8 Modern filesystems feature checksumming of data and metadata to
9 protect against data corruption. However, the detection of the
10 corruption is done at read time which could potentially be months
11 after the data was written. At that point the original data that the
12 application tried to write is most likely lost.
14 The solution is to ensure that the disk is actually storing what the
15 application meant it to. Recent additions to both the SCSI family
16 protocols (SBC Data Integrity Field, SCC protection proposal) as well
17 as SATA/T13 (External Path Protection) try to remedy this by adding
18 support for appending integrity metadata to an I/O. The integrity
19 metadata (or protection information in SCSI terminology) includes a
20 checksum for each sector as well as an incrementing counter that
21 ensures the individual sectors are written in the right order. And
22 for some protection schemes also that the I/O is written to the right
25 Current storage controllers and devices implement various protective
26 measures, for instance checksumming and scrubbing. But these
27 technologies are working in their own isolated domains or at best
28 between adjacent nodes in the I/O path. The interesting thing about
29 DIF and the other integrity extensions is that the protection format
30 is well defined and every node in the I/O path can verify the
31 integrity of the I/O and reject it if corruption is detected. This
32 allows not only corruption prevention but also isolation of the point
35 2. The Data Integrity Extensions
36 ================================
38 As written, the protocol extensions only protect the path between
39 controller and storage device. However, many controllers actually
40 allow the operating system to interact with the integrity metadata
41 (IMD). We have been working with several FC/SAS HBA vendors to enable
42 the protection information to be transferred to and from their
45 The SCSI Data Integrity Field works by appending 8 bytes of protection
46 information to each sector. The data + integrity metadata is stored
47 in 520 byte sectors on disk. Data + IMD are interleaved when
48 transferred between the controller and target. The T13 proposal is
51 Because it is highly inconvenient for operating systems to deal with
52 520 (and 4104) byte sectors, we approached several HBA vendors and
53 encouraged them to allow separation of the data and integrity metadata
56 The controller will interleave the buffers on write and split them on
57 read. This means that Linux can DMA the data buffers to and from
58 host memory without changes to the page cache.
60 Also, the 16-bit CRC checksum mandated by both the SCSI and SATA specs
61 is somewhat heavy to compute in software. Benchmarks found that
62 calculating this checksum had a significant impact on system
63 performance for a number of workloads. Some controllers allow a
64 lighter-weight checksum to be used when interfacing with the operating
65 system. Emulex, for instance, supports the TCP/IP checksum instead.
66 The IP checksum received from the OS is converted to the 16-bit CRC
67 when writing and vice versa. This allows the integrity metadata to be
68 generated by Linux or the application at very low cost (comparable to
71 The IP checksum is weaker than the CRC in terms of detecting bit
72 errors. However, the strength is really in the separation of the data
73 buffers and the integrity metadata. These two distinct buffers must
74 match up for an I/O to complete.
76 The separation of the data and integrity metadata buffers as well as
77 the choice in checksums is referred to as the Data Integrity
78 Extensions. As these extensions are outside the scope of the protocol
79 bodies (T10, T13), Oracle and its partners are trying to standardize
80 them within the Storage Networking Industry Association.
85 The data integrity framework in Linux enables protection information
86 to be pinned to I/Os and sent to/received from controllers that
89 The advantage to the integrity extensions in SCSI and SATA is that
90 they enable us to protect the entire path from application to storage
91 device. However, at the same time this is also the biggest
92 disadvantage. It means that the protection information must be in a
93 format that can be understood by the disk.
95 Generally Linux/POSIX applications are agnostic to the intricacies of
96 the storage devices they are accessing. The virtual filesystem switch
97 and the block layer make things like hardware sector size and
98 transport protocols completely transparent to the application.
100 However, this level of detail is required when preparing the
101 protection information to send to a disk. Consequently, the very
102 concept of an end-to-end protection scheme is a layering violation.
103 It is completely unreasonable for an application to be aware whether
104 it is accessing a SCSI or SATA disk.
106 The data integrity support implemented in Linux attempts to hide this
107 from the application. As far as the application (and to some extent
108 the kernel) is concerned, the integrity metadata is opaque information
109 that's attached to the I/O.
111 The current implementation allows the block layer to automatically
112 generate the protection information for any I/O. Eventually the
113 intent is to move the integrity metadata calculation to userspace for
114 user data. Metadata and other I/O that originates within the kernel
115 will still use the automatic generation interface.
117 Some storage devices allow each hardware sector to be tagged with a
118 16-bit value. The owner of this tag space is the owner of the block
119 device. I.e. the filesystem in most cases. The filesystem can use
120 this extra space to tag sectors as they see fit. Because the tag
121 space is limited, the block interface allows tagging bigger chunks by
122 way of interleaving. This way, 8*16 bits of information can be
123 attached to a typical 4KB filesystem block.
125 This also means that applications such as fsck and mkfs will need
126 access to manipulate the tags from user space. A passthrough
127 interface for this is being worked on.
130 4. Block Layer Implementation Details
131 =====================================
136 The data integrity patches add a new field to struct bio when
137 CONFIG_BLK_DEV_INTEGRITY is enabled. bio_integrity(bio) returns a
138 pointer to a struct bip which contains the bio integrity payload.
139 Essentially a bip is a trimmed down struct bio which holds a bio_vec
140 containing the integrity metadata and the required housekeeping
141 information (bvec pool, vector count, etc.)
143 A kernel subsystem can enable data integrity protection on a bio by
144 calling bio_integrity_alloc(bio). This will allocate and attach the
147 Individual pages containing integrity metadata can subsequently be
148 attached using bio_integrity_add_page().
150 bio_free() will automatically free the bip.
156 Block devices can set up the integrity information in the integrity
157 sub-struture of the queue_limits structure.
159 Layered block devices will need to pick a profile that's appropriate
160 for all subdevices. queue_limits_stack_integrity() can help with that. DM
161 and MD linear, RAID0 and RAID1 are currently supported. RAID4/5/6
162 will require extra work due to the application tag.
165 5.0 Block Layer Integrity API
166 =============================
168 5.1 Normal Filesystem
169 ---------------------
171 The normal filesystem is unaware that the underlying block device
172 is capable of sending/receiving integrity metadata. The IMD will
173 be automatically generated by the block layer at submit_bio() time
174 in case of a WRITE. A READ request will cause the I/O integrity
175 to be verified upon completion.
177 IMD generation and verification can be toggled using the::
179 /sys/block/<bdev>/integrity/write_generate
183 /sys/block/<bdev>/integrity/read_verify
188 5.2 Integrity-Aware Filesystem
189 ------------------------------
191 A filesystem that is integrity-aware can prepare I/Os with IMD
192 attached. It can also use the application tag space if this is
193 supported by the block device.
196 `bool bio_integrity_prep(bio);`
198 To generate IMD for WRITE and to set up buffers for READ, the
199 filesystem must call bio_integrity_prep(bio).
201 Prior to calling this function, the bio data direction and start
202 sector must be set, and the bio should have all data pages
203 added. It is up to the caller to ensure that the bio does not
204 change while I/O is in progress.
205 Complete bio with error if prepare failed for some reason.
208 5.3 Passing Existing Integrity Metadata
209 ---------------------------------------
211 Filesystems that either generate their own integrity metadata or
212 are capable of transferring IMD from user space can use the
216 `struct bip * bio_integrity_alloc(bio, gfp_mask, nr_pages);`
218 Allocates the bio integrity payload and hangs it off of the bio.
219 nr_pages indicate how many pages of protection data need to be
220 stored in the integrity bio_vec list (similar to bio_alloc()).
222 The integrity payload will be freed at bio_free() time.
225 `int bio_integrity_add_page(bio, page, len, offset);`
227 Attaches a page containing integrity metadata to an existing
228 bio. The bio must have an existing bip,
229 i.e. bio_integrity_alloc() must have been called. For a WRITE,
230 the integrity metadata in the pages must be in a format
231 understood by the target device with the notable exception that
232 the sector numbers will be remapped as the request traverses the
233 I/O stack. This implies that the pages added using this call
234 will be modified during I/O! The first reference tag in the
235 integrity metadata must have a value of bip->bip_sector.
237 Pages can be added using bio_integrity_add_page() as long as
238 there is room in the bip bio_vec array (nr_pages).
240 Upon completion of a READ operation, the attached pages will
241 contain the integrity metadata received from the storage device.
242 It is up to the receiver to process them and verify data
243 integrity upon completion.
246 ----------------------------------------------------------------------
248 2007-12-24 Martin K. Petersen <martin.petersen@oracle.com>