        lock_buffer(bh);

        err = ext4_journal_get_create_access(handle, bh);
        if (err)
                goto cleanup;

        neh = ext_block_hdr(bh);
        neh->eh_entries = 0;
        neh->eh_max = cpu_to_le16(ext4_ext_space_block(inode, 0));
        neh->eh_magic = EXT4_EXT_MAGIC;
        neh->eh_depth = 0;

        /* move remainder of path[depth] to the new leaf */
        if (unlikely(path[depth].p_hdr->eh_entries !=
                     path[depth].p_hdr->eh_max)) {
                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode, "eh_entries %d != eh_max %d!",
                                 path[depth].p_hdr->eh_entries,
                                 path[depth].p_hdr->eh_max);
                err = -EIO;
                goto cleanup;
        }
        /* start copy from next extent */
        m = EXT_MAX_EXTENT(path[depth].p_hdr) - path[depth].p_ext++;
        ext4_ext_show_move(inode, path, newblock, depth);
        if (m) {
                struct ext4_extent *ex;
                ex = EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(neh);
                memmove(ex, path[depth].p_ext, sizeof(struct ext4_extent) * m);
                le16_add_cpu(&neh->eh_entries, m);
        }

        set_buffer_uptodate(bh);
        unlock_buffer(bh);

        err = ext4_handle_dirty_metadata(handle, inode, bh);
        if (err)
                goto cleanup;
        brelse(bh);
        bh = NULL;

        /* correct old leaf */
        if (m) {
                err = ext4_ext_get_access(handle, inode, path + depth);
                if (err)
                        goto cleanup;
                le16_add_cpu(&path[depth].p_hdr->eh_entries, -m);
                err = ext4_ext_dirty(handle, inode, path + depth);
                if (err)
                        goto cleanup;

        }

        /* create intermediate indexes */
        k = depth - at - 1;
        if (unlikely(k < 0)) {
                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode, "k %d < 0!", k);
                err = -EIO;
                goto cleanup;
        }
        if (k)
                ext_debug("create %d intermediate indices\n", k);
        /* insert new index into current index block */
        /* current depth stored in i var */
        i = depth - 1;
        while (k--) {
                oldblock = newblock;
                newblock = ablocks[--a];
                bh = sb_getblk(inode->i_sb, newblock);
                if (!bh) {
                        err = -EIO;
                        goto cleanup;
                }
                lock_buffer(bh);

                err = ext4_journal_get_create_access(handle, bh);
                if (err)
                        goto cleanup;

                neh = ext_block_hdr(bh);
                neh->eh_entries = cpu_to_le16(1);
                neh->eh_magic = EXT4_EXT_MAGIC;
                neh->eh_max = cpu_to_le16(ext4_ext_space_block_idx(inode, 0));
                neh->eh_depth = cpu_to_le16(depth - i);
                fidx = EXT_FIRST_INDEX(neh);
                fidx->ei_block = border;
                ext4_idx_store_pblock(fidx, oldblock);

                ext_debug("int.index at %d (block %llu): %u -> %llu\n",
                                i, newblock, le32_to_cpu(border), oldblock);

                /* move remainder of path[i] to the new index block */
                if (unlikely(EXT_MAX_INDEX(path[i].p_hdr) !=
                                        EXT_LAST_INDEX(path[i].p_hdr))) {
                        EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode,
                                         "EXT_MAX_INDEX != EXT_LAST_INDEX ee_block %d!",
                                         le32_to_cpu(path[i].p_ext->ee_block));
                        err = -EIO;
                        goto cleanup;
                }
                /* start copy indexes */
                m = EXT_MAX_INDEX(path[i].p_hdr) - path[i].p_idx++;
                ext_debug("cur 0x%p, last 0x%p\n", path[i].p_idx,
                                EXT_MAX_INDEX(path[i].p_hdr));
                ext4_ext_show_move(inode, path, newblock, i);
                if (m) {
                        memmove(++fidx, path[i].p_idx,
                                sizeof(struct ext4_extent_idx) * m);
                        le16_add_cpu(&neh->eh_entries, m);
                }
                set_buffer_uptodate(bh);
                unlock_buffer(bh);

                err = ext4_handle_dirty_metadata(handle, inode, bh);
                if (err)
                        goto cleanup;
                brelse(bh);
                bh = NULL;

                /* correct old index */
                if (m) {
                        err = ext4_ext_get_access(handle, inode, path + i);
                        if (err)
                                goto cleanup;
                        le16_add_cpu(&path[i].p_hdr->eh_entries, -m);
                        err = ext4_ext_dirty(handle, inode, path + i);
                        if (err)
                                goto cleanup;
                }

                i--;
        }

        /* insert new index */
        err = ext4_ext_insert_index(handle, inode, path + at,
                                    le32_to_cpu(border), newblock);

cleanup:
        if (bh) {
                if (buffer_locked(bh))
                        unlock_buffer(bh);
                brelse(bh);
        }

        if (err) {
                /* free all allocated blocks in error case */
                for (i = 0; i < depth; i++) {
                        if (!ablocks[i])
                                continue;
                        ext4_free_blocks(handle, inode, NULL, ablocks[i], 1,
                                         EXT4_FREE_BLOCKS_METADATA);
                }
        }
        kfree(ablocks);

        return err;
}

/*
 * ext4_ext_grow_indepth:
 * implements tree growing procedure:
 * - allocates new block
 * - moves top-level data (index block or leaf) into the new block
 * - initializes new top-level, creating index that points to the
 *   just created block
 */
static int ext4_ext_grow_indepth(handle_t *handle, struct inode *inode,
                                 unsigned int flags,
                                 struct ext4_ext_path *path,
                                 struct ext4_extent *newext)
{
        struct ext4_ext_path *curp = path;
        struct ext4_extent_header *neh;
        struct buffer_head *bh;
        ext4_fsblk_t newblock;
        int err = 0;

        newblock = ext4_ext_new_meta_block(handle, inode, path,
                newext, &err, flags);
        if (newblock == 0)
                return err;

        bh = sb_getblk(inode->i_sb, newblock);
        if (!bh) {
                err = -EIO;
                ext4_std_error(inode->i_sb, err);
                return err;
        }
        lock_buffer(bh);

        err = ext4_journal_get_create_access(handle, bh);
        if (err) {
                unlock_buffer(bh);
                goto out;
        }

        /* move top-level index/leaf into new block */
        memmove(bh->b_data, curp->p_hdr, sizeof(EXT4_I(inode)->i_data));

        /* set size of new block */
        neh = ext_block_hdr(bh);
        /* old root could have indexes or leaves
         * so calculate e_max right way */
        if (ext_depth(inode))
                neh->eh_max = cpu_to_le16(ext4_ext_space_block_idx(inode, 0));
        else
                neh->eh_max = cpu_to_le16(ext4_ext_space_block(inode, 0));
        neh->eh_magic = EXT4_EXT_MAGIC;
        set_buffer_uptodate(bh);
        unlock_buffer(bh);

        err = ext4_handle_dirty_metadata(handle, inode, bh);
        if (err)
                goto out;

        /* create index in new top-level index: num,max,pointer */
        err = ext4_ext_get_access(handle, inode, curp);
        if (err)
                goto out;

        curp->p_hdr->eh_magic = EXT4_EXT_MAGIC;
        curp->p_hdr->eh_max = cpu_to_le16(ext4_ext_space_root_idx(inode, 0));
        curp->p_hdr->eh_entries = cpu_to_le16(1);
        curp->p_idx = EXT_FIRST_INDEX(curp->p_hdr);

        if (path[0].p_hdr->eh_depth)
                curp->p_idx->ei_block =
                        EXT_FIRST_INDEX(path[0].p_hdr)->ei_block;
        else
                curp->p_idx->ei_block =
                        EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(path[0].p_hdr)->ee_block;
        ext4_idx_store_pblock(curp->p_idx, newblock);

        neh = ext_inode_hdr(inode);
        ext_debug("new root: num %d(%d), lblock %d, ptr %llu\n",
                  le16_to_cpu(neh->eh_entries), le16_to_cpu(neh->eh_max),
                  le32_to_cpu(EXT_FIRST_INDEX(neh)->ei_block),
                  ext4_idx_pblock(EXT_FIRST_INDEX(neh)));

        neh->eh_depth = cpu_to_le16(path->p_depth + 1);
        err = ext4_ext_dirty(handle, inode, curp);
out:
        brelse(bh);

        return err;
}

/*
 * ext4_ext_create_new_leaf:
 * finds empty index and adds new leaf.
 * if no free index is found, then it requests in-depth growing.
 */
static int ext4_ext_create_new_leaf(handle_t *handle, struct inode *inode,
                                    unsigned int flags,
                                    struct ext4_ext_path *path,
                                    struct ext4_extent *newext)
{
        struct ext4_ext_path *curp;
        int depth, i, err = 0;

repeat:
        i = depth = ext_depth(inode);

        /* walk up to the tree and look for free index entry */
        curp = path + depth;
        while (i > 0 && !EXT_HAS_FREE_INDEX(curp)) {
                i--;
                curp--;
        }

        /* we use already allocated block for index block,
         * so subsequent data blocks should be contiguous */
        if (EXT_HAS_FREE_INDEX(curp)) {
                /* if we found index with free entry, then use that
                 * entry: create all needed subtree and add new leaf */
                err = ext4_ext_split(handle, inode, flags, path, newext, i);
                if (err)
                        goto out;

                /* refill path */
                ext4_ext_drop_refs(path);
                path = ext4_ext_find_extent(inode,
                                    (ext4_lblk_t)le32_to_cpu(newext->ee_block),
                                    path);
                if (IS_ERR(path))
                        err = PTR_ERR(path);
        } else {
                /* tree is full, time to grow in depth */
                err = ext4_ext_grow_indepth(handle, inode, flags,
                                            path, newext);
                if (err)
                        goto out;

                /* refill path */
                ext4_ext_drop_refs(path);
                path = ext4_ext_find_extent(inode,
                                   (ext4_lblk_t)le32_to_cpu(newext->ee_block),
                                    path);
                if (IS_ERR(path)) {
                        err = PTR_ERR(path);
                        goto out;
                }

                /*
                 * only first (depth 0 -> 1) produces free space;
                 * in all other cases we have to split the grown tree
                 */
                depth = ext_depth(inode);
                if (path[depth].p_hdr->eh_entries == path[depth].p_hdr->eh_max) {
                        /* now we need to split */
                        goto repeat;
                }
        }

out:
        return err;
}

/*
 * search the closest allocated block to the left for *logical
 * and returns it at @logical + it's physical address at @phys
 * if *logical is the smallest allocated block, the function
 * returns 0 at @phys
 * return value contains 0 (success) or error code
 */
static int ext4_ext_search_left(struct inode *inode,
                                struct ext4_ext_path *path,
                                ext4_lblk_t *logical, ext4_fsblk_t *phys)
{
        struct ext4_extent_idx *ix;
        struct ext4_extent *ex;
        int depth, ee_len;

        if (unlikely(path == NULL)) {
                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode, "path == NULL *logical %d!", *logical);
                return -EIO;
        }
        depth = path->p_depth;
        *phys = 0;

        if (depth == 0 && path->p_ext == NULL)
                return 0;

        /* usually extent in the path covers blocks smaller
         * then *logical, but it can be that extent is the
         * first one in the file */

        ex = path[depth].p_ext;
        ee_len = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex);
        if (*logical < le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block)) {
                if (unlikely(EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(path[depth].p_hdr) != ex)) {
                        EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode,
                                         "EXT_FIRST_EXTENT != ex *logical %d ee_block %d!",
                                         *logical, le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block));
                        return -EIO;
                }
                while (--depth >= 0) {
                        ix = path[depth].p_idx;
                        if (unlikely(ix != EXT_FIRST_INDEX(path[depth].p_hdr))) {
                                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode,
                                  "ix (%d) != EXT_FIRST_INDEX (%d) (depth %d)!",
                                  ix != NULL ? ix->ei_block : 0,
                                  EXT_FIRST_INDEX(path[depth].p_hdr) != NULL ?
                                    EXT_FIRST_INDEX(path[depth].p_hdr)->ei_block : 0,
                                  depth);
                                return -EIO;
                        }
                }
                return 0;
        }

        if (unlikely(*logical < (le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block) + ee_len))) {
                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode,
                                 "logical %d < ee_block %d + ee_len %d!",
                                 *logical, le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block), ee_len);
                return -EIO;
        }

        *logical = le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block) + ee_len - 1;
        *phys = ext4_ext_pblock(ex) + ee_len - 1;
        return 0;
}

/*
 * search the closest allocated block to the right for *logical
 * and returns it at @logical + it's physical address at @phys
 * if *logical is the smallest allocated block, the function
 * returns 0 at @phys
 * return value contains 0 (success) or error code
 */
static int ext4_ext_search_right(struct inode *inode,
                                 struct ext4_ext_path *path,
                                 ext4_lblk_t *logical, ext4_fsblk_t *phys)
{
        struct buffer_head *bh = NULL;
        struct ext4_extent_header *eh;
        struct ext4_extent_idx *ix;
        struct ext4_extent *ex;
        ext4_fsblk_t block;
        int depth;      /* Note, NOT eh_depth; depth from top of tree */
        int ee_len;

        if (unlikely(path == NULL)) {
                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode, "path == NULL *logical %d!", *logical);
                return -EIO;
        }
        depth = path->p_depth;
        *phys = 0;

        if (depth == 0 && path->p_ext == NULL)
                return 0;

        /* usually extent in the path covers blocks smaller
         * then *logical, but it can be that extent is the
         * first one in the file */

        ex = path[depth].p_ext;
        ee_len = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex);
        if (*logical < le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block)) {
                if (unlikely(EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(path[depth].p_hdr) != ex)) {
                        EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode,
                                         "first_extent(path[%d].p_hdr) != ex",
                                         depth);
                        return -EIO;
                }
                while (--depth >= 0) {
                        ix = path[depth].p_idx;
                        if (unlikely(ix != EXT_FIRST_INDEX(path[depth].p_hdr))) {
                                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode,
                                                 "ix != EXT_FIRST_INDEX *logical %d!",
                                                 *logical);
                                return -EIO;
                        }
                }
                *logical = le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block);
                *phys = ext4_ext_pblock(ex);
                return 0;
        }

        if (unlikely(*logical < (le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block) + ee_len))) {
                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode,
                                 "logical %d < ee_block %d + ee_len %d!",
                                 *logical, le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block), ee_len);
                return -EIO;
        }

        if (ex != EXT_LAST_EXTENT(path[depth].p_hdr)) {
                /* next allocated block in this leaf */
                ex++;
                *logical = le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block);
                *phys = ext4_ext_pblock(ex);
                return 0;
        }

        /* go up and search for index to the right */
        while (--depth >= 0) {
                ix = path[depth].p_idx;
                if (ix != EXT_LAST_INDEX(path[depth].p_hdr))
                        goto got_index;
        }

        /* we've gone up to the root and found no index to the right */
        return 0;

got_index:
        /* we've found index to the right, let's
         * follow it and find the closest allocated
         * block to the right */
        ix++;
        block = ext4_idx_pblock(ix);
        while (++depth < path->p_depth) {
                bh = sb_bread(inode->i_sb, block);
                if (bh == NULL)
                        return -EIO;
                eh = ext_block_hdr(bh);
                /* subtract from p_depth to get proper eh_depth */
                if (ext4_ext_check(inode, eh, path->p_depth - depth)) {
                        put_bh(bh);
                        return -EIO;
                }
                ix = EXT_FIRST_INDEX(eh);
                block = ext4_idx_pblock(ix);
                put_bh(bh);
        }

        bh = sb_bread(inode->i_sb, block);
        if (bh == NULL)
                return -EIO;
        eh = ext_block_hdr(bh);
        if (ext4_ext_check(inode, eh, path->p_depth - depth)) {
                put_bh(bh);
                return -EIO;
        }
        ex = EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(eh);
        *logical = le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block);
        *phys = ext4_ext_pblock(ex);
        put_bh(bh);
        return 0;
}

/*
 * ext4_ext_next_allocated_block:
 * returns allocated block in subsequent extent or EXT_MAX_BLOCKS.
 * NOTE: it considers block number from index entry as
 * allocated block. Thus, index entries have to be consistent
 * with leaves.
 */
static ext4_lblk_t
ext4_ext_next_allocated_block(struct ext4_ext_path *path)
{
        int depth;

        BUG_ON(path == NULL);
        depth = path->p_depth;

        if (depth == 0 && path->p_ext == NULL)
                return EXT_MAX_BLOCKS;

        while (depth >= 0) {
                if (depth == path->p_depth) {
                        /* leaf */
                        if (path[depth].p_ext !=
                                        EXT_LAST_EXTENT(path[depth].p_hdr))
                          return le32_to_cpu(path[depth].p_ext[1].ee_block);
                } else {
                        /* index */
                        if (path[depth].p_idx !=
                                        EXT_LAST_INDEX(path[depth].p_hdr))
                          return le32_to_cpu(path[depth].p_idx[1].ei_block);
                }
                depth--;
        }

        return EXT_MAX_BLOCKS;
}

/*
 * ext4_ext_next_leaf_block:
 * returns first allocated block from next leaf or EXT_MAX_BLOCKS
 */
static ext4_lblk_t ext4_ext_next_leaf_block(struct ext4_ext_path *path)
{
        int depth;

        BUG_ON(path == NULL);
        depth = path->p_depth;

        /* zero-tree has no leaf blocks at all */
        if (depth == 0)
                return EXT_MAX_BLOCKS;

        /* go to index block */
        depth--;

        while (depth >= 0) {
                if (path[depth].p_idx !=
                                EXT_LAST_INDEX(path[depth].p_hdr))
                        return (ext4_lblk_t)
                                le32_to_cpu(path[depth].p_idx[1].ei_block);
                depth--;
        }

        return EXT_MAX_BLOCKS;
}

/*
 * ext4_ext_correct_indexes:
 * if leaf gets modified and modified extent is first in the leaf,
 * then we have to correct all indexes above.
 * TODO: do we need to correct tree in all cases?
 */
static int ext4_ext_correct_indexes(handle_t *handle, struct inode *inode,
                                struct ext4_ext_path *path)
{
        struct ext4_extent_header *eh;
        int depth = ext_depth(inode);
        struct ext4_extent *ex;
        __le32 border;
        int k, err = 0;

        eh = path[depth].p_hdr;
        ex = path[depth].p_ext;

        if (unlikely(ex == NULL || eh == NULL)) {
                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode,
                                 "ex %p == NULL or eh %p == NULL", ex, eh);
                return -EIO;
        }

        if (depth == 0) {
                /* there is no tree at all */
                return 0;
        }

        if (ex != EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(eh)) {
                /* we correct tree if first leaf got modified only */
                return 0;
        }

        /*
         * TODO: we need correction if border is smaller than current one
         */
        k = depth - 1;
        border = path[depth].p_ext->ee_block;
        err = ext4_ext_get_access(handle, inode, path + k);
        if (err)
                return err;
        path[k].p_idx->ei_block = border;
        err = ext4_ext_dirty(handle, inode, path + k);
        if (err)
                return err;

        while (k--) {
                /* change all left-side indexes */
                if (path[k+1].p_idx != EXT_FIRST_INDEX(path[k+1].p_hdr))
                        break;
                err = ext4_ext_get_access(handle, inode, path + k);
                if (err)
                        break;
                path[k].p_idx->ei_block = border;
                err = ext4_ext_dirty(handle, inode, path + k);
                if (err)
                        break;
        }

        return err;
}

int
ext4_can_extents_be_merged(struct inode *inode, struct ext4_extent *ex1,
                                struct ext4_extent *ex2)
{
        unsigned short ext1_ee_len, ext2_ee_len, max_len;

        /*
         * Make sure that either both extents are uninitialized, or
         * both are _not_.
         */
        if (ext4_ext_is_uninitialized(ex1) ^ ext4_ext_is_uninitialized(ex2))
                return 0;

        if (ext4_ext_is_uninitialized(ex1))
                max_len = EXT_UNINIT_MAX_LEN;
        else
                max_len = EXT_INIT_MAX_LEN;

        ext1_ee_len = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex1);
        ext2_ee_len = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex2);

        if (le32_to_cpu(ex1->ee_block) + ext1_ee_len !=
                        le32_to_cpu(ex2->ee_block))
                return 0;

        /*
         * To allow future support for preallocated extents to be added
         * as an RO_COMPAT feature, refuse to merge to extents if
         * this can result in the top bit of ee_len being set.
         */
        if (ext1_ee_len + ext2_ee_len > max_len)
                return 0;
#ifdef AGGRESSIVE_TEST
        if (ext1_ee_len >= 4)
                return 0;
#endif

        if (ext4_ext_pblock(ex1) + ext1_ee_len == ext4_ext_pblock(ex2))
                return 1;
        return 0;
}

/*
 * This function tries to merge the "ex" extent to the next extent in the tree.
 * It always tries to merge towards right. If you want to merge towards
 * left, pass "ex - 1" as argument instead of "ex".
 * Returns 0 if the extents (ex and ex+1) were _not_ merged and returns
 * 1 if they got merged.
 */
static int ext4_ext_try_to_merge_right(struct inode *inode,
                                 struct ext4_ext_path *path,
                                 struct ext4_extent *ex)
{
        struct ext4_extent_header *eh;
        unsigned int depth, len;
        int merge_done = 0;
        int uninitialized = 0;

        depth = ext_depth(inode);
        BUG_ON(path[depth].p_hdr == NULL);
        eh = path[depth].p_hdr;

        while (ex < EXT_LAST_EXTENT(eh)) {
                if (!ext4_can_extents_be_merged(inode, ex, ex + 1))
                        break;
                /* merge with next extent! */
                if (ext4_ext_is_uninitialized(ex))
                        uninitialized = 1;
                ex->ee_len = cpu_to_le16(ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex)
                                + ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex + 1));
                if (uninitialized)
                        ext4_ext_mark_uninitialized(ex);

                if (ex + 1 < EXT_LAST_EXTENT(eh)) {
                        len = (EXT_LAST_EXTENT(eh) - ex - 1)
                                * sizeof(struct ext4_extent);
                        memmove(ex + 1, ex + 2, len);
                }
                le16_add_cpu(&eh->eh_entries, -1);
                merge_done = 1;
                WARN_ON(eh->eh_entries == 0);
                if (!eh->eh_entries)
                        EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode, "eh->eh_entries = 0!");
        }

        return merge_done;
}

/*
 * This function tries to merge the @ex extent to neighbours in the tree.
 * return 1 if merge left else 0.
 */
static int ext4_ext_try_to_merge(struct inode *inode,
                                  struct ext4_ext_path *path,
                                  struct ext4_extent *ex) {
        struct ext4_extent_header *eh;
        unsigned int depth;
        int merge_done = 0;
        int ret = 0;

        depth = ext_depth(inode);
        BUG_ON(path[depth].p_hdr == NULL);
        eh = path[depth].p_hdr;

        if (ex > EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(eh))
                merge_done = ext4_ext_try_to_merge_right(inode, path, ex - 1);

        if (!merge_done)
                ret = ext4_ext_try_to_merge_right(inode, path, ex);

        return ret;
}

/*
 * check if a portion of the "newext" extent overlaps with an
 * existing extent.
 *
 * If there is an overlap discovered, it updates the length of the newext
 * such that there will be no overlap, and then returns 1.
 * If there is no overlap found, it returns 0.
 */
static unsigned int ext4_ext_check_overlap(struct inode *inode,
                                           struct ext4_extent *newext,
                                           struct ext4_ext_path *path)
{
        ext4_lblk_t b1, b2;
        unsigned int depth, len1;
        unsigned int ret = 0;

        b1 = le32_to_cpu(newext->ee_block);
        len1 = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(newext);
        depth = ext_depth(inode);
        if (!path[depth].p_ext)
                goto out;
        b2 = le32_to_cpu(path[depth].p_ext->ee_block);

        /*
         * get the next allocated block if the extent in the path
         * is before the requested block(s)
         */
        if (b2 < b1) {
                b2 = ext4_ext_next_allocated_block(path);
                if (b2 == EXT_MAX_BLOCKS)
                        goto out;
        }

        /* check for wrap through zero on extent logical start block*/
        if (b1 + len1 < b1) {
                len1 = EXT_MAX_BLOCKS - b1;
                newext->ee_len = cpu_to_le16(len1);
                ret = 1;
        }

        /* check for overlap */
        if (b1 + len1 > b2) {
                newext->ee_len = cpu_to_le16(b2 - b1);
                ret = 1;
        }
out:
        return ret;
}

/*
 * ext4_ext_insert_extent:
 * tries to merge requsted extent into the existing extent or
 * inserts requested extent as new one into the tree,
 * creating new leaf in the no-space case.
 */
int ext4_ext_insert_extent(handle_t *handle, struct inode *inode,
                                struct ext4_ext_path *path,
                                struct ext4_extent *newext, int flag)
{
        struct ext4_extent_header *eh;
        struct ext4_extent *ex, *fex;
        struct ext4_extent *nearex; /* nearest extent */
        struct ext4_ext_path *npath = NULL;
        int depth, len, err;
        ext4_lblk_t next;
        unsigned uninitialized = 0;
        int flags = 0;

        if (unlikely(ext4_ext_get_actual_len(newext) == 0)) {
                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode, "ext4_ext_get_actual_len(newext) == 0");
                return -EIO;
        }
        depth = ext_depth(inode);
        ex = path[depth].p_ext;
        if (unlikely(path[depth].p_hdr == NULL)) {
                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode, "path[%d].p_hdr == NULL", depth);
                return -EIO;
        }

        /* try to insert block into found extent and return */
        if (ex && !(flag & EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_PRE_IO)
                && ext4_can_extents_be_merged(inode, ex, newext)) {
                ext_debug("append [%d]%d block to %d:[%d]%d (from %llu)\n",
                          ext4_ext_is_uninitialized(newext),
                          ext4_ext_get_actual_len(newext),
                          le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block),
                          ext4_ext_is_uninitialized(ex),
                          ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex),
                          ext4_ext_pblock(ex));
                err = ext4_ext_get_access(handle, inode, path + depth);
                if (err)
                        return err;

                /*
                 * ext4_can_extents_be_merged should have checked that either
                 * both extents are uninitialized, or both aren't. Thus we
                 * need to check only one of them here.
                 */
                if (ext4_ext_is_uninitialized(ex))
                        uninitialized = 1;
                ex->ee_len = cpu_to_le16(ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex)
                                        + ext4_ext_get_actual_len(newext));
                if (uninitialized)
                        ext4_ext_mark_uninitialized(ex);
                eh = path[depth].p_hdr;
                nearex = ex;
                goto merge;
        }

        depth = ext_depth(inode);
        eh = path[depth].p_hdr;
        if (le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_entries) < le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_max))
                goto has_space;

        /* probably next leaf has space for us? */
        fex = EXT_LAST_EXTENT(eh);
        next = EXT_MAX_BLOCKS;
        if (le32_to_cpu(newext->ee_block) > le32_to_cpu(fex->ee_block))
                next = ext4_ext_next_leaf_block(path);
        if (next != EXT_MAX_BLOCKS) {
                ext_debug("next leaf block - %d\n", next);
                BUG_ON(npath != NULL);
                npath = ext4_ext_find_extent(inode, next, NULL);
                if (IS_ERR(npath))
                        return PTR_ERR(npath);
                BUG_ON(npath->p_depth != path->p_depth);
                eh = npath[depth].p_hdr;
                if (le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_entries) < le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_max)) {
                        ext_debug("next leaf isn't full(%d)\n",
                                  le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_entries));
                        path = npath;
                        goto has_space;
                }
                ext_debug("next leaf has no free space(%d,%d)\n",
                          le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_entries), le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_max));
        }

        /*
         * There is no free space in the found leaf.
         * We're gonna add a new leaf in the tree.
         */
        if (flag & EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_PUNCH_OUT_EXT)
                flags = EXT4_MB_USE_ROOT_BLOCKS;
        err = ext4_ext_create_new_leaf(handle, inode, flags, path, newext);
        if (err)
                goto cleanup;
        depth = ext_depth(inode);
        eh = path[depth].p_hdr;

has_space:
        nearex = path[depth].p_ext;

        err = ext4_ext_get_access(handle, inode, path + depth);
        if (err)
                goto cleanup;

        if (!nearex) {
                /* there is no extent in this leaf, create first one */
                ext_debug("first extent in the leaf: %d:%llu:[%d]%d\n",
                                le32_to_cpu(newext->ee_block),
                                ext4_ext_pblock(newext),
                                ext4_ext_is_uninitialized(newext),
                                ext4_ext_get_actual_len(newext));
                path[depth].p_ext = EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(eh);
        } else if (le32_to_cpu(newext->ee_block)
                           > le32_to_cpu(nearex->ee_block)) {
/*              BUG_ON(newext->ee_block == nearex->ee_block); */
                if (nearex != EXT_LAST_EXTENT(eh)) {
                        len = EXT_MAX_EXTENT(eh) - nearex;
                        len = (len - 1) * sizeof(struct ext4_extent);
                        len = len < 0 ? 0 : len;
                        ext_debug("insert %d:%llu:[%d]%d after: nearest 0x%p, "
                                        "move %d from 0x%p to 0x%p\n",
                                        le32_to_cpu(newext->ee_block),
                                        ext4_ext_pblock(newext),
                                        ext4_ext_is_uninitialized(newext),
                                        ext4_ext_get_actual_len(newext),
                                        nearex, len, nearex + 1, nearex + 2);
                        memmove(nearex + 2, nearex + 1, len);
                }
                path[depth].p_ext = nearex + 1;
        } else {
                BUG_ON(newext->ee_block == nearex->ee_block);
                len = (EXT_MAX_EXTENT(eh) - nearex) * sizeof(struct ext4_extent);
                len = len < 0 ? 0 : len;
                ext_debug("insert %d:%llu:[%d]%d before: nearest 0x%p, "
                                "move %d from 0x%p to 0x%p\n",
                                le32_to_cpu(newext->ee_block),
                                ext4_ext_pblock(newext),
                                ext4_ext_is_uninitialized(newext),
                                ext4_ext_get_actual_len(newext),
                                nearex, len, nearex, nearex + 1);
                memmove(nearex + 1, nearex, len);
                path[depth].p_ext = nearex;
        }

        le16_add_cpu(&eh->eh_entries, 1);
        nearex = path[depth].p_ext;
        nearex->ee_block = newext->ee_block;
        ext4_ext_store_pblock(nearex, ext4_ext_pblock(newext));
        nearex->ee_len = newext->ee_len;

merge:
        /* try to merge extents to the right */
        if (!(flag & EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_PRE_IO))
                ext4_ext_try_to_merge(inode, path, nearex);

        /* try to merge extents to the left */

        /* time to correct all indexes above */
        err = ext4_ext_correct_indexes(handle, inode, path);
        if (err)
                goto cleanup;

        err = ext4_ext_dirty(handle, inode, path + depth);

cleanup:
        if (npath) {
                ext4_ext_drop_refs(npath);
                kfree(npath);
        }
        ext4_ext_invalidate_cache(inode);
        return err;
}

static int ext4_ext_walk_space(struct inode *inode, ext4_lblk_t block,
                               ext4_lblk_t num, ext_prepare_callback func,
                               void *cbdata)
{
        struct ext4_ext_path *path = NULL;
        struct ext4_ext_cache cbex;
        struct ext4_extent *ex;
        ext4_lblk_t next, start = 0, end = 0;
        ext4_lblk_t last = block + num;
        int depth, exists, err = 0;

        BUG_ON(func == NULL);
        BUG_ON(inode == NULL);

        while (block < last && block != EXT_MAX_BLOCKS) {
                num = last - block;
                /* find extent for this block */
                down_read(&EXT4_I(inode)->i_data_sem);
                path = ext4_ext_find_extent(inode, block, path);
                up_read(&EXT4_I(inode)->i_data_sem);
                if (IS_ERR(path)) {
                        err = PTR_ERR(path);
                        path = NULL;
                        break;
                }

                depth = ext_depth(inode);
                if (unlikely(path[depth].p_hdr == NULL)) {
                        EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode, "path[%d].p_hdr == NULL", depth);
                        err = -EIO;
                        break;
                }
                ex = path[depth].p_ext;
                next = ext4_ext_next_allocated_block(path);

                exists = 0;
                if (!ex) {
                        /* there is no extent yet, so try to allocate
                         * all requested space */
                        start = block;
                        end = block + num;
                } else if (le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block) > block) {
                        /* need to allocate space before found extent */
                        start = block;
                        end = le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block);
                        if (block + num < end)
                                end = block + num;
                } else if (block >= le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block)
                                        + ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex)) {
                        /* need to allocate space after found extent */
                        start = block;
                        end = block + num;
                        if (end >= next)
                                end = next;
                } else if (block >= le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block)) {
                        /*
                         * some part of requested space is covered
                         * by found extent
                         */
                        start = block;
                        end = le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block)
                                + ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex);
                        if (block + num < end)
                                end = block + num;
                        exists = 1;
                } else {
                        BUG();
                }
                BUG_ON(end <= start);

                if (!exists) {
                        cbex.ec_block = start;
                        cbex.ec_len = end - start;
                        cbex.ec_start = 0;
                } else {
                        cbex.ec_block = le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block);
                        cbex.ec_len = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex);
                        cbex.ec_start = ext4_ext_pblock(ex);
                }

                if (unlikely(cbex.ec_len == 0)) {
                        EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode, "cbex.ec_len == 0");
                        err = -EIO;
                        break;
                }
                err = func(inode, next, &cbex, ex, cbdata);
                ext4_ext_drop_refs(path);

                if (err < 0)
                        break;

                if (err == EXT_REPEAT)
                        continue;
                else if (err == EXT_BREAK) {
                        err = 0;
                        break;
                }

                if (ext_depth(inode) != depth) {
                        /* depth was changed. we have to realloc path */
                        kfree(path);
                        path = NULL;
                }

                block = cbex.ec_block + cbex.ec_len;
        }

        if (path) {
                ext4_ext_drop_refs(path);
                kfree(path);
        }

        return err;
}

static void
ext4_ext_put_in_cache(struct inode *inode, ext4_lblk_t block,
                        __u32 len, ext4_fsblk_t start)
{
        struct ext4_ext_cache *cex;
        BUG_ON(len == 0);
        spin_lock(&EXT4_I(inode)->i_block_reservation_lock);
        cex = &EXT4_I(inode)->i_cached_extent;
        cex->ec_block = block;
        cex->ec_len = len;
        cex->ec_start = start;
        spin_unlock(&EXT4_I(inode)->i_block_reservation_lock);
}

/*
 * ext4_ext_put_gap_in_cache:
 * calculate boundaries of the gap that the requested block fits into
 * and cache this gap
 */
static void
ext4_ext_put_gap_in_cache(struct inode *inode, struct ext4_ext_path *path,
                                ext4_lblk_t block)
{
        int depth = ext_depth(inode);
        unsigned long len;
        ext4_lblk_t lblock;
        struct ext4_extent *ex;

        ex = path[depth].p_ext;
        if (ex == NULL) {
                /* there is no extent yet, so gap is [0;-] */
                lblock = 0;
                len = EXT_MAX_BLOCKS;
                ext_debug("cache gap(whole file):");
        } else if (block < le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block)) {
                lblock = block;
                len = le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block) - block;
                ext_debug("cache gap(before): %u [%u:%u]",
                                block,
                                le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block),
                                 ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex));
        } else if (block >= le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block)
                        + ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex)) {
                ext4_lblk_t next;
                lblock = le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block)
                        + ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex);

                next = ext4_ext_next_allocated_block(path);
                ext_debug("cache gap(after): [%u:%u] %u",
                                le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block),
                                ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex),
                                block);
                BUG_ON(next == lblock);
                len = next - lblock;
        } else {
                lblock = len = 0;
                BUG();
        }

        ext_debug(" -> %u:%lu\n", lblock, len);
        ext4_ext_put_in_cache(inode, lblock, len, 0);
}

/*
 * ext4_ext_check_cache()
 * Checks to see if the given block is in the cache.
 * If it is, the cached extent is stored in the given
 * cache extent pointer.  If the cached extent is a hole,
 * this routine should be used instead of
 * ext4_ext_in_cache if the calling function needs to
 * know the size of the hole.
 *
 * @inode: The files inode
 * @block: The block to look for in the cache
 * @ex:    Pointer where the cached extent will be stored
 *         if it contains block
 *
 * Return 0 if cache is invalid; 1 if the cache is valid
 */
static int ext4_ext_check_cache(struct inode *inode, ext4_lblk_t block,
        struct ext4_ext_cache *ex){
        struct ext4_ext_cache *cex;
        struct ext4_sb_info *sbi;
        int ret = 0;

        /*
         * We borrow i_block_reservation_lock to protect i_cached_extent
         */
        spin_lock(&EXT4_I(inode)->i_block_reservation_lock);
        cex = &EXT4_I(inode)->i_cached_extent;
        sbi = EXT4_SB(inode->i_sb);

        /* has cache valid data? */
        if (cex->ec_len == 0)
                goto errout;

        if (in_range(block, cex->ec_block, cex->ec_len)) {
                memcpy(ex, cex, sizeof(struct ext4_ext_cache));
                ext_debug("%u cached by %u:%u:%llu\n",
                                block,
                                cex->ec_block, cex->ec_len, cex->ec_start);
                ret = 1;
        }
errout:
        if (!ret)
                sbi->extent_cache_misses++;
        else
                sbi->extent_cache_hits++;
        spin_unlock(&EXT4_I(inode)->i_block_reservation_lock);
        return ret;
}

/*
 * ext4_ext_in_cache()
 * Checks to see if the given block is in the cache.
 * If it is, the cached extent is stored in the given
 * extent pointer.
 *
 * @inode: The files inode
 * @block: The block to look for in the cache
 * @ex:    Pointer where the cached extent will be stored
 *         if it contains block
 *
 * Return 0 if cache is invalid; 1 if the cache is valid
 */
static int
ext4_ext_in_cache(struct inode *inode, ext4_lblk_t block,
                        struct ext4_extent *ex)
{
        struct ext4_ext_cache cex;
        int ret = 0;

        if (ext4_ext_check_cache(inode, block, &cex)) {
                ex->ee_block = cpu_to_le32(cex.ec_block);
                ext4_ext_store_pblock(ex, cex.ec_start);
                ex->ee_len = cpu_to_le16(cex.ec_len);
                ret = 1;
        }

        return ret;
}


/*
 * ext4_ext_rm_idx:
 * removes index from the index block.
 */
static int ext4_ext_rm_idx(handle_t *handle, struct inode *inode,
                        struct ext4_ext_path *path)
{
        int err;
        ext4_fsblk_t leaf;

        /* free index block */
        path--;
        leaf = ext4_idx_pblock(path->p_idx);
        if (unlikely(path->p_hdr->eh_entries == 0)) {
                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode, "path->p_hdr->eh_entries == 0");
                return -EIO;
        }
        err = ext4_ext_get_access(handle, inode, path);
        if (err)
                return err;

        if (path->p_idx != EXT_LAST_INDEX(path->p_hdr)) {
                int len = EXT_LAST_INDEX(path->p_hdr) - path->p_idx;
                len *= sizeof(struct ext4_extent_idx);
                memmove(path->p_idx, path->p_idx + 1, len);
        }

        le16_add_cpu(&path->p_hdr->eh_entries, -1);
        err = ext4_ext_dirty(handle, inode, path);
        if (err)
                return err;
        ext_debug("index is empty, remove it, free block %llu\n", leaf);
        ext4_free_blocks(handle, inode, NULL, leaf, 1,
                         EXT4_FREE_BLOCKS_METADATA | EXT4_FREE_BLOCKS_FORGET);
        return err;
}

/*
 * ext4_ext_calc_credits_for_single_extent:
 * This routine returns max. credits that needed to insert an extent
 * to the extent tree.
 * When pass the actual path, the caller should calculate credits
 * under i_data_sem.
 */
int ext4_ext_calc_credits_for_single_extent(struct inode *inode, int nrblocks,
                                                struct ext4_ext_path *path)
{
        if (path) {
                int depth = ext_depth(inode);
                int ret = 0;

                /* probably there is space in leaf? */
                if (le16_to_cpu(path[depth].p_hdr->eh_entries)
                                < le16_to_cpu(path[depth].p_hdr->eh_max)) {

                        /*
                         *  There are some space in the leaf tree, no
                         *  need to account for leaf block credit
                         *
                         *  bitmaps and block group descriptor blocks
                         *  and other metadat blocks still need to be
                         *  accounted.
                         */
                        /* 1 bitmap, 1 block group descriptor */
                        ret = 2 + EXT4_META_TRANS_BLOCKS(inode->i_sb);
                        return ret;
                }
        }

        return ext4_chunk_trans_blocks(inode, nrblocks);
}

/*
 * How many index/leaf blocks need to change/allocate to modify nrblocks?
 *
 * if nrblocks are fit in a single extent (chunk flag is 1), then
 * in the worse case, each tree level index/leaf need to be changed
 * if the tree split due to insert a new extent, then the old tree
 * index/leaf need to be updated too
 *
 * If the nrblocks are discontiguous, they could cause
 * the whole tree split more than once, but this is really rare.
 */
int ext4_ext_index_trans_blocks(struct inode *inode, int nrblocks, int chunk)
{
        int index;
        int depth = ext_depth(inode);

        if (chunk)
                index = depth * 2;
        else
                index = depth * 3;

        return index;
}

static int ext4_remove_blocks(handle_t *handle, struct inode *inode,
                                struct ext4_extent *ex,
                                ext4_lblk_t from, ext4_lblk_t to)
{
        unsigned short ee_len =  ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex);
        int flags = EXT4_FREE_BLOCKS_FORGET;

        if (S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode) || S_ISLNK(inode->i_mode))
                flags |= EXT4_FREE_BLOCKS_METADATA;
#ifdef EXTENTS_STATS
        {
                struct ext4_sb_info *sbi = EXT4_SB(inode->i_sb);
                spin_lock(&sbi->s_ext_stats_lock);
                sbi->s_ext_blocks += ee_len;
                sbi->s_ext_extents++;
                if (ee_len < sbi->s_ext_min)
                        sbi->s_ext_min = ee_len;
                if (ee_len > sbi->s_ext_max)
                        sbi->s_ext_max = ee_len;
                if (ext_depth(inode) > sbi->s_depth_max)
                        sbi->s_depth_max = ext_depth(inode);
                spin_unlock(&sbi->s_ext_stats_lock);
        }
#endif
        if (from >= le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block)
            && to == le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block) + ee_len - 1) {
                /* tail removal */
                ext4_lblk_t num;
                ext4_fsblk_t start;

                num = le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block) + ee_len - from;
                start = ext4_ext_pblock(ex) + ee_len - num;
                ext_debug("free last %u blocks starting %llu\n", num, start);
                ext4_free_blocks(handle, inode, NULL, start, num, flags);
        } else if (from == le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block)
                   && to <= le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block) + ee_len - 1) {
                /* head removal */
                ext4_lblk_t num;
                ext4_fsblk_t start;

                num = to - from;
                start = ext4_ext_pblock(ex);

                ext_debug("free first %u blocks starting %llu\n", num, start);
                ext4_free_blocks(handle, inode, 0, start, num, flags);

        } else {
                printk(KERN_INFO "strange request: removal(2) "
                                "%u-%u from %u:%u\n",
                                from, to, le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block), ee_len);
        }
        return 0;
}


/*
 * ext4_ext_rm_leaf() Removes the extents associated with the
 * blocks appearing between "start" and "end", and splits the extents
 * if "start" and "end" appear in the same extent
 *
 * @handle: The journal handle
 * @inode:  The files inode
 * @path:   The path to the leaf
 * @start:  The first block to remove
 * @end:   The last block to remove
 */
static int
ext4_ext_rm_leaf(handle_t *handle, struct inode *inode,
                struct ext4_ext_path *path, ext4_lblk_t start,
                ext4_lblk_t end)
{
        int err = 0, correct_index = 0;
        int depth = ext_depth(inode), credits;
        struct ext4_extent_header *eh;
        ext4_lblk_t a, b, block;
        unsigned num;
        ext4_lblk_t ex_ee_block;
        unsigned short ex_ee_len;
        unsigned uninitialized = 0;
        struct ext4_extent *ex;
        struct ext4_map_blocks map;

        /* the header must be checked already in ext4_ext_remove_space() */
        ext_debug("truncate since %u in leaf\n", start);
        if (!path[depth].p_hdr)
                path[depth].p_hdr = ext_block_hdr(path[depth].p_bh);
        eh = path[depth].p_hdr;
        if (unlikely(path[depth].p_hdr == NULL)) {
                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode, "path[%d].p_hdr == NULL", depth);
                return -EIO;
        }
        /* find where to start removing */
        ex = EXT_LAST_EXTENT(eh);

        ex_ee_block = le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block);
        ex_ee_len = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex);

        while (ex >= EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(eh) &&
                        ex_ee_block + ex_ee_len > start) {

                if (ext4_ext_is_uninitialized(ex))
                        uninitialized = 1;
                else
                        uninitialized = 0;

                ext_debug("remove ext %u:[%d]%d\n", ex_ee_block,
                         uninitialized, ex_ee_len);
                path[depth].p_ext = ex;

                a = ex_ee_block > start ? ex_ee_block : start;
                b = ex_ee_block+ex_ee_len - 1 < end ?
                        ex_ee_block+ex_ee_len - 1 : end;

                ext_debug("  border %u:%u\n", a, b);

                /* If this extent is beyond the end of the hole, skip it */
                if (end <= ex_ee_block) {
                        ex--;
                        ex_ee_block = le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block);
                        ex_ee_len = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex);
                        continue;
                } else if (a != ex_ee_block &&
                        b != ex_ee_block + ex_ee_len - 1) {
                        /*
                         * If this is a truncate, then this condition should
                         * never happen because at least one of the end points
                         * needs to be on the edge of the extent.
                         */
                        if (end == EXT_MAX_BLOCKS - 1) {
                                ext_debug("  bad truncate %u:%u\n",
                                                start, end);
                                block = 0;
                                num = 0;
                                err = -EIO;
                                goto out;
                        }
                        /*
                         * else this is a hole punch, so the extent needs to
                         * be split since neither edge of the hole is on the
                         * extent edge
                         */
                        else{
                                map.m_pblk = ext4_ext_pblock(ex);
                                map.m_lblk = ex_ee_block;
                                map.m_len = b - ex_ee_block;

                                err = ext4_split_extent(handle,
                                        inode, path, &map, 0,
                                        EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_PUNCH_OUT_EXT |
                                        EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_PRE_IO);

                                if (err < 0)
                                        goto out;

                                ex_ee_len = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex);

                                b = ex_ee_block+ex_ee_len - 1 < end ?
                                        ex_ee_block+ex_ee_len - 1 : end;

                                /* Then remove tail of this extent */
                                block = ex_ee_block;
                                num = a - block;
                        }
                } else if (a != ex_ee_block) {
                        /* remove tail of the extent */
                        block = ex_ee_block;
                        num = a - block;
                } else if (b != ex_ee_block + ex_ee_len - 1) {
                        /* remove head of the extent */
                        block = b;
                        num =  ex_ee_block + ex_ee_len - b;

                        /*
                         * If this is a truncate, this condition
                         * should never happen
                         */
                        if (end == EXT_MAX_BLOCKS - 1) {
                                ext_debug("  bad truncate %u:%u\n",
                                        start, end);
                                err = -EIO;
                                goto out;
                        }
                } else {
                        /* remove whole extent: excellent! */
                        block = ex_ee_block;
                        num = 0;
                        if (a != ex_ee_block) {
                                ext_debug("  bad truncate %u:%u\n",
                                        start, end);
                                err = -EIO;
                                goto out;
                        }

                        if (b != ex_ee_block + ex_ee_len - 1) {
                                ext_debug("  bad truncate %u:%u\n",
                                        start, end);
                                err = -EIO;
                                goto out;
                        }
                }

                /*
                 * 3 for leaf, sb, and inode plus 2 (bmap and group
                 * descriptor) for each block group; assume two block
                 * groups plus ex_ee_len/blocks_per_block_group for
                 * the worst case
                 */
                credits = 7 + 2*(ex_ee_len/EXT4_BLOCKS_PER_GROUP(inode->i_sb));
                if (ex == EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(eh)) {
                        correct_index = 1;
                        credits += (ext_depth(inode)) + 1;
                }
                credits += EXT4_MAXQUOTAS_TRANS_BLOCKS(inode->i_sb);

                err = ext4_ext_truncate_extend_restart(handle, inode, credits);
                if (err)
                        goto out;

                err = ext4_ext_get_access(handle, inode, path + depth);
                if (err)
                        goto out;

                err = ext4_remove_blocks(handle, inode, ex, a, b);
                if (err)
                        goto out;

                if (num == 0) {
                        /* this extent is removed; mark slot entirely unused */
                        ext4_ext_store_pblock(ex, 0);
                } else if (block != ex_ee_block) {
                        /*
                         * If this was a head removal, then we need to update
                         * the physical block since it is now at a different
                         * location
                         */
                        ext4_ext_store_pblock(ex, ext4_ext_pblock(ex) + (b-a));
                }

                ex->ee_block = cpu_to_le32(block);
                ex->ee_len = cpu_to_le16(num);
                /*
                 * Do not mark uninitialized if all the blocks in the
                 * extent have been removed.
                 */
                if (uninitialized && num)
                        ext4_ext_mark_uninitialized(ex);

                err = ext4_ext_dirty(handle, inode, path + depth);
                if (err)
                        goto out;

                /*
                 * If the extent was completely released,
                 * we need to remove it from the leaf
                 */
                if (num == 0) {
                        if (end != EXT_MAX_BLOCKS - 1) {
                                /*
                                 * For hole punching, we need to scoot all the
                                 * extents up when an extent is removed so that
                                 * we dont have blank extents in the middle
                                 */
                                memmove(ex, ex+1, (EXT_LAST_EXTENT(eh) - ex) *
                                        sizeof(struct ext4_extent));

                                /* Now get rid of the one at the end */
                                memset(EXT_LAST_EXTENT(eh), 0,
                                        sizeof(struct ext4_extent));
                        }
                        le16_add_cpu(&eh->eh_entries, -1);
                }

                ext_debug("new extent: %u:%u:%llu\n", block, num,
                                ext4_ext_pblock(ex));
                ex--;
                ex_ee_block = le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block);
                ex_ee_len = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex);
        }

        if (correct_index && eh->eh_entries)
                err = ext4_ext_correct_indexes(handle, inode, path);

        /* if this leaf is free, then we should
         * remove it from index block above */
        if (err == 0 && eh->eh_entries == 0 && path[depth].p_bh != NULL)
                err = ext4_ext_rm_idx(handle, inode, path + depth);

out:
        return err;
}

/*
 * ext4_ext_more_to_rm:
 * returns 1 if current index has to be freed (even partial)
 */
static int
ext4_ext_more_to_rm(struct ext4_ext_path *path)
{
        BUG_ON(path->p_idx == NULL);

        if (path->p_idx < EXT_FIRST_INDEX(path->p_hdr))
                return 0;

        /*
         * if truncate on deeper level happened, it wasn't partial,
         * so we have to consider current index for truncation
         */
        if (le16_to_cpu(path->p_hdr->eh_entries) == path->p_block)
                return 0;
        return 1;
}

static int ext4_ext_remove_space(struct inode *inode, ext4_lblk_t start)
{
        struct super_block *sb = inode->i_sb;
        int depth = ext_depth(inode);
        struct ext4_ext_path *path;
        handle_t *handle;
        int i, err;

        ext_debug("truncate since %u\n", start);

        /* probably first extent we're gonna free will be last in block */
        handle = ext4_journal_start(inode, depth + 1);
        if (IS_ERR(handle))
                return PTR_ERR(handle);

again:
        ext4_ext_invalidate_cache(inode);

        /*
         * We start scanning from right side, freeing all the blocks
         * after i_size and walking into the tree depth-wise.
         */
        depth = ext_depth(inode);
        path = kzalloc(sizeof(struct ext4_ext_path) * (depth + 1), GFP_NOFS);
        if (path == NULL) {
                ext4_journal_stop(handle);
                return -ENOMEM;
        }
        path[0].p_depth = depth;
        path[0].p_hdr = ext_inode_hdr(inode);
        if (ext4_ext_check(inode, path[0].p_hdr, depth)) {
                err = -EIO;
                goto out;
        }
        i = err = 0;

        while (i >= 0 && err == 0) {
                if (i == depth) {
                        /* this is leaf block */
                        err = ext4_ext_rm_leaf(handle, inode, path,
                                        start, EXT_MAX_BLOCKS - 1);
                        /* root level has p_bh == NULL, brelse() eats this */
                        brelse(path[i].p_bh);
                        path[i].p_bh = NULL;
                        i--;
                        continue;
                }

                /* this is index block */
                if (!path[i].p_hdr) {
                        ext_debug("initialize header\n");
                        path[i].p_hdr = ext_block_hdr(path[i].p_bh);
                }

                if (!path[i].p_idx) {
                        /* this level hasn't been touched yet */
                        path[i].p_idx = EXT_LAST_INDEX(path[i].p_hdr);
                        path[i].p_block = le16_to_cpu(path[i].p_hdr->eh_entries)+1;
                        ext_debug("init index ptr: hdr 0x%p, num %d\n",
                                  path[i].p_hdr,
                                  le16_to_cpu(path[i].p_hdr->eh_entries));
                } else {
                        /* we were already here, see at next index */
                        path[i].p_idx--;
                }

                ext_debug("level %d - index, first 0x%p, cur 0x%p\n",
                                i, EXT_FIRST_INDEX(path[i].p_hdr),
                                path[i].p_idx);
                if (ext4_ext_more_to_rm(path + i)) {
                        struct buffer_head *bh;
                        /* go to the next level */
                        ext_debug("move to level %d (block %llu)\n",
                                  i + 1, ext4_idx_pblock(path[i].p_idx));
                        memset(path + i + 1, 0, sizeof(*path));
                        bh = sb_bread(sb, ext4_idx_pblock(path[i].p_idx));
                        if (!bh) {
                                /* should we reset i_size? */
                                err = -EIO;
                                break;
                        }
                        if (WARN_ON(i + 1 > depth)) {
                                err = -EIO;
                                break;
                        }
                        if (ext4_ext_check(inode, ext_block_hdr(bh),
                                                        depth - i - 1)) {
                                err = -EIO;
                                break;
                        }
                        path[i + 1].p_bh = bh;

                        /* save actual number of indexes since this
                         * number is changed at the next iteration */
                        path[i].p_block = le16_to_cpu(path[i].p_hdr->eh_entries);
                        i++;
                } else {
                        /* we finished processing this index, go up */
                        if (path[i].p_hdr->eh_entries == 0 && i > 0) {
                                /* index is empty, remove it;
                                 * handle must be already prepared by the
                                 * truncatei_leaf() */
                                err = ext4_ext_rm_idx(handle, inode, path + i);
                        }
                        /* root level has p_bh == NULL, brelse() eats this */
                        brelse(path[i].p_bh);
                        path[i].p_bh = NULL;
                        i--;
                        ext_debug("return to level %d\n", i);
                }
        }

        /* TODO: flexible tree reduction should be here */
        if (path->p_hdr->eh_entries == 0) {
                /*
                 * truncate to zero freed all the tree,
                 * so we need to correct eh_depth
                 */
                err = ext4_ext_get_access(handle, inode, path);
                if (err == 0) {
                        ext_inode_hdr(inode)->eh_depth = 0;
                        ext_inode_hdr(inode)->eh_max =
                                cpu_to_le16(ext4_ext_space_root(inode, 0));
                        err = ext4_ext_dirty(handle, inode, path);
                }
        }
out:
        ext4_ext_drop_refs(path);
        kfree(path);
        if (err == -EAGAIN)
                goto again;
        ext4_journal_stop(handle);

        return err;
}

/*
 * called at mount time
 */
void ext4_ext_init(struct super_block *sb)
{
        /*
         * possible initialization would be here
         */

        if (EXT4_HAS_INCOMPAT_FEATURE(sb, EXT4_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_EXTENTS)) {
#if defined(AGGRESSIVE_TEST) || defined(CHECK_BINSEARCH) || defined(EXTENTS_STATS)
                printk(KERN_INFO "EXT4-fs: file extents enabled");
#ifdef AGGRESSIVE_TEST
                printk(", aggressive tests");
#endif
#ifdef CHECK_BINSEARCH
                printk(", check binsearch");
#endif
#ifdef EXTENTS_STATS
                printk(", stats");
#endif
                printk("\n");
#endif
#ifdef EXTENTS_STATS
                spin_lock_init(&EXT4_SB(sb)->s_ext_stats_lock);
                EXT4_SB(sb)->s_ext_min = 1 << 30;
                EXT4_SB(sb)->s_ext_max = 0;
#endif
        }
}

/*
 * called at umount time
 */
void ext4_ext_release(struct super_block *sb)
{
        if (!EXT4_HAS_INCOMPAT_FEATURE(sb, EXT4_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_EXTENTS))
                return;

#ifdef EXTENTS_STATS
        if (EXT4_SB(sb)->s_ext_blocks && EXT4_SB(sb)->s_ext_extents) {
                struct ext4_sb_info *sbi = EXT4_SB(sb);
                printk(KERN_ERR "EXT4-fs: %lu blocks in %lu extents (%lu ave)\n",
                        sbi->s_ext_blocks, sbi->s_ext_extents,
                        sbi->s_ext_blocks / sbi->s_ext_extents);
                printk(KERN_ERR "EXT4-fs: extents: %lu min, %lu max, max depth %lu\n",
                        sbi->s_ext_min, sbi->s_ext_max, sbi->s_depth_max);
        }
#endif
}

/* FIXME!! we need to try to merge to left or right after zero-out  */
static int ext4_ext_zeroout(struct inode *inode, struct ext4_extent *ex)
{
        ext4_fsblk_t ee_pblock;
        unsigned int ee_len;
        int ret;

        ee_len    = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex);
        ee_pblock = ext4_ext_pblock(ex);

        ret = sb_issue_zeroout(inode->i_sb, ee_pblock, ee_len, GFP_NOFS);
        if (ret > 0)
                ret = 0;

        return ret;
}

/*
 * used by extent splitting.
 */
#define EXT4_EXT_MAY_ZEROOUT    0x1  /* safe to zeroout if split fails \
                                        due to ENOSPC */
#define EXT4_EXT_MARK_UNINIT1   0x2  /* mark first half uninitialized */
#define EXT4_EXT_MARK_UNINIT2   0x4  /* mark second half uninitialized */

/*
 * ext4_split_extent_at() splits an extent at given block.
 *
 * @handle: the journal handle
 * @inode: the file inode
 * @path: the path to the extent
 * @split: the logical block where the extent is splitted.
 * @split_flags: indicates if the extent could be zeroout if split fails, and
 *               the states(init or uninit) of new extents.
 * @flags: flags used to insert new extent to extent tree.
 *
 *
 * Splits extent [a, b] into two extents [a, @split) and [@split, b], states
 * of which are deterimined by split_flag.
 *
 * There are two cases:
 *  a> the extent are splitted into two extent.
 *  b> split is not needed, and just mark the extent.
 *
 * return 0 on success.
 */
static int ext4_split_extent_at(handle_t *handle,
                             struct inode *inode,
                             struct ext4_ext_path *path,
                             ext4_lblk_t split,
                             int split_flag,
                             int flags)
{
        ext4_fsblk_t newblock;
        ext4_lblk_t ee_block;
        struct ext4_extent *ex, newex, orig_ex;
        struct ext4_extent *ex2 = NULL;
        unsigned int ee_len, depth;
        int err = 0;

        ext_debug("ext4_split_extents_at: inode %lu, logical"
                "block %llu\n", inode->i_ino, (unsigned long long)split);

        ext4_ext_show_leaf(inode, path);

        depth = ext_depth(inode);
        ex = path[depth].p_ext;
        ee_block = le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block);
        ee_len = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex);
        newblock = split - ee_block + ext4_ext_pblock(ex);

        BUG_ON(split < ee_block || split >= (ee_block + ee_len));

        err = ext4_ext_get_access(handle, inode, path + depth);
        if (err)
                goto out;

        if (split == ee_block) {
                /*
                 * case b: block @split is the block that the extent begins with
                 * then we just change the state of the extent, and splitting
                 * is not needed.
                 */
                if (split_flag & EXT4_EXT_MARK_UNINIT2)
                        ext4_ext_mark_uninitialized(ex);
                else
                        ext4_ext_mark_initialized(ex);

                if (!(flags & EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_PRE_IO))
                        ext4_ext_try_to_merge(inode, path, ex);

                err = ext4_ext_dirty(handle, inode, path + depth);
                goto out;
        }

        /* case a */
        memcpy(&orig_ex, ex, sizeof(orig_ex));
        ex->ee_len = cpu_to_le16(split - ee_block);
        if (split_flag & EXT4_EXT_MARK_UNINIT1)
                ext4_ext_mark_uninitialized(ex);

        /*
         * path may lead to new leaf, not to original leaf any more
         * after ext4_ext_insert_extent() returns,
         */
        err = ext4_ext_dirty(handle, inode, path + depth);
        if (err)
                goto fix_extent_len;

        ex2 = &newex;
        ex2->ee_block = cpu_to_le32(split);
        ex2->ee_len   = cpu_to_le16(ee_len - (split - ee_block));
        ext4_ext_store_pblock(ex2, newblock);
        if (split_flag & EXT4_EXT_MARK_UNINIT2)
                ext4_ext_mark_uninitialized(ex2);

        err = ext4_ext_insert_extent(handle, inode, path, &newex, flags);
        if (err == -ENOSPC && (EXT4_EXT_MAY_ZEROOUT & split_flag)) {
                err = ext4_ext_zeroout(inode, &orig_ex);
                if (err)
                        goto fix_extent_len;
                /* update the extent length and mark as initialized */
                ex->ee_len = cpu_to_le32(ee_len);
                ext4_ext_try_to_merge(inode, path, ex);
                err = ext4_ext_dirty(handle, inode, path + depth);
                goto out;
        } else if (err)
                goto fix_extent_len;

out:
        ext4_ext_show_leaf(inode, path);
        return err;

fix_extent_len:
        ex->ee_len = orig_ex.ee_len;
        ext4_ext_dirty(handle, inode, path + depth);
        return err;
}

/*
 * ext4_split_extents() splits an extent and mark extent which is covered
 * by @map as split_flags indicates
 *
 * It may result in splitting the extent into multiple extents (upto three)
 * There are three possibilities:
 *   a> There is no split required
 *   b> Splits in two extents: Split is happening at either end of the extent
 *   c> Splits in three extents: Somone is splitting in middle of the extent
 *
 */
static int ext4_split_extent(handle_t *handle,
                              struct inode *inode,
                              struct ext4_ext_path *path,
                              struct ext4_map_blocks *map,
                              int split_flag,
                              int flags)
{
        ext4_lblk_t ee_block;
        struct ext4_extent *ex;
        unsigned int ee_len, depth;
        int err = 0;
        int uninitialized;
        int split_flag1, flags1;

        depth = ext_depth(inode);
        ex = path[depth].p_ext;
        ee_block = le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block);
        ee_len = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex);
        uninitialized = ext4_ext_is_uninitialized(ex);

        if (map->m_lblk + map->m_len < ee_block + ee_len) {
                split_flag1 = split_flag & EXT4_EXT_MAY_ZEROOUT ?
                              EXT4_EXT_MAY_ZEROOUT : 0;
                flags1 = flags | EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_PRE_IO;
                if (uninitialized)
                        split_flag1 |= EXT4_EXT_MARK_UNINIT1 |
                                       EXT4_EXT_MARK_UNINIT2;
                err = ext4_split_extent_at(handle, inode, path,
                                map->m_lblk + map->m_len, split_flag1, flags1);
                if (err)
                        goto out;
        }

        ext4_ext_drop_refs(path);
        path = ext4_ext_find_extent(inode, map->m_lblk, path);
        if (IS_ERR(path))
                return PTR_ERR(path);

        if (map->m_lblk >= ee_block) {
                split_flag1 = split_flag & EXT4_EXT_MAY_ZEROOUT ?
                              EXT4_EXT_MAY_ZEROOUT : 0;
                if (uninitialized)
                        split_flag1 |= EXT4_EXT_MARK_UNINIT1;
                if (split_flag & EXT4_EXT_MARK_UNINIT2)
                        split_flag1 |= EXT4_EXT_MARK_UNINIT2;
                err = ext4_split_extent_at(handle, inode, path,
                                map->m_lblk, split_flag1, flags);
                if (err)
                        goto out;
        }

        ext4_ext_show_leaf(inode, path);
out:
        return err ? err : map->m_len;
}

#define EXT4_EXT_ZERO_LEN 7
/*
 * This function is called by ext4_ext_map_blocks() if someone tries to write
 * to an uninitialized extent. It may result in splitting the uninitialized
 * extent into multiple extents (up to three - one initialized and two
 * uninitialized).
 * There are three possibilities:
 *   a> There is no split required: Entire extent should be initialized
 *   b> Splits in two extents: Write is happening at either end of the extent
 *   c> Splits in three extents: Somone is writing in middle of the extent
 */
static int ext4_ext_convert_to_initialized(handle_t *handle,
                                           struct inode *inode,
                                           struct ext4_map_blocks *map,
                                           struct ext4_ext_path *path)
{
        struct ext4_map_blocks split_map;
        struct ext4_extent zero_ex;
        struct ext4_extent *ex;
        ext4_lblk_t ee_block, eof_block;
        unsigned int allocated, ee_len, depth;
        int err = 0;
        int split_flag = 0;

        ext_debug("ext4_ext_convert_to_initialized: inode %lu, logical"
                "block %llu, max_blocks %u\n", inode->i_ino,
                (unsigned long long)map->m_lblk, map->m_len);

        eof_block = (inode->i_size + inode->i_sb->s_blocksize - 1) >>
                inode->i_sb->s_blocksize_bits;
        if (eof_block < map->m_lblk + map->m_len)
                eof_block = map->m_lblk + map->m_len;

        depth = ext_depth(inode);
        ex = path[depth].p_ext;
        ee_block = le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block);
        ee_len = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex);
        allocated = ee_len - (map->m_lblk - ee_block);

        WARN_ON(map->m_lblk < ee_block);
        /*
         * It is safe to convert extent to initialized via explicit
         * zeroout only if extent is fully insde i_size or new_size.
         */
        split_flag |= ee_block + ee_len <= eof_block ? EXT4_EXT_MAY_ZEROOUT : 0;

        /* If extent has less than 2*EXT4_EXT_ZERO_LEN zerout directly */
        if (ee_len <= 2*EXT4_EXT_ZERO_LEN &&
            (EXT4_EXT_MAY_ZEROOUT & split_flag)) {
                err = ext4_ext_zeroout(inode, ex);
                if (err)
                        goto out;

                err = ext4_ext_get_access(handle, inode, path + depth);
                if (err)
                        goto out;
                ext4_ext_mark_initialized(ex);
                ext4_ext_try_to_merge(inode, path, ex);
                err = ext4_ext_dirty(handle, inode, path + depth);
                goto out;
        }

        /*
         * four cases:
         * 1. split the extent into three extents.
         * 2. split the extent into two extents, zeroout the first half.
         * 3. split the extent into two extents, zeroout the second half.
         * 4. split the extent into two extents with out zeroout.
         */
        split_map.m_lblk = map->m_lblk;
        split_map.m_len = map->m_len;

        if (allocated > map->m_len) {
                if (allocated <= EXT4_EXT_ZERO_LEN &&
                    (EXT4_EXT_MAY_ZEROOUT & split_flag)) {
                        /* case 3 */
                        zero_ex.ee_block =
                                         cpu_to_le32(map->m_lblk);
                        zero_ex.ee_len = cpu_to_le16(allocated);
                        ext4_ext_store_pblock(&zero_ex,
                                ext4_ext_pblock(ex) + map->m_lblk - ee_block);
                        err = ext4_ext_zeroout(inode, &zero_ex);
                        if (err)
                                goto out;
                        split_map.m_lblk = map->m_lblk;
                        split_map.m_len = allocated;
                } else if ((map->m_lblk - ee_block + map->m_len <
                           EXT4_EXT_ZERO_LEN) &&
                           (EXT4_EXT_MAY_ZEROOUT & split_flag)) {
                        /* case 2 */
                        if (map->m_lblk != ee_block) {
                                zero_ex.ee_block = ex->ee_block;
                                zero_ex.ee_len = cpu_to_le16(map->m_lblk -
                                                        ee_block);
                                ext4_ext_store_pblock(&zero_ex,
                                                      ext4_ext_pblock(ex));
                                err = ext4_ext_zeroout(inode, &zero_ex);
                                if (err)
                                        goto out;
                        }

                        split_map.m_lblk = ee_block;
                        split_map.m_len = map->m_lblk - ee_block + map->m_len;
                        allocated = map->m_len;
                }
        }

        allocated = ext4_split_extent(handle, inode, path,
                                       &split_map, split_flag, 0);
        if (allocated < 0)
                err = allocated;

out:
        return err ? err : allocated;
}

/*
 * This function is called by ext4_ext_map_blocks() from
 * ext4_get_blocks_dio_write() when DIO to write
 * to an uninitialized extent.
 *
 * Writing to an uninitialized extent may result in splitting the uninitialized
 * extent into multiple /initialized uninitialized extents (up to three)
 * There are three possibilities:
 *   a> There is no split required: Entire extent should be uninitialized
 *   b> Splits in two extents: Write is happening at either end of the extent
 *   c> Splits in three extents: Somone is writing in middle of the extent
 *
 * One of more index blocks maybe needed if the extent tree grow after
 * the uninitialized extent split. To prevent ENOSPC occur at the IO
 * complete, we need to split the uninitialized extent before DIO submit
 * the IO. The uninitialized extent called at this time will be split
 * into three uninitialized extent(at most). After IO complete, the part
 * being filled will be convert to initialized by the end_io callback function
 * via ext4_convert_unwritten_extents().
 *
 * Returns the size of uninitialized extent to be written on success.
 */
static int ext4_split_unwritten_extents(handle_t *handle,
                                        struct inode *inode,
                                        struct ext4_map_blocks *map,
                                        struct ext4_ext_path *path,
                                        int flags)
{
        ext4_lblk_t eof_block;
        ext4_lblk_t ee_block;
        struct ext4_extent *ex;
        unsigned int ee_len;
        int split_flag = 0, depth;

        ext_debug("ext4_split_unwritten_extents: inode %lu, logical"
                "block %llu, max_blocks %u\n", inode->i_ino,
                (unsigned long long)map->m_lblk, map->m_len);

        eof_block = (inode->i_size + inode->i_sb->s_blocksize - 1) >>
                inode->i_sb->s_blocksize_bits;
        if (eof_block < map->m_lblk + map->m_len)
                eof_block = map->m_lblk + map->m_len;
        /*
         * It is safe to convert extent to initialized via explicit
         * zeroout only if extent is fully insde i_size or new_size.
         */
        depth = ext_depth(inode);
        ex = path[depth].p_ext;
        ee_block = le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block);
        ee_len = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex);

        split_flag |= ee_block + ee_len <= eof_block ? EXT4_EXT_MAY_ZEROOUT : 0;
        split_flag |= EXT4_EXT_MARK_UNINIT2;

        flags |= EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_PRE_IO;
        return ext4_split_extent(handle, inode, path, map, split_flag, flags);
}

static int ext4_convert_unwritten_extents_endio(handle_t *handle,
                                              struct inode *inode,
                                              struct ext4_ext_path *path)
{
        struct ext4_extent *ex;
        int depth;
        int err = 0;

        depth = ext_depth(inode);
        ex = path[depth].p_ext;

        ext_debug("ext4_convert_unwritten_extents_endio: inode %lu, logical"
                "block %llu, max_blocks %u\n", inode->i_ino,
                (unsigned long long)le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block),
                ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex));

        err = ext4_ext_get_access(handle, inode, path + depth);
        if (err)
                goto out;
        /* first mark the extent as initialized */
        ext4_ext_mark_initialized(ex);

        /* note: ext4_ext_correct_indexes() isn't needed here because
         * borders are not changed
         */
        ext4_ext_try_to_merge(inode, path, ex);

        /* Mark modified extent as dirty */
        err = ext4_ext_dirty(handle, inode, path + depth);
out:
        ext4_ext_show_leaf(inode, path);
        return err;
}

static void unmap_underlying_metadata_blocks(struct block_device *bdev,
                        sector_t block, int count)
{
        int i;
        for (i = 0; i < count; i++)
                unmap_underlying_metadata(bdev, block + i);
}

/*
 * Handle EOFBLOCKS_FL flag, clearing it if necessary
 */
static int check_eofblocks_fl(handle_t *handle, struct inode *inode,
                              ext4_lblk_t lblk,
                              struct ext4_ext_path *path,
                              unsigned int len)
{
        int i, depth;
        struct ext4_extent_header *eh;
        struct ext4_extent *last_ex;

        if (!ext4_test_inode_flag(inode, EXT4_INODE_EOFBLOCKS))
                return 0;

        depth = ext_depth(inode);
        eh = path[depth].p_hdr;

        if (unlikely(!eh->eh_entries)) {
                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode, "eh->eh_entries == 0 and "
                                 "EOFBLOCKS_FL set");
                return -EIO;
        }
        last_ex = EXT_LAST_EXTENT(eh);
        /*
         * We should clear the EOFBLOCKS_FL flag if we are writing the
         * last block in the last extent in the file.  We test this by
         * first checking to see if the caller to
         * ext4_ext_get_blocks() was interested in the last block (or
         * a block beyond the last block) in the current extent.  If
         * this turns out to be false, we can bail out from this
         * function immediately.
         */
        if (lblk + len < le32_to_cpu(last_ex->ee_block) +
            ext4_ext_get_actual_len(last_ex))
                return 0;
        /*
         * If the caller does appear to be planning to write at or
         * beyond the end of the current extent, we then test to see
         * if the current extent is the last extent in the file, by
         * checking to make sure it was reached via the rightmost node
         * at each level of the tree.
         */
        for (i = depth-1; i >= 0; i--)
                if (path[i].p_idx != EXT_LAST_INDEX(path[i].p_hdr))
                        return 0;
        ext4_clear_inode_flag(inode, EXT4_INODE_EOFBLOCKS);
        return ext4_mark_inode_dirty(handle, inode);
}

static int
ext4_ext_handle_uninitialized_extents(handle_t *handle, struct inode *inode,
                        struct ext4_map_blocks *map,
                        struct ext4_ext_path *path, int flags,
                        unsigned int allocated, ext4_fsblk_t newblock)
{
        int ret = 0;
        int err = 0;
        ext4_io_end_t *io = EXT4_I(inode)->cur_aio_dio;

        ext_debug("ext4_ext_handle_uninitialized_extents: inode %lu, logical"
                  "block %llu, max_blocks %u, flags %d, allocated %u",
                  inode->i_ino, (unsigned long long)map->m_lblk, map->m_len,
                  flags, allocated);
        ext4_ext_show_leaf(inode, path);

        /* get_block() before submit the IO, split the extent */
        if ((flags & EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_PRE_IO)) {
                ret = ext4_split_unwritten_extents(handle, inode, map,
                                                   path, flags);
                /*
                 * Flag the inode(non aio case) or end_io struct (aio case)
                 * that this IO needs to conversion to written when IO is
                 * completed
                 */
                if (io && !(io->flag & EXT4_IO_END_UNWRITTEN)) {
                        io->flag = EXT4_IO_END_UNWRITTEN;
                        atomic_inc(&EXT4_I(inode)->i_aiodio_unwritten);
                } else
                        ext4_set_inode_state(inode, EXT4_STATE_DIO_UNWRITTEN);
                if (ext4_should_dioread_nolock(inode))
                        map->m_flags |= EXT4_MAP_UNINIT;
                goto out;
        }
        /* IO end_io complete, convert the filled extent to written */
        if ((flags & EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_CONVERT)) {
                ret = ext4_convert_unwritten_extents_endio(handle, inode,
                                                        path);
                if (ret >= 0) {
                        ext4_update_inode_fsync_trans(handle, inode, 1);
                        err = check_eofblocks_fl(handle, inode, map->m_lblk,
                                                 path, map->m_len);
                } else
                        err = ret;
                goto out2;
        }
        /* buffered IO case */
        /*
         * repeat fallocate creation request
         * we already have an unwritten extent
         */
        if (flags & EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_UNINIT_EXT)
                goto map_out;

        /* buffered READ or buffered write_begin() lookup */
        if ((flags & EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_CREATE) == 0) {
                /*
                 * We have blocks reserved already.  We
                 * return allocated blocks so that delalloc
                 * won't do block reservation for us.  But
                 * the buffer head will be unmapped so that
                 * a read from the block returns 0s.
                 */
                map->m_flags |= EXT4_MAP_UNWRITTEN;
                goto out1;
        }

        /* buffered write, writepage time, convert*/
        ret = ext4_ext_convert_to_initialized(handle, inode, map, path);
        if (ret >= 0) {
                ext4_update_inode_fsync_trans(handle, inode, 1);
                err = check_eofblocks_fl(handle, inode, map->m_lblk, path,
                                         map->m_len);
                if (err < 0)
                        goto out2;
        }

out:
        if (ret <= 0) {
                err = ret;
                goto out2;
        } else
                allocated = ret;
        map->m_flags |= EXT4_MAP_NEW;
        /*
         * if we allocated more blocks than requested
         * we need to make sure we unmap the extra block
         * allocated. The actual needed block will get
         * unmapped later when we find the buffer_head marked
         * new.
         */
        if (allocated > map->m_len) {
                unmap_underlying_metadata_blocks(inode->i_sb->s_bdev,
                                        newblock + map->m_len,
                                        allocated - map->m_len);
                allocated = map->m_len;
        }

        /*
         * If we have done fallocate with the offset that is already
         * delayed allocated, we would have block reservation
         * and quota reservation done in the delayed write path.
         * But fallocate would have already updated quota and block
         * count for this offset. So cancel these reservation
         */
        if (flags & EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_DELALLOC_RESERVE)
                ext4_da_update_reserve_space(inode, allocated, 0);

map_out:
        map->m_flags |= EXT4_MAP_MAPPED;
out1:
        if (allocated > map->m_len)
                allocated = map->m_len;
        ext4_ext_show_leaf(inode, path);
        map->m_pblk = newblock;
        map->m_len = allocated;
out2:
        if (path) {
                ext4_ext_drop_refs(path);
                kfree(path);
        }
        return err ? err : allocated;
}

/*
 * Block allocation/map/preallocation routine for extents based files
 *
 *
 * Need to be called with
 * down_read(&EXT4_I(inode)->i_data_sem) if not allocating file system block
 * (ie, create is zero). Otherwise down_write(&EXT4_I(inode)->i_data_sem)
 *
 * return > 0, number of of blocks already mapped/allocated
 *          if create == 0 and these are pre-allocated blocks
 *              buffer head is unmapped
 *          otherwise blocks are mapped
 *
 * return = 0, if plain look up failed (blocks have not been allocated)
 *          buffer head is unmapped
 *
 * return < 0, error case.
 */
int ext4_ext_map_blocks(handle_t *handle, struct inode *inode,
                        struct ext4_map_blocks *map, int flags)
{
        struct ext4_ext_path *path = NULL;
        struct ext4_extent newex, *ex;
        ext4_fsblk_t newblock = 0;
        int err = 0, depth, ret;
        unsigned int allocated = 0;
        unsigned int punched_out = 0;
        unsigned int result = 0;
        struct ext4_allocation_request ar;
        ext4_io_end_t *io = EXT4_I(inode)->cur_aio_dio;
        struct ext4_map_blocks punch_map;

        ext_debug("blocks %u/%u requested for inode %lu\n",
                  map->m_lblk, map->m_len, inode->i_ino);
        trace_ext4_ext_map_blocks_enter(inode, map->m_lblk, map->m_len, flags);

        /* check in cache */
        if (!(flags & EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_PUNCH_OUT_EXT) &&
                ext4_ext_in_cache(inode, map->m_lblk, &newex)) {
                if (!newex.ee_start_lo && !newex.ee_start_hi) {
                        if ((flags & EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_CREATE) == 0) {
                                /*
                                 * block isn't allocated yet and
                                 * user doesn't want to allocate it
                                 */
                                goto out2;
                        }
                        /* we should allocate requested block */
                } else {
                        /* block is already allocated */
                        newblock = map->m_lblk
                                   - le32_to_cpu(newex.ee_block)
                                   + ext4_ext_pblock(&newex);
                        /* number of remaining blocks in the extent */
                        allocated = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(&newex) -
                                (map->m_lblk - le32_to_cpu(newex.ee_block));
                        goto out;
                }
        }

        /* find extent for this block */
        path = ext4_ext_find_extent(inode, map->m_lblk, NULL);
        if (IS_ERR(path)) {
                err = PTR_ERR(path);
                path = NULL;
                goto out2;
        }

        depth = ext_depth(inode);

        /*
         * consistent leaf must not be empty;
         * this situation is possible, though, _during_ tree modification;
         * this is why assert can't be put in ext4_ext_find_extent()
         */
        if (unlikely(path[depth].p_ext == NULL && depth != 0)) {
                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode, "bad extent address "
                                 "lblock: %lu, depth: %d pblock %lld",
                                 (unsigned long) map->m_lblk, depth,
                                 path[depth].p_block);
                err = -EIO;
                goto out2;
        }

        ex = path[depth].p_ext;
        if (ex) {
                ext4_lblk_t ee_block = le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block);
                ext4_fsblk_t ee_start = ext4_ext_pblock(ex);
                unsigned short ee_len;

                /*
                 * Uninitialized extents are treated as holes, except that
                 * we split out initialized portions during a write.
                 */
                ee_len = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex);
                /* if found extent covers block, simply return it */
                if (in_range(map->m_lblk, ee_block, ee_len)) {
                        newblock = map->m_lblk - ee_block + ee_start;
                        /* number of remaining blocks in the extent */
                        allocated = ee_len - (map->m_lblk - ee_block);
                        ext_debug("%u fit into %u:%d -> %llu\n", map->m_lblk,
                                  ee_block, ee_len, newblock);

                        if ((flags & EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_PUNCH_OUT_EXT) == 0) {
                                /*
                                 * Do not put uninitialized extent
                                 * in the cache
                                 */
                                if (!ext4_ext_is_uninitialized(ex)) {
                                        ext4_ext_put_in_cache(inode, ee_block,
                                                ee_len, ee_start);
                                        goto out;
                                }
                                ret = ext4_ext_handle_uninitialized_extents(
                                        handle, inode, map, path, flags,
                                        allocated, newblock);
                                return ret;
                        }

                        /*
                         * Punch out the map length, but only to the
                         * end of the extent
                         */
                        punched_out = allocated < map->m_len ?
                                allocated : map->m_len;

                        /*
                         * Sense extents need to be converted to
                         * uninitialized, they must fit in an
                         * uninitialized extent
                         */
                        if (punched_out > EXT_UNINIT_MAX_LEN)
                                punched_out = EXT_UNINIT_MAX_LEN;

                        punch_map.m_lblk = map->m_lblk;
                        punch_map.m_pblk = newblock;
                        punch_map.m_len = punched_out;
                        punch_map.m_flags = 0;

                        /* Check to see if the extent needs to be split */
                        if (punch_map.m_len != ee_len ||
                                punch_map.m_lblk != ee_block) {

                                ret = ext4_split_extent(handle, inode,
                                path, &punch_map, 0,
                                EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_PUNCH_OUT_EXT |
                                EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_PRE_IO);

                                if (ret < 0) {
                                        err = ret;
                                        goto out2;
                                }
                                /*
                                 * find extent for the block at
                                 * the start of the hole
                                 */
                                ext4_ext_drop_refs(path);
                                kfree(path);

                                path = ext4_ext_find_extent(inode,
                                map->m_lblk, NULL);
                                if (IS_ERR(path)) {
                                        err = PTR_ERR(path);
                                        path = NULL;
                                        goto out2;
                                }

                                depth = ext_depth(inode);
                                ex = path[depth].p_ext;
                                ee_len = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex);
                                ee_block = le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block);
                                ee_start = ext4_ext_pblock(ex);

                        }

                        ext4_ext_mark_uninitialized(ex);

                        ext4_ext_invalidate_cache(inode);

                        err = ext4_ext_rm_leaf(handle, inode, path,
                                map->m_lblk, map->m_lblk + punched_out);

                        if (!err && path->p_hdr->eh_entries == 0) {
                                /*
                                 * Punch hole freed all of this sub tree,
                                 * so we need to correct eh_depth
                                 */
                                err = ext4_ext_get_access(handle, inode, path);
                                if (err == 0) {
                                        ext_inode_hdr(inode)->eh_depth = 0;
                                        ext_inode_hdr(inode)->eh_max =
                                        cpu_to_le16(ext4_ext_space_root(
                                                inode, 0));

                                        err = ext4_ext_dirty(
                                                handle, inode, path);
                                }
                        }

                        goto out2;
                }
        }

        /*
         * requested block isn't allocated yet;
         * we couldn't try to create block if create flag is zero
         */
        if ((flags & EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_CREATE) == 0) {
                /*
                 * put just found gap into cache to speed up
                 * subsequent requests
                 */
                ext4_ext_put_gap_in_cache(inode, path, map->m_lblk);
                goto out2;
        }
        /*
         * Okay, we need to do block allocation.
         */

        /* find neighbour allocated blocks */
        ar.lleft = map->m_lblk;
        err = ext4_ext_search_left(inode, path, &ar.lleft, &ar.pleft);
        if (err)
                goto out2;
        ar.lright = map->m_lblk;
        err = ext4_ext_search_right(inode, path, &ar.lright, &ar.pright);
        if (err)
                goto out2;

        /*
         * See if request is beyond maximum number of blocks we can have in
         * a single extent. For an initialized extent this limit is
         * EXT_INIT_MAX_LEN and for an uninitialized extent this limit is
         * EXT_UNINIT_MAX_LEN.
         */
        if (map->m_len > EXT_INIT_MAX_LEN &&
            !(flags & EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_UNINIT_EXT))
                map->m_len = EXT_INIT_MAX_LEN;
        else if (map->m_len > EXT_UNINIT_MAX_LEN &&
                 (flags & EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_UNINIT_EXT))
                map->m_len = EXT_UNINIT_MAX_LEN;

        /* Check if we can really insert (m_lblk)::(m_lblk + m_len) extent */
        newex.ee_block = cpu_to_le32(map->m_lblk);
        newex.ee_len = cpu_to_le16(map->m_len);
        err = ext4_ext_check_overlap(inode, &newex, path);
        if (err)
                allocated = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(&newex);
        else
                allocated = map->m_len;

        /* allocate new block */
        ar.inode = inode;
        ar.goal = ext4_ext_find_goal(inode, path, map->m_lblk);
        ar.logical = map->m_lblk;
        ar.len = allocated;
        if (S_ISREG(inode->i_mode))
                ar.flags = EXT4_MB_HINT_DATA;
        else
                /* disable in-core preallocation for non-regular files */
                ar.flags = 0;
        if (flags & EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_NO_NORMALIZE)
                ar.flags |= EXT4_MB_HINT_NOPREALLOC;
        newblock = ext4_mb_new_blocks(handle, &ar, &err);
        if (!newblock)
                goto out2;
        ext_debug("allocate new block: goal %llu, found %llu/%u\n",
                  ar.goal, newblock, allocated);

        /* try to insert new extent into found leaf and return */
        ext4_ext_store_pblock(&newex, newblock);
        newex.ee_len = cpu_to_le16(ar.len);
        /* Mark uninitialized */
        if (flags & EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_UNINIT_EXT){
                ext4_ext_mark_uninitialized(&newex);
                /*
                 * io_end structure was created for every IO write to an
                 * uninitialized extent. To avoid unnecessary conversion,
                 * here we flag the IO that really needs the conversion.
                 * For non asycn direct IO case, flag the inode state
                 * that we need to perform conversion when IO is done.
                 */
                if ((flags & EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_PRE_IO)) {
                        if (io && !(io->flag & EXT4_IO_END_UNWRITTEN)) {
                                io->flag = EXT4_IO_END_UNWRITTEN;
                                atomic_inc(&EXT4_I(inode)->i_aiodio_unwritten);
                        } else
                                ext4_set_inode_state(inode,
                                                     EXT4_STATE_DIO_UNWRITTEN);
                }
                if (ext4_should_dioread_nolock(inode))
                        map->m_flags |= EXT4_MAP_UNINIT;
        }

        err = check_eofblocks_fl(handle, inode, map->m_lblk, path, ar.len);
        if (!err)
                err = ext4_ext_insert_extent(handle, inode, path,
                                             &newex, flags);
        if (err) {
                int fb_flags = flags & EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_DELALLOC_RESERVE ?
                        EXT4_FREE_BLOCKS_NO_QUOT_UPDATE : 0;
                /* free data blocks we just allocated */
                /* not a good idea to call discard here directly,
                 * but otherwise we'd need to call it every free() */
                ext4_discard_preallocations(inode);
                ext4_free_blocks(handle, inode, NULL, ext4_ext_pblock(&newex),
                                 ext4_ext_get_actual_len(&newex), fb_flags);
                goto out2;
        }

        /* previous routine could use block we allocated */
        newblock = ext4_ext_pblock(&newex);
        allocated = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(&newex);
        if (allocated > map->m_len)
                allocated = map->m_len;
        map->m_flags |= EXT4_MAP_NEW;

        /*
         * Update reserved blocks/metadata blocks after successful
         * block allocation which had been deferred till now.
         */
        if (flags & EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_DELALLOC_RESERVE)
                ext4_da_update_reserve_space(inode, allocated, 1);

        /*
         * Cache the extent and update transaction to commit on fdatasync only
         * when it is _not_ an uninitialized extent.
         */
        if ((flags & EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_UNINIT_EXT) == 0) {
                ext4_ext_put_in_cache(inode, map->m_lblk, allocated, newblock);
                ext4_update_inode_fsync_trans(handle, inode, 1);
        } else
                ext4_update_inode_fsync_trans(handle, inode, 0);
out:
        if (allocated > map->m_len)
                allocated = map->m_len;
        ext4_ext_show_leaf(inode, path);
        map->m_flags |= EXT4_MAP_MAPPED;
        map->m_pblk = newblock;
        map->m_len = allocated;
out2:
        if (path) {
                ext4_ext_drop_refs(path);
                kfree(path);
        }
        trace_ext4_ext_map_blocks_exit(inode, map->m_lblk,
                newblock, map->m_len, err ? err : allocated);

        result = (flags & EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_PUNCH_OUT_EXT) ?
                        punched_out : allocated;

        return err ? err : result;
}

void ext4_ext_truncate(struct inode *inode)
{
        struct address_space *mapping = inode->i_mapping;
        struct super_block *sb = inode->i_sb;
        ext4_lblk_t last_block;
        handle_t *handle;
        int err = 0;

        /*
         * finish any pending end_io work so we won't run the risk of
         * converting any truncated blocks to initialized later
         */
        ext4_flush_completed_IO(inode);

        /*
         * probably first extent we're gonna free will be last in block
         */
        err = ext4_writepage_trans_blocks(inode);
        handle = ext4_journal_start(inode, err);
        if (IS_ERR(handle))
                return;

        if (inode->i_size & (sb->s_blocksize - 1))
                ext4_block_truncate_page(handle, mapping, inode->i_size);

        if (ext4_orphan_add(handle, inode))
                goto out_stop;

        down_write(&EXT4_I(inode)->i_data_sem);
        ext4_ext_invalidate_cache(inode);

        ext4_discard_preallocations(inode);

        /*
         * TODO: optimization is possible here.
         * Probably we need not scan at all,
         * because page truncation is enough.
         */

        /* we have to know where to truncate from in crash case */
        EXT4_I(inode)->i_disksize = inode->i_size;
        ext4_mark_inode_dirty(handle, inode);

        last_block = (inode->i_size + sb->s_blocksize - 1)
                        >> EXT4_BLOCK_SIZE_BITS(sb);
        err = ext4_ext_remove_space(inode, last_block);

        /* In a multi-transaction truncate, we only make the final
         * transaction synchronous.
         */
        if (IS_SYNC(inode))
                ext4_handle_sync(handle);

        up_write(&EXT4_I(inode)->i_data_sem);

out_stop:
        /*
         * If this was a simple ftruncate() and the file will remain alive,
         * then we need to clear up the orphan record which we created above.
         * However, if this was a real unlink then we were called by
         * ext4_delete_inode(), and we allow that function to clean up the
         * orphan info for us.
         */
        if (inode->i_nlink)
                ext4_orphan_del(handle, inode);

        inode->i_mtime = inode->i_ctime = ext4_current_time(inode);
        ext4_mark_inode_dirty(handle, inode);
        ext4_journal_stop(handle);
}

static void ext4_falloc_update_inode(struct inode *inode,
                                int mode, loff_t new_size, int update_ctime)
{
        struct timespec now;

        if (update_ctime) {
                now = current_fs_time(inode->i_sb);
                if (!timespec_equal(&inode->i_ctime, &now))
                        inode->i_ctime = now;
        }
        /*
         * Update only when preallocation was requested beyond
         * the file size.
         */
        if (!(mode & FALLOC_FL_KEEP_SIZE)) {
                if (new_size > i_size_read(inode))
                        i_size_write(inode, new_size);
                if (new_size > EXT4_I(inode)->i_disksize)
                        ext4_update_i_disksize(inode, new_size);
        } else {
                /*
                 * Mark that we allocate beyond EOF so the subsequent truncate
                 * can proceed even if the new size is the same as i_size.
                 */
                if (new_size > i_size_read(inode))
                        ext4_set_inode_flag(inode, EXT4_INODE_EOFBLOCKS);
        }

}

/*
 * preallocate space for a file. This implements ext4's fallocate file
 * operation, which gets called from sys_fallocate system call.
 * For block-mapped files, posix_fallocate should fall back to the method
 * of writing zeroes to the required new blocks (the same behavior which is
 * expected for file systems which do not support fallocate() system call).
 */
long ext4_fallocate(struct file *file, int mode, loff_t offset, loff_t len)
{
        struct inode *inode = file->f_path.dentry->d_inode;
        handle_t *handle;
        loff_t new_size;
        unsigned int max_blocks;
        int ret = 0;
        int ret2 = 0;
        int retries = 0;
        struct ext4_map_blocks map;
        unsigned int credits, blkbits = inode->i_blkbits;

        /*
         * currently supporting (pre)allocate mode for extent-based
         * files _only_
         */
        if (!(ext4_test_inode_flag(inode, EXT4_INODE_EXTENTS)))
                return -EOPNOTSUPP;

        /* Return error if mode is not supported */
        if (mode & ~(FALLOC_FL_KEEP_SIZE | FALLOC_FL_PUNCH_HOLE))
                return -EOPNOTSUPP;

        if (mode & FALLOC_FL_PUNCH_HOLE)
                return ext4_punch_hole(file, offset, len);

        trace_ext4_fallocate_enter(inode, offset, len, mode);
        map.m_lblk = offset >> blkbits;
        /*
         * We can't just convert len to max_blocks because
         * If blocksize = 4096 offset = 3072 and len = 2048
         */
        max_blocks = (EXT4_BLOCK_ALIGN(len + offset, blkbits) >> blkbits)
                - map.m_lblk;
        /*
         * credits to insert 1 extent into extent tree
         */
        credits = ext4_chunk_trans_blocks(inode, max_blocks);
        mutex_lock(&inode->i_mutex);
        ret = inode_newsize_ok(inode, (len + offset));
        if (ret) {
                mutex_unlock(&inode->i_mutex);
                trace_ext4_fallocate_exit(inode, offset, max_blocks, ret);
                return ret;
        }
retry:
        while (ret >= 0 && ret < max_blocks) {
                map.m_lblk = map.m_lblk + ret;
                map.m_len = max_blocks = max_blocks - ret;
                handle = ext4_journal_start(inode, credits);
                if (IS_ERR(handle)) {
                        ret = PTR_ERR(handle);
                        break;
                }
                ret = ext4_map_blocks(handle, inode, &map,
                                      EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_CREATE_UNINIT_EXT |
                                      EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_NO_NORMALIZE);
                if (ret <= 0) {
#ifdef EXT4FS_DEBUG
                        WARN_ON(ret <= 0);
                        printk(KERN_ERR "%s: ext4_ext_map_blocks "
                                    "returned error inode#%lu, block=%u, "
                                    "max_blocks=%u", __func__,
                                    inode->i_ino, map.m_lblk, max_blocks);
#endif
                        ext4_mark_inode_dirty(handle, inode);
                        ret2 = ext4_journal_stop(handle);
                        break;
                }
                if ((map.m_lblk + ret) >= (EXT4_BLOCK_ALIGN(offset + len,
                                                blkbits) >> blkbits))
                        new_size = offset + len;
                else
                        new_size = ((loff_t) map.m_lblk + ret) << blkbits;

                ext4_falloc_update_inode(inode, mode, new_size,
                                         (map.m_flags & EXT4_MAP_NEW));
                ext4_mark_inode_dirty(handle, inode);
                ret2 = ext4_journal_stop(handle);
                if (ret2)
                        break;
        }
        if (ret == -ENOSPC &&
                        ext4_should_retry_alloc(inode->i_sb, &retries)) {
                ret = 0;
                goto retry;
        }
        mutex_unlock(&inode->i_mutex);
        trace_ext4_fallocate_exit(inode, offset, max_blocks,
                                ret > 0 ? ret2 : ret);
        return ret > 0 ? ret2 : ret;
}

/*
 * This function convert a range of blocks to written extents
 * The caller of this function will pass the start offset and the size.
 * all unwritten extents within this range will be converted to
 * written extents.
 *
 * This function is called from the direct IO end io call back
 * function, to convert the fallocated extents after IO is completed.
 * Returns 0 on success.
 */
int ext4_convert_unwritten_extents(struct inode *inode, loff_t offset,
                                    ssize_t len)
{
        handle_t *handle;
        unsigned int max_blocks;
        int ret = 0;
        int ret2 = 0;
        struct ext4_map_blocks map;
        unsigned int credits, blkbits = inode->i_blkbits;

        map.m_lblk = offset >> blkbits;
        /*
         * We can't just convert len to max_blocks because
         * If blocksize = 4096 offset = 3072 and len = 2048
         */
        max_blocks = ((EXT4_BLOCK_ALIGN(len + offset, blkbits) >> blkbits) -
                      map.m_lblk);
        /*
         * credits to insert 1 extent into extent tree
         */
        credits = ext4_chunk_trans_blocks(inode, max_blocks);
        while (ret >= 0 && ret < max_blocks) {
                map.m_lblk += ret;
                map.m_len = (max_blocks -= ret);
                handle = ext4_journal_start(inode, credits);
                if (IS_ERR(handle)) {
                        ret = PTR_ERR(handle);
                        break;
                }
                ret = ext4_map_blocks(handle, inode, &map,
                                      EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_IO_CONVERT_EXT);
                if (ret <= 0) {
                        WARN_ON(ret <= 0);
                        printk(KERN_ERR "%s: ext4_ext_map_blocks "
                                    "returned error inode#%lu, block=%u, "
                                    "max_blocks=%u", __func__,
                                    inode->i_ino, map.m_lblk, map.m_len);
                }
                ext4_mark_inode_dirty(handle, inode);
                ret2 = ext4_journal_stop(handle);
                if (ret <= 0 || ret2 )
                        break;
        }
        return ret > 0 ? ret2 : ret;
}

/*
 * Callback function called for each extent to gather FIEMAP information.
 */
static int ext4_ext_fiemap_cb(struct inode *inode, ext4_lblk_t next,
                       struct ext4_ext_cache *newex, struct ext4_extent *ex,
                       void *data)
{
        __u64   logical;
        __u64   physical;
        __u64   length;
        __u32   flags = 0;
        int             ret = 0;
        struct fiemap_extent_info *fieinfo = data;
        unsigned char blksize_bits;

        blksize_bits = inode->i_sb->s_blocksize_bits;
        logical = (__u64)newex->ec_block << blksize_bits;

        if (newex->ec_start == 0) {
                /*
                 * No extent in extent-tree contains block @newex->ec_start,
                 * then the block may stay in 1)a hole or 2)delayed-extent.
                 *
                 * Holes or delayed-extents are processed as follows.
                 * 1. lookup dirty pages with specified range in pagecache.
                 *    If no page is got, then there is no delayed-extent and
                 *    return with EXT_CONTINUE.
                 * 2. find the 1st mapped buffer,
                 * 3. check if the mapped buffer is both in the request range
                 *    and a delayed buffer. If not, there is no delayed-extent,
                 *    then return.
                 * 4. a delayed-extent is found, the extent will be collected.
                 */
                ext4_lblk_t     end = 0;
                pgoff_t         last_offset;
                pgoff_t         offset;
                pgoff_t         index;
                pgoff_t         start_index = 0;
                struct page     **pages = NULL;
                struct buffer_head *bh = NULL;
                struct buffer_head *head = NULL;
                unsigned int nr_pages = PAGE_SIZE / sizeof(struct page *);

                pages = kmalloc(PAGE_SIZE, GFP_KERNEL);
                if (pages == NULL)
                        return -ENOMEM;

                offset = logical >> PAGE_SHIFT;
repeat:
                last_offset = offset;
                head = NULL;
                ret = find_get_pages_tag(inode->i_mapping, &offset,
                                        PAGECACHE_TAG_DIRTY, nr_pages, pages);

                if (!(flags & FIEMAP_EXTENT_DELALLOC)) {
                        /* First time, try to find a mapped buffer. */
                        if (ret == 0) {
out:
                                for (index = 0; index < ret; index++)
                                        page_cache_release(pages[index]);
                                /* just a hole. */
                                kfree(pages);
                                return EXT_CONTINUE;
                        }
                        index = 0;

next_page:
                        /* Try to find the 1st mapped buffer. */
                        end = ((__u64)pages[index]->index << PAGE_SHIFT) >>
                                  blksize_bits;
                        if (!page_has_buffers(pages[index]))
                                goto out;
                        head = page_buffers(pages[index]);
                        if (!head)
                                goto out;

                        index++;
                        bh = head;
                        do {
                                if (end >= newex->ec_block +
                                        newex->ec_len)
                                        /* The buffer is out of
                                         * the request range.
                                         */
                                        goto out;

                                if (buffer_mapped(bh) &&
                                    end >= newex->ec_block) {
                                        start_index = index - 1;
                                        /* get the 1st mapped buffer. */
                                        goto found_mapped_buffer;
                                }

                                bh = bh->b_this_page;
                                end++;
                        } while (bh != head);

                        /* No mapped buffer in the range found in this page,
                         * We need to look up next page.
                         */
                        if (index >= ret) {
                                /* There is no page left, but we need to limit
                                 * newex->ec_len.
                                 */
                                newex->ec_len = end - newex->ec_block;
                                goto out;
                        }
                        goto next_page;
                } else {
                        /*Find contiguous delayed buffers. */
                        if (ret > 0 && pages[0]->index == last_offset)
                                head = page_buffers(pages[0]);
                        bh = head;
                        index = 1;
                        start_index = 0;
                }

found_mapped_buffer:
                if (bh != NULL && buffer_delay(bh)) {
                        /* 1st or contiguous delayed buffer found. */
                        if (!(flags & FIEMAP_EXTENT_DELALLOC)) {
                                /*
                                 * 1st delayed buffer found, record
                                 * the start of extent.
                                 */
                                flags |= FIEMAP_EXTENT_DELALLOC;
                                newex->ec_block = end;
                                logical = (__u64)end << blksize_bits;
                        }
                        /* Find contiguous delayed buffers. */
                        do {
                                if (!buffer_delay(bh))
                                        goto found_delayed_extent;
                                bh = bh->b_this_page;
                                end++;
                        } while (bh != head);

                        for (; index < ret; index++) {
                                if (!page_has_buffers(pages[index])) {
                                        bh = NULL;
                                        break;
                                }
                                head = page_buffers(pages[index]);
                                if (!head) {
                                        bh = NULL;
                                        break;
                                }

                                if (pages[index]->index !=
                                    pages[start_index]->index + index
                                    - start_index) {
                                        /* Blocks are not contiguous. */
                                        bh = NULL;
                                        break;
                                }
                                bh = head;
                                do {
                                        if (!buffer_delay(bh))
                                                /* Delayed-extent ends. */
                                                goto found_delayed_extent;
                                        bh = bh->b_this_page;
                                        end++;
                                } while (bh != head);
                        }
                } else if (!(flags & FIEMAP_EXTENT_DELALLOC))
                        /* a hole found. */
                        goto out;

found_delayed_extent:
                newex->ec_len = min(end - newex->ec_block,
                                                (ext4_lblk_t)EXT_INIT_MAX_LEN);
                if (ret == nr_pages && bh != NULL &&
                        newex->ec_len < EXT_INIT_MAX_LEN &&
                        buffer_delay(bh)) {
                        /* Have not collected an extent and continue. */
                        for (index = 0; index < ret; index++)
                                page_cache_release(pages[index]);
                        goto repeat;
                }

                for (index = 0; index < ret; index++)
                        page_cache_release(pages[index]);
                kfree(pages);
        }

        physical = (__u64)newex->ec_start << blksize_bits;
        length =   (__u64)newex->ec_len << blksize_bits;

        if (ex && ext4_ext_is_uninitialized(ex))
                flags |= FIEMAP_EXTENT_UNWRITTEN;

        if (next == EXT_MAX_BLOCKS)
                flags |= FIEMAP_EXTENT_LAST;

        ret = fiemap_fill_next_extent(fieinfo, logical, physical,
                                        length, flags);
        if (ret < 0)
                return ret;
        if (ret == 1)
                return EXT_BREAK;
        return EXT_CONTINUE;
}

/* fiemap flags we can handle specified here */
#define EXT4_FIEMAP_FLAGS       (FIEMAP_FLAG_SYNC|FIEMAP_FLAG_XATTR)

static int ext4_xattr_fiemap(struct inode *inode,
                                struct fiemap_extent_info *fieinfo)
{
        __u64 physical = 0;
        __u64 length;
        __u32 flags = FIEMAP_EXTENT_LAST;
        int blockbits = inode->i_sb->s_blocksize_bits;
        int error = 0;

        /* in-inode? */
        if (ext4_test_inode_state(inode, EXT4_STATE_XATTR)) {
                struct ext4_iloc iloc;
                int offset;     /* offset of xattr in inode */

                error = ext4_get_inode_loc(inode, &iloc);
                if (error)
                        return error;
                physical = iloc.bh->b_blocknr << blockbits;
                offset = EXT4_GOOD_OLD_INODE_SIZE +
                                EXT4_I(inode)->i_extra_isize;
                physical += offset;
                length = EXT4_SB(inode->i_sb)->s_inode_size - offset;
                flags |= FIEMAP_EXTENT_DATA_INLINE;
                brelse(iloc.bh);
        } else { /* external block */
                physical = EXT4_I(inode)->i_file_acl << blockbits;
                length = inode->i_sb->s_blocksize;
        }

        if (physical)
                error = fiemap_fill_next_extent(fieinfo, 0, physical,
                                                length, flags);
        return (error < 0 ? error : 0);
}

/*
 * ext4_ext_punch_hole
 *
 * Punches a hole of "length" bytes in a file starting
 * at byte "offset"
 *
 * @inode:  The inode of the file to punch a hole in
 * @offset: The starting byte offset of the hole
 * @length: The length of the hole
 *
 * Returns the number of blocks removed or negative on err
 */
int ext4_ext_punch_hole(struct file *file, loff_t offset, loff_t length)
{
        struct inode *inode = file->f_path.dentry->d_inode;
        struct super_block *sb = inode->i_sb;
        struct ext4_ext_cache cache_ex;
        ext4_lblk_t first_block, last_block, num_blocks, iblock, max_blocks;
        struct address_space *mapping = inode->i_mapping;
        struct ext4_map_blocks map;
        handle_t *handle;
        loff_t first_block_offset, last_block_offset, block_len;
        loff_t first_page, last_page, first_page_offset, last_page_offset;
        int ret, credits, blocks_released, err = 0;

        first_block = (offset + sb->s_blocksize - 1) >>
                EXT4_BLOCK_SIZE_BITS(sb);
        last_block = (offset + length) >> EXT4_BLOCK_SIZE_BITS(sb);

        first_block_offset = first_block << EXT4_BLOCK_SIZE_BITS(sb);
        last_block_offset = last_block << EXT4_BLOCK_SIZE_BITS(sb);

        first_page = (offset + PAGE_CACHE_SIZE - 1) >> PAGE_CACHE_SHIFT;
        last_page = (offset + length) >> PAGE_CACHE_SHIFT;

        first_page_offset = first_page << PAGE_CACHE_SHIFT;
        last_page_offset = last_page << PAGE_CACHE_SHIFT;

        /*
         * Write out all dirty pages to avoid race conditions
         * Then release them.
         */
        if (mapping->nrpages && mapping_tagged(mapping, PAGECACHE_TAG_DIRTY)) {
                err = filemap_write_and_wait_range(mapping,
                        first_page_offset == 0 ? 0 : first_page_offset-1,
                        last_page_offset);

                        if (err)
                                return err;
        }

        /* Now release the pages */
        if (last_page_offset > first_page_offset) {
                truncate_inode_pages_range(mapping, first_page_offset,
                                           last_page_offset-1);
        }

        /* finish any pending end_io work */
        ext4_flush_completed_IO(inode);

        credits = ext4_writepage_trans_blocks(inode);
        handle = ext4_journal_start(inode, credits);
        if (IS_ERR(handle))
                return PTR_ERR(handle);

        err = ext4_orphan_add(handle, inode);
        if (err)
                goto out;

        /*
         * Now we need to zero out the un block aligned data.
         * If the file is smaller than a block, just
         * zero out the middle
         */
        if (first_block > last_block)
                ext4_block_zero_page_range(handle, mapping, offset, length);
        else {
                /* zero out the head of the hole before the first block */
                block_len  = first_block_offset - offset;
                if (block_len > 0)
                        ext4_block_zero_page_range(handle, mapping,
                                                   offset, block_len);

                /* zero out the tail of the hole after the last block */
                block_len = offset + length - last_block_offset;
                if (block_len > 0) {
                        ext4_block_zero_page_range(handle, mapping,
                                        last_block_offset, block_len);
                }
        }

        /* If there are no blocks to remove, return now */
        if (first_block >= last_block)
                goto out;

        down_write(&EXT4_I(inode)->i_data_sem);
        ext4_ext_invalidate_cache(inode);
        ext4_discard_preallocations(inode);

        /*
         * Loop over all the blocks and identify blocks
         * that need to be punched out
         */
        iblock = first_block;
        blocks_released = 0;
        while (iblock < last_block) {
                max_blocks = last_block - iblock;
                num_blocks = 1;
                memset(&map, 0, sizeof(map));
                map.m_lblk = iblock;
                map.m_len = max_blocks;
                ret = ext4_ext_map_blocks(handle, inode, &map,
                        EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_PUNCH_OUT_EXT);

                if (ret > 0) {
                        blocks_released += ret;
                        num_blocks = ret;
                } else if (ret == 0) {
                        /*
                         * If map blocks could not find the block,
                         * then it is in a hole.  If the hole was
                         * not already cached, then map blocks should
                         * put it in the cache.  So we can get the hole
                         * out of the cache
                         */
                        memset(&cache_ex, 0, sizeof(cache_ex));
                        if ((ext4_ext_check_cache(inode, iblock, &cache_ex)) &&
                                !cache_ex.ec_start) {

                                /* The hole is cached */
                                num_blocks = cache_ex.ec_block +
                                cache_ex.ec_len - iblock;

                        } else {
                                /* The block could not be identified */
                                err = -EIO;
                                break;
                        }
                } else {
                        /* Map blocks error */
                        err = ret;
                        break;
                }

                if (num_blocks == 0) {
                        /* This condition should never happen */
                        ext_debug("Block lookup failed");
                        err = -EIO;
                        break;
                }

                iblock += num_blocks;
        }

        if (blocks_released > 0) {
                ext4_ext_invalidate_cache(inode);
                ext4_discard_preallocations(inode);
        }

        if (IS_SYNC(inode))
                ext4_handle_sync(handle);

        up_write(&EXT4_I(inode)->i_data_sem);

out:
        ext4_orphan_del(handle, inode);
        inode->i_mtime = inode->i_ctime = ext4_current_time(inode);
        ext4_mark_inode_dirty(handle, inode);
        ext4_journal_stop(handle);
        return err;
}
int ext4_fiemap(struct inode *inode, struct fiemap_extent_info *fieinfo,
                __u64 start, __u64 len)
{
        ext4_lblk_t start_blk;
        int error = 0;

        /* fallback to generic here if not in extents fmt */
        if (!(ext4_test_inode_flag(inode, EXT4_INODE_EXTENTS)))
                return generic_block_fiemap(inode, fieinfo, start, len,
                        ext4_get_block);

        if (fiemap_check_flags(fieinfo, EXT4_FIEMAP_FLAGS))
                return -EBADR;

        if (fieinfo->fi_flags & FIEMAP_FLAG_XATTR) {
                error = ext4_xattr_fiemap(inode, fieinfo);
        } else {
                ext4_lblk_t len_blks;
                __u64 last_blk;

                start_blk = start >> inode->i_sb->s_blocksize_bits;
                last_blk = (start + len - 1) >> inode->i_sb->s_blocksize_bits;
                if (last_blk >= EXT_MAX_BLOCKS)
                        last_blk = EXT_MAX_BLOCKS-1;
                len_blks = ((ext4_lblk_t) last_blk) - start_blk + 1;

                /*
                 * Walk the extent tree gathering extent information.
                 * ext4_ext_fiemap_cb will push extents back to user.
                 */
                error = ext4_ext_walk_space(inode, start_blk, len_blks,
                                          ext4_ext_fiemap_cb, fieinfo);
        }

        return error;
}