PCI: Disable MPS configuration by default

[linux-btrfs-devel.git] / mm / rmap.c

/*
 * mm/rmap.c - physical to virtual reverse mappings
 *
 * Copyright 2001, Rik van Riel <riel@conectiva.com.br>
 * Released under the General Public License (GPL).
 *
 * Simple, low overhead reverse mapping scheme.
 * Please try to keep this thing as modular as possible.
 *
 * Provides methods for unmapping each kind of mapped page:
 * the anon methods track anonymous pages, and
 * the file methods track pages belonging to an inode.
 *
 * Original design by Rik van Riel <riel@conectiva.com.br> 2001
 * File methods by Dave McCracken <dmccr@us.ibm.com> 2003, 2004
 * Anonymous methods by Andrea Arcangeli <andrea@suse.de> 2004
 * Contributions by Hugh Dickins 2003, 2004
 */

/*
 * Lock ordering in mm:
 *
 * inode->i_mutex       (while writing or truncating, not reading or faulting)
 *   mm->mmap_sem
 *     page->flags PG_locked (lock_page)
 *       mapping->i_mmap_mutex
 *         anon_vma->mutex
 *           mm->page_table_lock or pte_lock
 *             zone->lru_lock (in mark_page_accessed, isolate_lru_page)
 *             swap_lock (in swap_duplicate, swap_info_get)
 *               mmlist_lock (in mmput, drain_mmlist and others)
 *               mapping->private_lock (in __set_page_dirty_buffers)
 *               inode->i_lock (in set_page_dirty's __mark_inode_dirty)
 *               bdi.wb->list_lock (in set_page_dirty's __mark_inode_dirty)
 *                 sb_lock (within inode_lock in fs/fs-writeback.c)
 *                 mapping->tree_lock (widely used, in set_page_dirty,
 *                           in arch-dependent flush_dcache_mmap_lock,
 *                           within bdi.wb->list_lock in __sync_single_inode)
 *
 * anon_vma->mutex,mapping->i_mutex      (memory_failure, collect_procs_anon)
 *   ->tasklist_lock
 *     pte map lock
 */

#include <linux/mm.h>
#include <linux/pagemap.h>
#include <linux/swap.h>
#include <linux/swapops.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/ksm.h>
#include <linux/rmap.h>
#include <linux/rcupdate.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/memcontrol.h>
#include <linux/mmu_notifier.h>
#include <linux/migrate.h>
#include <linux/hugetlb.h>

#include <asm/tlbflush.h>

#include "internal.h"

static struct kmem_cache *anon_vma_cachep;
static struct kmem_cache *anon_vma_chain_cachep;

static inline struct anon_vma *anon_vma_alloc(void)
{
        struct anon_vma *anon_vma;

        anon_vma = kmem_cache_alloc(anon_vma_cachep, GFP_KERNEL);
        if (anon_vma) {
                atomic_set(&anon_vma->refcount, 1);
                /*
                 * Initialise the anon_vma root to point to itself. If called
                 * from fork, the root will be reset to the parents anon_vma.
                 */
                anon_vma->root = anon_vma;
        }

        return anon_vma;
}

static inline void anon_vma_free(struct anon_vma *anon_vma)
{
        VM_BUG_ON(atomic_read(&anon_vma->refcount));

        /*
         * Synchronize against page_lock_anon_vma() such that
         * we can safely hold the lock without the anon_vma getting
         * freed.
         *
         * Relies on the full mb implied by the atomic_dec_and_test() from
         * put_anon_vma() against the acquire barrier implied by
         * mutex_trylock() from page_lock_anon_vma(). This orders:
         *
         * page_lock_anon_vma()         VS      put_anon_vma()
         *   mutex_trylock()                      atomic_dec_and_test()
         *   LOCK                                 MB
         *   atomic_read()                        mutex_is_locked()
         *
         * LOCK should suffice since the actual taking of the lock must
         * happen _before_ what follows.
         */
        if (mutex_is_locked(&anon_vma->root->mutex)) {
                anon_vma_lock(anon_vma);
                anon_vma_unlock(anon_vma);
        }

        kmem_cache_free(anon_vma_cachep, anon_vma);
}

static inline struct anon_vma_chain *anon_vma_chain_alloc(gfp_t gfp)
{
        return kmem_cache_alloc(anon_vma_chain_cachep, gfp);
}

static void anon_vma_chain_free(struct anon_vma_chain *anon_vma_chain)
{
        kmem_cache_free(anon_vma_chain_cachep, anon_vma_chain);
}

/**
 * anon_vma_prepare - attach an anon_vma to a memory region
 * @vma: the memory region in question
 *
 * This makes sure the memory mapping described by 'vma' has
 * an 'anon_vma' attached to it, so that we can associate the
 * anonymous pages mapped into it with that anon_vma.
 *
 * The common case will be that we already have one, but if
 * not we either need to find an adjacent mapping that we
 * can re-use the anon_vma from (very common when the only
 * reason for splitting a vma has been mprotect()), or we
 * allocate a new one.
 *
 * Anon-vma allocations are very subtle, because we may have
 * optimistically looked up an anon_vma in page_lock_anon_vma()
 * and that may actually touch the spinlock even in the newly
 * allocated vma (it depends on RCU to make sure that the
 * anon_vma isn't actually destroyed).
 *
 * As a result, we need to do proper anon_vma locking even
 * for the new allocation. At the same time, we do not want
 * to do any locking for the common case of already having
 * an anon_vma.
 *
 * This must be called with the mmap_sem held for reading.
 */
int anon_vma_prepare(struct vm_area_struct *vma)
{
        struct anon_vma *anon_vma = vma->anon_vma;
        struct anon_vma_chain *avc;

        might_sleep();
        if (unlikely(!anon_vma)) {
                struct mm_struct *mm = vma->vm_mm;
                struct anon_vma *allocated;

                avc = anon_vma_chain_alloc(GFP_KERNEL);
                if (!avc)
                        goto out_enomem;

                anon_vma = find_mergeable_anon_vma(vma);
                allocated = NULL;
                if (!anon_vma) {
                        anon_vma = anon_vma_alloc();
                        if (unlikely(!anon_vma))
                                goto out_enomem_free_avc;
                        allocated = anon_vma;
                }

                anon_vma_lock(anon_vma);
                /* page_table_lock to protect against threads */
                spin_lock(&mm->page_table_lock);
                if (likely(!vma->anon_vma)) {
                        vma->anon_vma = anon_vma;
                        avc->anon_vma = anon_vma;
                        avc->vma = vma;
                        list_add(&avc->same_vma, &vma->anon_vma_chain);
                        list_add_tail(&avc->same_anon_vma, &anon_vma->head);
                        allocated = NULL;
                        avc = NULL;
                }
                spin_unlock(&mm->page_table_lock);
                anon_vma_unlock(anon_vma);

                if (unlikely(allocated))
                        put_anon_vma(allocated);
                if (unlikely(avc))
                        anon_vma_chain_free(avc);
        }
        return 0;

 out_enomem_free_avc:
        anon_vma_chain_free(avc);
 out_enomem:
        return -ENOMEM;
}

/*
 * This is a useful helper function for locking the anon_vma root as
 * we traverse the vma->anon_vma_chain, looping over anon_vma's that
 * have the same vma.
 *
 * Such anon_vma's should have the same root, so you'd expect to see
 * just a single mutex_lock for the whole traversal.
 */
static inline struct anon_vma *lock_anon_vma_root(struct anon_vma *root, struct anon_vma *anon_vma)
{
        struct anon_vma *new_root = anon_vma->root;
        if (new_root != root) {
                if (WARN_ON_ONCE(root))
                        mutex_unlock(&root->mutex);
                root = new_root;
                mutex_lock(&root->mutex);
        }
        return root;
}

static inline void unlock_anon_vma_root(struct anon_vma *root)
{
        if (root)
                mutex_unlock(&root->mutex);
}

static void anon_vma_chain_link(struct vm_area_struct *vma,
                                struct anon_vma_chain *avc,
                                struct anon_vma *anon_vma)
{
        avc->vma = vma;
        avc->anon_vma = anon_vma;
        list_add(&avc->same_vma, &vma->anon_vma_chain);

        /*
         * It's critical to add new vmas to the tail of the anon_vma,
         * see comment in huge_memory.c:__split_huge_page().
         */
        list_add_tail(&avc->same_anon_vma, &anon_vma->head);
}

/*
 * Attach the anon_vmas from src to dst.
 * Returns 0 on success, -ENOMEM on failure.
 */
int anon_vma_clone(struct vm_area_struct *dst, struct vm_area_struct *src)
{
        struct anon_vma_chain *avc, *pavc;
        struct anon_vma *root = NULL;

        list_for_each_entry_reverse(pavc, &src->anon_vma_chain, same_vma) {
                struct anon_vma *anon_vma;

                avc = anon_vma_chain_alloc(GFP_NOWAIT | __GFP_NOWARN);
                if (unlikely(!avc)) {
                        unlock_anon_vma_root(root);
                        root = NULL;
                        avc = anon_vma_chain_alloc(GFP_KERNEL);
                        if (!avc)
                                goto enomem_failure;
                }
                anon_vma = pavc->anon_vma;
                root = lock_anon_vma_root(root, anon_vma);
                anon_vma_chain_link(dst, avc, anon_vma);
        }
        unlock_anon_vma_root(root);
        return 0;

 enomem_failure:
        unlink_anon_vmas(dst);
        return -ENOMEM;
}

/*
 * Attach vma to its own anon_vma, as well as to the anon_vmas that
 * the corresponding VMA in the parent process is attached to.
 * Returns 0 on success, non-zero on failure.
 */
int anon_vma_fork(struct vm_area_struct *vma, struct vm_area_struct *pvma)
{
        struct anon_vma_chain *avc;
        struct anon_vma *anon_vma;

        /* Don't bother if the parent process has no anon_vma here. */
        if (!pvma->anon_vma)
                return 0;

        /*
         * First, attach the new VMA to the parent VMA's anon_vmas,
         * so rmap can find non-COWed pages in child processes.
         */
        if (anon_vma_clone(vma, pvma))
                return -ENOMEM;

        /* Then add our own anon_vma. */
        anon_vma = anon_vma_alloc();
        if (!anon_vma)
                goto out_error;
        avc = anon_vma_chain_alloc(GFP_KERNEL);
        if (!avc)
                goto out_error_free_anon_vma;

        /*
         * The root anon_vma's spinlock is the lock actually used when we
         * lock any of the anon_vmas in this anon_vma tree.
         */
        anon_vma->root = pvma->anon_vma->root;
        /*
         * With refcounts, an anon_vma can stay around longer than the
         * process it belongs to. The root anon_vma needs to be pinned until
         * this anon_vma is freed, because the lock lives in the root.
         */
        get_anon_vma(anon_vma->root);
        /* Mark this anon_vma as the one where our new (COWed) pages go. */
        vma->anon_vma = anon_vma;
        anon_vma_lock(anon_vma);
        anon_vma_chain_link(vma, avc, anon_vma);
        anon_vma_unlock(anon_vma);

        return 0;

 out_error_free_anon_vma:
        put_anon_vma(anon_vma);
 out_error:
        unlink_anon_vmas(vma);
        return -ENOMEM;
}

void unlink_anon_vmas(struct vm_area_struct *vma)
{
        struct anon_vma_chain *avc, *next;
        struct anon_vma *root = NULL;

        /*
         * Unlink each anon_vma chained to the VMA.  This list is ordered
         * from newest to oldest, ensuring the root anon_vma gets freed last.
         */
        list_for_each_entry_safe(avc, next, &vma->anon_vma_chain, same_vma) {
                struct anon_vma *anon_vma = avc->anon_vma;

                root = lock_anon_vma_root(root, anon_vma);
                list_del(&avc->same_anon_vma);

                /*
                 * Leave empty anon_vmas on the list - we'll need
                 * to free them outside the lock.
                 */
                if (list_empty(&anon_vma->head))
                        continue;

                list_del(&avc->same_vma);
                anon_vma_chain_free(avc);
        }
        unlock_anon_vma_root(root);

        /*
         * Iterate the list once more, it now only contains empty and unlinked
         * anon_vmas, destroy them. Could not do before due to __put_anon_vma()
         * needing to acquire the anon_vma->root->mutex.
         */
        list_for_each_entry_safe(avc, next, &vma->anon_vma_chain, same_vma) {
                struct anon_vma *anon_vma = avc->anon_vma;

                put_anon_vma(anon_vma);

                list_del(&avc->same_vma);
                anon_vma_chain_free(avc);
        }
}

static void anon_vma_ctor(void *data)
{
        struct anon_vma *anon_vma = data;

        mutex_init(&anon_vma->mutex);
        atomic_set(&anon_vma->refcount, 0);
        INIT_LIST_HEAD(&anon_vma->head);
}

void __init anon_vma_init(void)
{
        anon_vma_cachep = kmem_cache_create("anon_vma", sizeof(struct anon_vma),
                        0, SLAB_DESTROY_BY_RCU|SLAB_PANIC, anon_vma_ctor);
        anon_vma_chain_cachep = KMEM_CACHE(anon_vma_chain, SLAB_PANIC);
}

/*
 * Getting a lock on a stable anon_vma from a page off the LRU is tricky!
 *
 * Since there is no serialization what so ever against page_remove_rmap()
 * the best this function can do is return a locked anon_vma that might
 * have been relevant to this page.
 *
 * The page might have been remapped to a different anon_vma or the anon_vma
 * returned may already be freed (and even reused).
 *
 * In case it was remapped to a different anon_vma, the new anon_vma will be a
 * child of the old anon_vma, and the anon_vma lifetime rules will therefore
 * ensure that any anon_vma obtained from the page will still be valid for as
 * long as we observe page_mapped() [ hence all those page_mapped() tests ].
 *
 * All users of this function must be very careful when walking the anon_vma
 * chain and verify that the page in question is indeed mapped in it
 * [ something equivalent to page_mapped_in_vma() ].
 *
 * Since anon_vma's slab is DESTROY_BY_RCU and we know from page_remove_rmap()
 * that the anon_vma pointer from page->mapping is valid if there is a
 * mapcount, we can dereference the anon_vma after observing those.
 */
struct anon_vma *page_get_anon_vma(struct page *page)
{
        struct anon_vma *anon_vma = NULL;
        unsigned long anon_mapping;

        rcu_read_lock();
        anon_mapping = (unsigned long) ACCESS_ONCE(page->mapping);
        if ((anon_mapping & PAGE_MAPPING_FLAGS) != PAGE_MAPPING_ANON)
                goto out;
        if (!page_mapped(page))
                goto out;

        anon_vma = (struct anon_vma *) (anon_mapping - PAGE_MAPPING_ANON);
        if (!atomic_inc_not_zero(&anon_vma->refcount)) {
                anon_vma = NULL;
                goto out;
        }

        /*
         * If this page is still mapped, then its anon_vma cannot have been
         * freed.  But if it has been unmapped, we have no security against the
         * anon_vma structure being freed and reused (for another anon_vma:
         * SLAB_DESTROY_BY_RCU guarantees that - so the atomic_inc_not_zero()
         * above cannot corrupt).
         */
        if (!page_mapped(page)) {
                put_anon_vma(anon_vma);
                anon_vma = NULL;
        }
out:
        rcu_read_unlock();

        return anon_vma;
}

/*
 * Similar to page_get_anon_vma() except it locks the anon_vma.
 *
 * Its a little more complex as it tries to keep the fast path to a single
 * atomic op -- the trylock. If we fail the trylock, we fall back to getting a
 * reference like with page_get_anon_vma() and then block on the mutex.
 */
struct anon_vma *page_lock_anon_vma(struct page *page)
{
        struct anon_vma *anon_vma = NULL;
        struct anon_vma *root_anon_vma;
        unsigned long anon_mapping;

        rcu_read_lock();
        anon_mapping = (unsigned long) ACCESS_ONCE(page->mapping);
        if ((anon_mapping & PAGE_MAPPING_FLAGS) != PAGE_MAPPING_ANON)
                goto out;
        if (!page_mapped(page))
                goto out;

        anon_vma = (struct anon_vma *) (anon_mapping - PAGE_MAPPING_ANON);
        root_anon_vma = ACCESS_ONCE(anon_vma->root);
        if (mutex_trylock(&root_anon_vma->mutex)) {
                /*
                 * If the page is still mapped, then this anon_vma is still
                 * its anon_vma, and holding the mutex ensures that it will
                 * not go away, see anon_vma_free().
                 */
                if (!page_mapped(page)) {
                        mutex_unlock(&root_anon_vma->mutex);
                        anon_vma = NULL;
                }
                goto out;
        }

        /* trylock failed, we got to sleep */
        if (!atomic_inc_not_zero(&anon_vma->refcount)) {
                anon_vma = NULL;
                goto out;
        }

        if (!page_mapped(page)) {
                put_anon_vma(anon_vma);
                anon_vma = NULL;
                goto out;
        }

        /* we pinned the anon_vma, its safe to sleep */
        rcu_read_unlock();
        anon_vma_lock(anon_vma);

        if (atomic_dec_and_test(&anon_vma->refcount)) {
                /*
                 * Oops, we held the last refcount, release the lock
                 * and bail -- can't simply use put_anon_vma() because
                 * we'll deadlock on the anon_vma_lock() recursion.
                 */
                anon_vma_unlock(anon_vma);
                __put_anon_vma(anon_vma);
                anon_vma = NULL;
        }

        return anon_vma;

out:
        rcu_read_unlock();
        return anon_vma;
}

void page_unlock_anon_vma(struct anon_vma *anon_vma)
{
        anon_vma_unlock(anon_vma);
}

/*
 * At what user virtual address is page expected in @vma?
 * Returns virtual address or -EFAULT if page's index/offset is not
 * within the range mapped the @vma.
 */
inline unsigned long
vma_address(struct page *page, struct vm_area_struct *vma)
{
        pgoff_t pgoff = page->index << (PAGE_CACHE_SHIFT - PAGE_SHIFT);
        unsigned long address;

        if (unlikely(is_vm_hugetlb_page(vma)))
                pgoff = page->index << huge_page_order(page_hstate(page));
        address = vma->vm_start + ((pgoff - vma->vm_pgoff) << PAGE_SHIFT);
        if (unlikely(address < vma->vm_start || address >= vma->vm_end)) {
                /* page should be within @vma mapping range */
                return -EFAULT;
        }
        return address;
}

/*
 * At what user virtual address is page expected in vma?
 * Caller should check the page is actually part of the vma.
 */
unsigned long page_address_in_vma(struct page *page, struct vm_area_struct *vma)
{
        if (PageAnon(page)) {
                struct anon_vma *page__anon_vma = page_anon_vma(page);
                /*
                 * Note: swapoff's unuse_vma() is more efficient with this
                 * check, and needs it to match anon_vma when KSM is active.
                 */
                if (!vma->anon_vma || !page__anon_vma ||
                    vma->anon_vma->root != page__anon_vma->root)
                        return -EFAULT;
        } else if (page->mapping && !(vma->vm_flags & VM_NONLINEAR)) {
                if (!vma->vm_file ||
                    vma->vm_file->f_mapping != page->mapping)
                        return -EFAULT;
        } else
                return -EFAULT;
        return vma_address(page, vma);
}

/*
 * Check that @page is mapped at @address into @mm.
 *
 * If @sync is false, page_check_address may perform a racy check to avoid
 * the page table lock when the pte is not present (helpful when reclaiming
 * highly shared pages).
 *
 * On success returns with pte mapped and locked.
 */
pte_t *__page_check_address(struct page *page, struct mm_struct *mm,
                          unsigned long address, spinlock_t **ptlp, int sync)
{
        pgd_t *pgd;
        pud_t *pud;
        pmd_t *pmd;
        pte_t *pte;
        spinlock_t *ptl;

        if (unlikely(PageHuge(page))) {
                pte = huge_pte_offset(mm, address);
                ptl = &mm->page_table_lock;
                goto check;
        }

        pgd = pgd_offset(mm, address);
        if (!pgd_present(*pgd))
                return NULL;

        pud = pud_offset(pgd, address);
        if (!pud_present(*pud))
                return NULL;

        pmd = pmd_offset(pud, address);
        if (!pmd_present(*pmd))
                return NULL;
        if (pmd_trans_huge(*pmd))
                return NULL;

        pte = pte_offset_map(pmd, address);
        /* Make a quick check before getting the lock */
        if (!sync && !pte_present(*pte)) {
                pte_unmap(pte);
                return NULL;
        }

        ptl = pte_lockptr(mm, pmd);
check:
        spin_lock(ptl);
        if (pte_present(*pte) && page_to_pfn(page) == pte_pfn(*pte)) {
                *ptlp = ptl;
                return pte;
        }
        pte_unmap_unlock(pte, ptl);
        return NULL;
}

/**
 * page_mapped_in_vma - check whether a page is really mapped in a VMA
 * @page: the page to test
 * @vma: the VMA to test
 *
 * Returns 1 if the page is mapped into the page tables of the VMA, 0
 * if the page is not mapped into the page tables of this VMA.  Only
 * valid for normal file or anonymous VMAs.
 */
int page_mapped_in_vma(struct page *page, struct vm_area_struct *vma)
{
        unsigned long address;
        pte_t *pte;
        spinlock_t *ptl;

        address = vma_address(page, vma);
        if (address == -EFAULT)         /* out of vma range */
                return 0;
        pte = page_check_address(page, vma->vm_mm, address, &ptl, 1);
        if (!pte)                       /* the page is not in this mm */
                return 0;
        pte_unmap_unlock(pte, ptl);

        return 1;
}

/*
 * Subfunctions of page_referenced: page_referenced_one called
 * repeatedly from either page_referenced_anon or page_referenced_file.
 */
int page_referenced_one(struct page *page, struct vm_area_struct *vma,
                        unsigned long address, unsigned int *mapcount,
                        unsigned long *vm_flags)
{
        struct mm_struct *mm = vma->vm_mm;
        int referenced = 0;

        if (unlikely(PageTransHuge(page))) {
                pmd_t *pmd;

                spin_lock(&mm->page_table_lock);
                /*
                 * rmap might return false positives; we must filter
                 * these out using page_check_address_pmd().
                 */
                pmd = page_check_address_pmd(page, mm, address,
                                             PAGE_CHECK_ADDRESS_PMD_FLAG);
                if (!pmd) {
                        spin_unlock(&mm->page_table_lock);
                        goto out;
                }

                if (vma->vm_flags & VM_LOCKED) {
                        spin_unlock(&mm->page_table_lock);
                        *mapcount = 0;  /* break early from loop */
                        *vm_flags |= VM_LOCKED;
                        goto out;
                }

                /* go ahead even if the pmd is pmd_trans_splitting() */
                if (pmdp_clear_flush_young_notify(vma, address, pmd))
                        referenced++;
                spin_unlock(&mm->page_table_lock);
        } else {
                pte_t *pte;
                spinlock_t *ptl;

                /*
                 * rmap might return false positives; we must filter
                 * these out using page_check_address().
                 */
                pte = page_check_address(page, mm, address, &ptl, 0);
                if (!pte)
                        goto out;

                if (vma->vm_flags & VM_LOCKED) {
                        pte_unmap_unlock(pte, ptl);
                        *mapcount = 0;  /* break early from loop */
                        *vm_flags |= VM_LOCKED;
                        goto out;
                }

                if (ptep_clear_flush_young_notify(vma, address, pte)) {
                        /*
                         * Don't treat a reference through a sequentially read
                         * mapping as such.  If the page has been used in
                         * another mapping, we will catch it; if this other
                         * mapping is already gone, the unmap path will have
                         * set PG_referenced or activated the page.
                         */
                        if (likely(!VM_SequentialReadHint(vma)))
                                referenced++;
                }
                pte_unmap_unlock(pte, ptl);
        }

        /* Pretend the page is referenced if the task has the
           swap token and is in the middle of a page fault. */
        if (mm != current->mm && has_swap_token(mm) &&
                        rwsem_is_locked(&mm->mmap_sem))
                referenced++;

        (*mapcount)--;

        if (referenced)
                *vm_flags |= vma->vm_flags;
out:
        return referenced;
}

static int page_referenced_anon(struct page *page,
                                struct mem_cgroup *mem_cont,
                                unsigned long *vm_flags)
{
        unsigned int mapcount;
        struct anon_vma *anon_vma;
        struct anon_vma_chain *avc;
        int referenced = 0;

        anon_vma = page_lock_anon_vma(page);
        if (!anon_vma)
                return referenced;

        mapcount = page_mapcount(page);
        list_for_each_entry(avc, &anon_vma->head, same_anon_vma) {
                struct vm_area_struct *vma = avc->vma;
                unsigned long address = vma_address(page, vma);
                if (address == -EFAULT)
                        continue;
                /*
                 * If we are reclaiming on behalf of a cgroup, skip
                 * counting on behalf of references from different
                 * cgroups
                 */
                if (mem_cont && !mm_match_cgroup(vma->vm_mm, mem_cont))
                        continue;
                referenced += page_referenced_one(page, vma, address,
                                                  &mapcount, vm_flags);
                if (!mapcount)
                        break;
        }

        page_unlock_anon_vma(anon_vma);
        return referenced;
}

/**
 * page_referenced_file - referenced check for object-based rmap
 * @page: the page we're checking references on.
 * @mem_cont: target memory controller
 * @vm_flags: collect encountered vma->vm_flags who actually referenced the page
 *
 * For an object-based mapped page, find all the places it is mapped and
 * check/clear the referenced flag.  This is done by following the page->mapping
 * pointer, then walking the chain of vmas it holds.  It returns the number
 * of references it found.
 *
 * This function is only called from page_referenced for object-based pages.
 */
static int page_referenced_file(struct page *page,
                                struct mem_cgroup *mem_cont,
                                unsigned long *vm_flags)
{
        unsigned int mapcount;
        struct address_space *mapping = page->mapping;
        pgoff_t pgoff = page->index << (PAGE_CACHE_SHIFT - PAGE_SHIFT);
        struct vm_area_struct *vma;
        struct prio_tree_iter iter;
        int referenced = 0;

        /*
         * The caller's checks on page->mapping and !PageAnon have made
         * sure that this is a file page: the check for page->mapping
         * excludes the case just before it gets set on an anon page.
         */
        BUG_ON(PageAnon(page));

        /*
         * The page lock not only makes sure that page->mapping cannot
         * suddenly be NULLified by truncation, it makes sure that the
         * structure at mapping cannot be freed and reused yet,
         * so we can safely take mapping->i_mmap_mutex.
         */
        BUG_ON(!PageLocked(page));

        mutex_lock(&mapping->i_mmap_mutex);

        /*
         * i_mmap_mutex does not stabilize mapcount at all, but mapcount
         * is more likely to be accurate if we note it after spinning.
         */
        mapcount = page_mapcount(page);

        vma_prio_tree_foreach(vma, &iter, &mapping->i_mmap, pgoff, pgoff) {
                unsigned long address = vma_address(page, vma);
                if (address == -EFAULT)
                        continue;
                /*
                 * If we are reclaiming on behalf of a cgroup, skip
                 * counting on behalf of references from different
                 * cgroups
                 */
                if (mem_cont && !mm_match_cgroup(vma->vm_mm, mem_cont))
                        continue;
                referenced += page_referenced_one(page, vma, address,
                                                  &mapcount, vm_flags);
                if (!mapcount)
                        break;
        }

        mutex_unlock(&mapping->i_mmap_mutex);
        return referenced;
}

/**
 * page_referenced - test if the page was referenced
 * @page: the page to test
 * @is_locked: caller holds lock on the page
 * @mem_cont: target memory controller
 * @vm_flags: collect encountered vma->vm_flags who actually referenced the page
 *
 * Quick test_and_clear_referenced for all mappings to a page,
 * returns the number of ptes which referenced the page.
 */
int page_referenced(struct page *page,
                    int is_locked,
                    struct mem_cgroup *mem_cont,
                    unsigned long *vm_flags)
{
        int referenced = 0;
        int we_locked = 0;

        *vm_flags = 0;
        if (page_mapped(page) && page_rmapping(page)) {
                if (!is_locked && (!PageAnon(page) || PageKsm(page))) {
                        we_locked = trylock_page(page);
                        if (!we_locked) {
                                referenced++;
                                goto out;
                        }
                }
                if (unlikely(PageKsm(page)))
                        referenced += page_referenced_ksm(page, mem_cont,
                                                                vm_flags);
                else if (PageAnon(page))
                        referenced += page_referenced_anon(page, mem_cont,
                                                                vm_flags);
                else if (page->mapping)
                        referenced += page_referenced_file(page, mem_cont,
                                                                vm_flags);
                if (we_locked)
                        unlock_page(page);

                if (page_test_and_clear_young(page_to_pfn(page)))
                        referenced++;
        }
out:
        return referenced;
}

static int page_mkclean_one(struct page *page, struct vm_area_struct *vma,
                            unsigned long address)
{
        struct mm_struct *mm = vma->vm_mm;
        pte_t *pte;
        spinlock_t *ptl;
        int ret = 0;

        pte = page_check_address(page, mm, address, &ptl, 1);
        if (!pte)
                goto out;

        if (pte_dirty(*pte) || pte_write(*pte)) {
                pte_t entry;

                flush_cache_page(vma, address, pte_pfn(*pte));
                entry = ptep_clear_flush_notify(vma, address, pte);
                entry = pte_wrprotect(entry);
                entry = pte_mkclean(entry);
                set_pte_at(mm, address, pte, entry);
                ret = 1;
        }

        pte_unmap_unlock(pte, ptl);
out:
        return ret;
}

static int page_mkclean_file(struct address_space *mapping, struct page *page)
{
        pgoff_t pgoff = page->index << (PAGE_CACHE_SHIFT - PAGE_SHIFT);
        struct vm_area_struct *vma;
        struct prio_tree_iter iter;
        int ret = 0;

        BUG_ON(PageAnon(page));

        mutex_lock(&mapping->i_mmap_mutex);
        vma_prio_tree_foreach(vma, &iter, &mapping->i_mmap, pgoff, pgoff) {
                if (vma->vm_flags & VM_SHARED) {
                        unsigned long address = vma_address(page, vma);
                        if (address == -EFAULT)
                                continue;
                        ret += page_mkclean_one(page, vma, address);
                }
        }
        mutex_unlock(&mapping->i_mmap_mutex);
        return ret;
}

int page_mkclean(struct page *page)
{
        int ret = 0;

        BUG_ON(!PageLocked(page));

        if (page_mapped(page)) {
                struct address_space *mapping = page_mapping(page);
                if (mapping) {
                        ret = page_mkclean_file(mapping, page);
                        if (page_test_and_clear_dirty(page_to_pfn(page), 1))
                                ret = 1;
                }
        }

        return ret;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(page_mkclean);

/**
 * page_move_anon_rmap - move a page to our anon_vma
 * @page:       the page to move to our anon_vma
 * @vma:        the vma the page belongs to
 * @address:    the user virtual address mapped
 *
 * When a page belongs exclusively to one process after a COW event,
 * that page can be moved into the anon_vma that belongs to just that
 * process, so the rmap code will not search the parent or sibling
 * processes.
 */
void page_move_anon_rmap(struct page *page,
        struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long address)
{
        struct anon_vma *anon_vma = vma->anon_vma;

        VM_BUG_ON(!PageLocked(page));
        VM_BUG_ON(!anon_vma);
        VM_BUG_ON(page->index != linear_page_index(vma, address));

        anon_vma = (void *) anon_vma + PAGE_MAPPING_ANON;
        page->mapping = (struct address_space *) anon_vma;
}

/**
 * __page_set_anon_rmap - set up new anonymous rmap
 * @page:       Page to add to rmap     
 * @vma:        VM area to add page to.
 * @address:    User virtual address of the mapping     
 * @exclusive:  the page is exclusively owned by the current process
 */
static void __page_set_anon_rmap(struct page *page,
        struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long address, int exclusive)
{
        struct anon_vma *anon_vma = vma->anon_vma;

        BUG_ON(!anon_vma);

        if (PageAnon(page))
                return;

        /*
         * If the page isn't exclusively mapped into this vma,
         * we must use the _oldest_ possible anon_vma for the
         * page mapping!
         */
        if (!exclusive)
                anon_vma = anon_vma->root;

        anon_vma = (void *) anon_vma + PAGE_MAPPING_ANON;
        page->mapping = (struct address_space *) anon_vma;
        page->index = linear_page_index(vma, address);
}

/**
 * __page_check_anon_rmap - sanity check anonymous rmap addition
 * @page:       the page to add the mapping to
 * @vma:        the vm area in which the mapping is added
 * @address:    the user virtual address mapped
 */
static void __page_check_anon_rmap(struct page *page,
        struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long address)
{
#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_VM
        /*
         * The page's anon-rmap details (mapping and index) are guaranteed to
         * be set up correctly at this point.
         *
         * We have exclusion against page_add_anon_rmap because the caller
         * always holds the page locked, except if called from page_dup_rmap,
         * in which case the page is already known to be setup.
         *
         * We have exclusion against page_add_new_anon_rmap because those pages
         * are initially only visible via the pagetables, and the pte is locked
         * over the call to page_add_new_anon_rmap.
         */
        BUG_ON(page_anon_vma(page)->root != vma->anon_vma->root);
        BUG_ON(page->index != linear_page_index(vma, address));
#endif
}

/**
 * page_add_anon_rmap - add pte mapping to an anonymous page
 * @page:       the page to add the mapping to
 * @vma:        the vm area in which the mapping is added
 * @address:    the user virtual address mapped
 *
 * The caller needs to hold the pte lock, and the page must be locked in
 * the anon_vma case: to serialize mapping,index checking after setting,
 * and to ensure that PageAnon is not being upgraded racily to PageKsm
 * (but PageKsm is never downgraded to PageAnon).
 */
void page_add_anon_rmap(struct page *page,
        struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long address)
{
        do_page_add_anon_rmap(page, vma, address, 0);
}

/*
 * Special version of the above for do_swap_page, which often runs
 * into pages that are exclusively owned by the current process.
 * Everybody else should continue to use page_add_anon_rmap above.
 */
void do_page_add_anon_rmap(struct page *page,
        struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long address, int exclusive)
{
        int first = atomic_inc_and_test(&page->_mapcount);
        if (first) {
                if (!PageTransHuge(page))
                        __inc_zone_page_state(page, NR_ANON_PAGES);
                else
                        __inc_zone_page_state(page,
                                              NR_ANON_TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGES);
        }
        if (unlikely(PageKsm(page)))
                return;

        VM_BUG_ON(!PageLocked(page));
        /* address might be in next vma when migration races vma_adjust */
        if (first)
                __page_set_anon_rmap(page, vma, address, exclusive);
        else
                __page_check_anon_rmap(page, vma, address);
}

/**
 * page_add_new_anon_rmap - add pte mapping to a new anonymous page
 * @page:       the page to add the mapping to
 * @vma:        the vm area in which the mapping is added
 * @address:    the user virtual address mapped
 *
 * Same as page_add_anon_rmap but must only be called on *new* pages.
 * This means the inc-and-test can be bypassed.
 * Page does not have to be locked.
 */
void page_add_new_anon_rmap(struct page *page,
        struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long address)
{
        VM_BUG_ON(address < vma->vm_start || address >= vma->vm_end);
        SetPageSwapBacked(page);
        atomic_set(&page->_mapcount, 0); /* increment count (starts at -1) */
        if (!PageTransHuge(page))
                __inc_zone_page_state(page, NR_ANON_PAGES);
        else
                __inc_zone_page_state(page, NR_ANON_TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGES);
        __page_set_anon_rmap(page, vma, address, 1);
        if (page_evictable(page, vma))
                lru_cache_add_lru(page, LRU_ACTIVE_ANON);
        else
                add_page_to_unevictable_list(page);
}

/**
 * page_add_file_rmap - add pte mapping to a file page
 * @page: the page to add the mapping to
 *
 * The caller needs to hold the pte lock.
 */
void page_add_file_rmap(struct page *page)
{
        if (atomic_inc_and_test(&page->_mapcount)) {
                __inc_zone_page_state(page, NR_FILE_MAPPED);
                mem_cgroup_inc_page_stat(page, MEMCG_NR_FILE_MAPPED);
        }
}

/**
 * page_remove_rmap - take down pte mapping from a page
 * @page: page to remove mapping from
 *
 * The caller needs to hold the pte lock.
 */
void page_remove_rmap(struct page *page)
{
        /* page still mapped by someone else? */
        if (!atomic_add_negative(-1, &page->_mapcount))
                return;

        /*
         * Now that the last pte has gone, s390 must transfer dirty
         * flag from storage key to struct page.  We can usually skip
         * this if the page is anon, so about to be freed; but perhaps
         * not if it's in swapcache - there might be another pte slot
         * containing the swap entry, but page not yet written to swap.
         */
        if ((!PageAnon(page) || PageSwapCache(page)) &&
            page_test_and_clear_dirty(page_to_pfn(page), 1))
                set_page_dirty(page);
        /*
         * Hugepages are not counted in NR_ANON_PAGES nor NR_FILE_MAPPED
         * and not charged by memcg for now.
         */
        if (unlikely(PageHuge(page)))
                return;
        if (PageAnon(page)) {
                mem_cgroup_uncharge_page(page);
                if (!PageTransHuge(page))
                        __dec_zone_page_state(page, NR_ANON_PAGES);
                else
                        __dec_zone_page_state(page,
                                              NR_ANON_TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGES);
        } else {
                __dec_zone_page_state(page, NR_FILE_MAPPED);
                mem_cgroup_dec_page_stat(page, MEMCG_NR_FILE_MAPPED);
        }
        /*
         * It would be tidy to reset the PageAnon mapping here,
         * but that might overwrite a racing page_add_anon_rmap
         * which increments mapcount after us but sets mapping
         * before us: so leave the reset to free_hot_cold_page,
         * and remember that it's only reliable while mapped.
         * Leaving it set also helps swapoff to reinstate ptes
         * faster for those pages still in swapcache.
         */
}

/*
 * Subfunctions of try_to_unmap: try_to_unmap_one called
 * repeatedly from either try_to_unmap_anon or try_to_unmap_file.
 */
int try_to_unmap_one(struct page *page, struct vm_area_struct *vma,
                     unsigned long address, enum ttu_flags flags)
{
        struct mm_struct *mm = vma->vm_mm;
        pte_t *pte;
        pte_t pteval;
        spinlock_t *ptl;
        int ret = SWAP_AGAIN;

        pte = page_check_address(page, mm, address, &ptl, 0);
        if (!pte)
                goto out;

        /*
         * If the page is mlock()d, we cannot swap it out.
         * If it's recently referenced (perhaps page_referenced
         * skipped over this mm) then we should reactivate it.
         */
        if (!(flags & TTU_IGNORE_MLOCK)) {
                if (vma->vm_flags & VM_LOCKED)
                        goto out_mlock;

                if (TTU_ACTION(flags) == TTU_MUNLOCK)
                        goto out_unmap;
        }
        if (!(flags & TTU_IGNORE_ACCESS)) {
                if (ptep_clear_flush_young_notify(vma, address, pte)) {
                        ret = SWAP_FAIL;
                        goto out_unmap;
                }
        }

        /* Nuke the page table entry. */
        flush_cache_page(vma, address, page_to_pfn(page));
        pteval = ptep_clear_flush_notify(vma, address, pte);

        /* Move the dirty bit to the physical page now the pte is gone. */
        if (pte_dirty(pteval))
                set_page_dirty(page);

        /* Update high watermark before we lower rss */
        update_hiwater_rss(mm);

        if (PageHWPoison(page) && !(flags & TTU_IGNORE_HWPOISON)) {
                if (PageAnon(page))
                        dec_mm_counter(mm, MM_ANONPAGES);
                else
                        dec_mm_counter(mm, MM_FILEPAGES);
                set_pte_at(mm, address, pte,
                                swp_entry_to_pte(make_hwpoison_entry(page)));
        } else if (PageAnon(page)) {
                swp_entry_t entry = { .val = page_private(page) };

                if (PageSwapCache(page)) {
                        /*
                         * Store the swap location in the pte.
                         * See handle_pte_fault() ...
                         */
                        if (swap_duplicate(entry) < 0) {
                                set_pte_at(mm, address, pte, pteval);
                                ret = SWAP_FAIL;
                                goto out_unmap;
                        }
                        if (list_empty(&mm->mmlist)) {
                                spin_lock(&mmlist_lock);
                                if (list_empty(&mm->mmlist))
                                        list_add(&mm->mmlist, &init_mm.mmlist);
                                spin_unlock(&mmlist_lock);
                        }
                        dec_mm_counter(mm, MM_ANONPAGES);
                        inc_mm_counter(mm, MM_SWAPENTS);
                } else if (PAGE_MIGRATION) {
                        /*
                         * Store the pfn of the page in a special migration
                         * pte. do_swap_page() will wait until the migration
                         * pte is removed and then restart fault handling.
                         */
                        BUG_ON(TTU_ACTION(flags) != TTU_MIGRATION);
                        entry = make_migration_entry(page, pte_write(pteval));
                }
                set_pte_at(mm, address, pte, swp_entry_to_pte(entry));
                BUG_ON(pte_file(*pte));
        } else if (PAGE_MIGRATION && (TTU_ACTION(flags) == TTU_MIGRATION)) {
                /* Establish migration entry for a file page */
                swp_entry_t entry;
                entry = make_migration_entry(page, pte_write(pteval));
                set_pte_at(mm, address, pte, swp_entry_to_pte(entry));
        } else
                dec_mm_counter(mm, MM_FILEPAGES);

        page_remove_rmap(page);
        page_cache_release(page);

out_unmap:
        pte_unmap_unlock(pte, ptl);
out:
        return ret;

out_mlock:
        pte_unmap_unlock(pte, ptl);


        /*
         * We need mmap_sem locking, Otherwise VM_LOCKED check makes
         * unstable result and race. Plus, We can't wait here because
         * we now hold anon_vma->mutex or mapping->i_mmap_mutex.
         * if trylock failed, the page remain in evictable lru and later
         * vmscan could retry to move the page to unevictable lru if the
         * page is actually mlocked.
         */
        if (down_read_trylock(&vma->vm_mm->mmap_sem)) {
                if (vma->vm_flags & VM_LOCKED) {
                        mlock_vma_page(page);
                        ret = SWAP_MLOCK;
                }
                up_read(&vma->vm_mm->mmap_sem);
        }
        return ret;
}

/*
 * objrmap doesn't work for nonlinear VMAs because the assumption that
 * offset-into-file correlates with offset-into-virtual-addresses does not hold.
 * Consequently, given a particular page and its ->index, we cannot locate the
 * ptes which are mapping that page without an exhaustive linear search.
 *
 * So what this code does is a mini "virtual scan" of each nonlinear VMA which
 * maps the file to which the target page belongs.  The ->vm_private_data field
 * holds the current cursor into that scan.  Successive searches will circulate
 * around the vma's virtual address space.
 *
 * So as more replacement pressure is applied to the pages in a nonlinear VMA,
 * more scanning pressure is placed against them as well.   Eventually pages
 * will become fully unmapped and are eligible for eviction.
 *
 * For very sparsely populated VMAs this is a little inefficient - chances are
 * there there won't be many ptes located within the scan cluster.  In this case
 * maybe we could scan further - to the end of the pte page, perhaps.
 *
 * Mlocked pages:  check VM_LOCKED under mmap_sem held for read, if we can
 * acquire it without blocking.  If vma locked, mlock the pages in the cluster,
 * rather than unmapping them.  If we encounter the "check_page" that vmscan is
 * trying to unmap, return SWAP_MLOCK, else default SWAP_AGAIN.
 */
#define CLUSTER_SIZE    min(32*PAGE_SIZE, PMD_SIZE)
#define CLUSTER_MASK    (~(CLUSTER_SIZE - 1))

static int try_to_unmap_cluster(unsigned long cursor, unsigned int *mapcount,
                struct vm_area_struct *vma, struct page *check_page)
{
        struct mm_struct *mm = vma->vm_mm;
        pgd_t *pgd;
        pud_t *pud;
        pmd_t *pmd;
        pte_t *pte;
        pte_t pteval;
        spinlock_t *ptl;
        struct page *page;
        unsigned long address;
        unsigned long end;
        int ret = SWAP_AGAIN;
        int locked_vma = 0;

        address = (vma->vm_start + cursor) & CLUSTER_MASK;
        end = address + CLUSTER_SIZE;
        if (address < vma->vm_start)
                address = vma->vm_start;
        if (end > vma->vm_end)
                end = vma->vm_end;

        pgd = pgd_offset(mm, address);
        if (!pgd_present(*pgd))
                return ret;

        pud = pud_offset(pgd, address);
        if (!pud_present(*pud))
                return ret;

        pmd = pmd_offset(pud, address);
        if (!pmd_present(*pmd))
                return ret;

        /*
         * If we can acquire the mmap_sem for read, and vma is VM_LOCKED,
         * keep the sem while scanning the cluster for mlocking pages.
         */
        if (down_read_trylock(&vma->vm_mm->mmap_sem)) {
                locked_vma = (vma->vm_flags & VM_LOCKED);
                if (!locked_vma)
                        up_read(&vma->vm_mm->mmap_sem); /* don't need it */
        }

        pte = pte_offset_map_lock(mm, pmd, address, &ptl);

        /* Update high watermark before we lower rss */
        update_hiwater_rss(mm);

        for (; address < end; pte++, address += PAGE_SIZE) {
                if (!pte_present(*pte))
                        continue;
                page = vm_normal_page(vma, address, *pte);
                BUG_ON(!page || PageAnon(page));

                if (locked_vma) {
                        mlock_vma_page(page);   /* no-op if already mlocked */
                        if (page == check_page)
                                ret = SWAP_MLOCK;
                        continue;       /* don't unmap */
                }

                if (ptep_clear_flush_young_notify(vma, address, pte))
                        continue;

                /* Nuke the page table entry. */
                flush_cache_page(vma, address, pte_pfn(*pte));
                pteval = ptep_clear_flush_notify(vma, address, pte);

                /* If nonlinear, store the file page offset in the pte. */
                if (page->index != linear_page_index(vma, address))
                        set_pte_at(mm, address, pte, pgoff_to_pte(page->index));

                /* Move the dirty bit to the physical page now the pte is gone. */
                if (pte_dirty(pteval))
                        set_page_dirty(page);

                page_remove_rmap(page);
                page_cache_release(page);
                dec_mm_counter(mm, MM_FILEPAGES);
                (*mapcount)--;
        }
        pte_unmap_unlock(pte - 1, ptl);
        if (locked_vma)
                up_read(&vma->vm_mm->mmap_sem);
        return ret;
}

bool is_vma_temporary_stack(struct vm_area_struct *vma)
{
        int maybe_stack = vma->vm_flags & (VM_GROWSDOWN | VM_GROWSUP);

        if (!maybe_stack)
                return false;

        if ((vma->vm_flags & VM_STACK_INCOMPLETE_SETUP) ==
                                                VM_STACK_INCOMPLETE_SETUP)
                return true;

        return false;
}

/**
 * try_to_unmap_anon - unmap or unlock anonymous page using the object-based
 * rmap method
 * @page: the page to unmap/unlock
 * @flags: action and flags
 *
 * Find all the mappings of a page using the mapping pointer and the vma chains
 * contained in the anon_vma struct it points to.
 *
 * This function is only called from try_to_unmap/try_to_munlock for
 * anonymous pages.
 * When called from try_to_munlock(), the mmap_sem of the mm containing the vma
 * where the page was found will be held for write.  So, we won't recheck
 * vm_flags for that VMA.  That should be OK, because that vma shouldn't be
 * 'LOCKED.
 */
static int try_to_unmap_anon(struct page *page, enum ttu_flags flags)
{
        struct anon_vma *anon_vma;
        struct anon_vma_chain *avc;
        int ret = SWAP_AGAIN;

        anon_vma = page_lock_anon_vma(page);
        if (!anon_vma)
                return ret;

        list_for_each_entry(avc, &anon_vma->head, same_anon_vma) {
                struct vm_area_struct *vma = avc->vma;
                unsigned long address;

                /*
                 * During exec, a temporary VMA is setup and later moved.
                 * The VMA is moved under the anon_vma lock but not the
                 * page tables leading to a race where migration cannot
                 * find the migration ptes. Rather than increasing the
                 * locking requirements of exec(), migration skips
                 * temporary VMAs until after exec() completes.
                 */
                if (PAGE_MIGRATION && (flags & TTU_MIGRATION) &&
                                is_vma_temporary_stack(vma))
                        continue;

                address = vma_address(page, vma);
                if (address == -EFAULT)
                        continue;
                ret = try_to_unmap_one(page, vma, address, flags);
                if (ret != SWAP_AGAIN || !page_mapped(page))
                        break;
        }

        page_unlock_anon_vma(anon_vma);
        return ret;
}

/**
 * try_to_unmap_file - unmap/unlock file page using the object-based rmap method
 * @page: the page to unmap/unlock
 * @flags: action and flags
 *
 * Find all the mappings of a page using the mapping pointer and the vma chains
 * contained in the address_space struct it points to.
 *
 * This function is only called from try_to_unmap/try_to_munlock for
 * object-based pages.
 * When called from try_to_munlock(), the mmap_sem of the mm containing the vma
 * where the page was found will be held for write.  So, we won't recheck
 * vm_flags for that VMA.  That should be OK, because that vma shouldn't be
 * 'LOCKED.
 */
static int try_to_unmap_file(struct page *page, enum ttu_flags flags)
{
        struct address_space *mapping = page->mapping;
        pgoff_t pgoff = page->index << (PAGE_CACHE_SHIFT - PAGE_SHIFT);
        struct vm_area_struct *vma;
        struct prio_tree_iter iter;
        int ret = SWAP_AGAIN;
        unsigned long cursor;
        unsigned long max_nl_cursor = 0;
        unsigned long max_nl_size = 0;
        unsigned int mapcount;

        mutex_lock(&mapping->i_mmap_mutex);
        vma_prio_tree_foreach(vma, &iter, &mapping->i_mmap, pgoff, pgoff) {
                unsigned long address = vma_address(page, vma);
                if (address == -EFAULT)
                        continue;
                ret = try_to_unmap_one(page, vma, address, flags);
                if (ret != SWAP_AGAIN || !page_mapped(page))
                        goto out;
        }

        if (list_empty(&mapping->i_mmap_nonlinear))
                goto out;

        /*
         * We don't bother to try to find the munlocked page in nonlinears.
         * It's costly. Instead, later, page reclaim logic may call
         * try_to_unmap(TTU_MUNLOCK) and recover PG_mlocked lazily.
         */
        if (TTU_ACTION(flags) == TTU_MUNLOCK)
                goto out;

        list_for_each_entry(vma, &mapping->i_mmap_nonlinear,
                                                shared.vm_set.list) {
                cursor = (unsigned long) vma->vm_private_data;
                if (cursor > max_nl_cursor)
                        max_nl_cursor = cursor;
                cursor = vma->vm_end - vma->vm_start;
                if (cursor > max_nl_size)
                        max_nl_size = cursor;
        }

        if (max_nl_size == 0) { /* all nonlinears locked or reserved ? */
                ret = SWAP_FAIL;
                goto out;
        }

        /*
         * We don't try to search for this page in the nonlinear vmas,
         * and page_referenced wouldn't have found it anyway.  Instead
         * just walk the nonlinear vmas trying to age and unmap some.
         * The mapcount of the page we came in with is irrelevant,
         * but even so use it as a guide to how hard we should try?
         */
        mapcount = page_mapcount(page);
        if (!mapcount)
                goto out;
        cond_resched();

        max_nl_size = (max_nl_size + CLUSTER_SIZE - 1) & CLUSTER_MASK;
        if (max_nl_cursor == 0)
                max_nl_cursor = CLUSTER_SIZE;

        do {
                list_for_each_entry(vma, &mapping->i_mmap_nonlinear,
                                                shared.vm_set.list) {
                        cursor = (unsigned long) vma->vm_private_data;
                        while ( cursor < max_nl_cursor &&
                                cursor < vma->vm_end - vma->vm_start) {
                                if (try_to_unmap_cluster(cursor, &mapcount,
                                                vma, page) == SWAP_MLOCK)
                                        ret = SWAP_MLOCK;
                                cursor += CLUSTER_SIZE;
                                vma->vm_private_data = (void *) cursor;
                                if ((int)mapcount <= 0)
                                        goto out;
                        }
                        vma->vm_private_data = (void *) max_nl_cursor;
                }
                cond_resched();
                max_nl_cursor += CLUSTER_SIZE;
        } while (max_nl_cursor <= max_nl_size);

        /*
         * Don't loop forever (perhaps all the remaining pages are
         * in locked vmas).  Reset cursor on all unreserved nonlinear
         * vmas, now forgetting on which ones it had fallen behind.
         */
        list_for_each_entry(vma, &mapping->i_mmap_nonlinear, shared.vm_set.list)
                vma->vm_private_data = NULL;
out:
        mutex_unlock(&mapping->i_mmap_mutex);
        return ret;
}

/**
 * try_to_unmap - try to remove all page table mappings to a page
 * @page: the page to get unmapped
 * @flags: action and flags
 *
 * Tries to remove all the page table entries which are mapping this
 * page, used in the pageout path.  Caller must hold the page lock.
 * Return values are:
 *
 * SWAP_SUCCESS - we succeeded in removing all mappings
 * SWAP_AGAIN   - we missed a mapping, try again later
 * SWAP_FAIL    - the page is unswappable
 * SWAP_MLOCK   - page is mlocked.
 */
int try_to_unmap(struct page *page, enum ttu_flags flags)
{
        int ret;

        BUG_ON(!PageLocked(page));
        VM_BUG_ON(!PageHuge(page) && PageTransHuge(page));

        if (unlikely(PageKsm(page)))
                ret = try_to_unmap_ksm(page, flags);
        else if (PageAnon(page))
                ret = try_to_unmap_anon(page, flags);
        else
                ret = try_to_unmap_file(page, flags);
        if (ret != SWAP_MLOCK && !page_mapped(page))
                ret = SWAP_SUCCESS;
        return ret;
}

/**
 * try_to_munlock - try to munlock a page
 * @page: the page to be munlocked
 *
 * Called from munlock code.  Checks all of the VMAs mapping the page
 * to make sure nobody else has this page mlocked. The page will be
 * returned with PG_mlocked cleared if no other vmas have it mlocked.
 *
 * Return values are:
 *
 * SWAP_AGAIN   - no vma is holding page mlocked, or,
 * SWAP_AGAIN   - page mapped in mlocked vma -- couldn't acquire mmap sem
 * SWAP_FAIL    - page cannot be located at present
 * SWAP_MLOCK   - page is now mlocked.
 */
int try_to_munlock(struct page *page)
{
        VM_BUG_ON(!PageLocked(page) || PageLRU(page));

        if (unlikely(PageKsm(page)))
                return try_to_unmap_ksm(page, TTU_MUNLOCK);
        else if (PageAnon(page))
                return try_to_unmap_anon(page, TTU_MUNLOCK);
        else
                return try_to_unmap_file(page, TTU_MUNLOCK);
}

void __put_anon_vma(struct anon_vma *anon_vma)
{
        struct anon_vma *root = anon_vma->root;

        if (root != anon_vma && atomic_dec_and_test(&root->refcount))
                anon_vma_free(root);

        anon_vma_free(anon_vma);
}

#ifdef CONFIG_MIGRATION
/*
 * rmap_walk() and its helpers rmap_walk_anon() and rmap_walk_file():
 * Called by migrate.c to remove migration ptes, but might be used more later.
 */
static int rmap_walk_anon(struct page *page, int (*rmap_one)(struct page *,
                struct vm_area_struct *, unsigned long, void *), void *arg)
{
        struct anon_vma *anon_vma;
        struct anon_vma_chain *avc;
        int ret = SWAP_AGAIN;

        /*
         * Note: remove_migration_ptes() cannot use page_lock_anon_vma()
         * because that depends on page_mapped(); but not all its usages
         * are holding mmap_sem. Users without mmap_sem are required to
         * take a reference count to prevent the anon_vma disappearing
         */
        anon_vma = page_anon_vma(page);
        if (!anon_vma)
                return ret;
        anon_vma_lock(anon_vma);
        list_for_each_entry(avc, &anon_vma->head, same_anon_vma) {
                struct vm_area_struct *vma = avc->vma;
                unsigned long address = vma_address(page, vma);
                if (address == -EFAULT)
                        continue;
                ret = rmap_one(page, vma, address, arg);
                if (ret != SWAP_AGAIN)
                        break;
        }
        anon_vma_unlock(anon_vma);
        return ret;
}

static int rmap_walk_file(struct page *page, int (*rmap_one)(struct page *,
                struct vm_area_struct *, unsigned long, void *), void *arg)
{
        struct address_space *mapping = page->mapping;
        pgoff_t pgoff = page->index << (PAGE_CACHE_SHIFT - PAGE_SHIFT);
        struct vm_area_struct *vma;
        struct prio_tree_iter iter;
        int ret = SWAP_AGAIN;

        if (!mapping)
                return ret;
        mutex_lock(&mapping->i_mmap_mutex);
        vma_prio_tree_foreach(vma, &iter, &mapping->i_mmap, pgoff, pgoff) {
                unsigned long address = vma_address(page, vma);
                if (address == -EFAULT)
                        continue;
                ret = rmap_one(page, vma, address, arg);
                if (ret != SWAP_AGAIN)
                        break;
        }
        /*
         * No nonlinear handling: being always shared, nonlinear vmas
         * never contain migration ptes.  Decide what to do about this
         * limitation to linear when we need rmap_walk() on nonlinear.
         */
        mutex_unlock(&mapping->i_mmap_mutex);
        return ret;
}

int rmap_walk(struct page *page, int (*rmap_one)(struct page *,
                struct vm_area_struct *, unsigned long, void *), void *arg)
{
        VM_BUG_ON(!PageLocked(page));

        if (unlikely(PageKsm(page)))
                return rmap_walk_ksm(page, rmap_one, arg);
        else if (PageAnon(page))
                return rmap_walk_anon(page, rmap_one, arg);
        else
                return rmap_walk_file(page, rmap_one, arg);
}
#endif /* CONFIG_MIGRATION */

#ifdef CONFIG_HUGETLB_PAGE
/*
 * The following three functions are for anonymous (private mapped) hugepages.
 * Unlike common anonymous pages, anonymous hugepages have no accounting code
 * and no lru code, because we handle hugepages differently from common pages.
 */
static void __hugepage_set_anon_rmap(struct page *page,
        struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long address, int exclusive)
{
        struct anon_vma *anon_vma = vma->anon_vma;

        BUG_ON(!anon_vma);

        if (PageAnon(page))
                return;
        if (!exclusive)
                anon_vma = anon_vma->root;

        anon_vma = (void *) anon_vma + PAGE_MAPPING_ANON;
        page->mapping = (struct address_space *) anon_vma;
        page->index = linear_page_index(vma, address);
}

void hugepage_add_anon_rmap(struct page *page,
                            struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long address)
{
        struct anon_vma *anon_vma = vma->anon_vma;
        int first;

        BUG_ON(!PageLocked(page));
        BUG_ON(!anon_vma);
        /* address might be in next vma when migration races vma_adjust */
        first = atomic_inc_and_test(&page->_mapcount);
        if (first)
                __hugepage_set_anon_rmap(page, vma, address, 0);
}

void hugepage_add_new_anon_rmap(struct page *page,
                        struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long address)
{
        BUG_ON(address < vma->vm_start || address >= vma->vm_end);
        atomic_set(&page->_mapcount, 0);
        __hugepage_set_anon_rmap(page, vma, address, 1);
}
#endif /* CONFIG_HUGETLB_PAGE */