1 Error Detection And Correction (EDAC) Devices
2 =============================================
4 Main Concepts used at the EDAC subsystem
5 ----------------------------------------
7 There are several things to be aware of that aren't at all obvious, like
8 *sockets, *socket sets*, *banks*, *rows*, *chip-select rows*, *channels*,
11 These are some of the many terms that are thrown about that don't always
12 mean what people think they mean (Inconceivable!). In the interest of
13 creating a common ground for discussion, terms and their definitions
18 The individual DRAM chips on a memory stick. These devices commonly
19 output 4 and 8 bits each (x4, x8). Grouping several of these in parallel
20 provides the number of bits that the memory controller expects:
21 typically 72 bits, in order to provide 64 bits + 8 bits of ECC data.
25 A printed circuit board that aggregates multiple memory devices in
26 parallel. In general, this is the Field Replaceable Unit (FRU) which
27 gets replaced, in the case of excessive errors. Most often it is also
28 called DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Module).
32 A physical connector on the motherboard that accepts a single memory
33 stick. Also called as "slot" on several datasheets.
37 A memory controller channel, responsible to communicate with a group of
38 DIMMs. Each channel has its own independent control (command) and data
39 bus, and can be used independently or grouped with other channels.
43 It is typically the highest hierarchy on a Fully-Buffered DIMM memory
44 controller. Typically, it contains two channels. Two channels at the
45 same branch can be used in single mode or in lockstep mode. When
46 lockstep is enabled, the cacheline is doubled, but it generally brings
47 some performance penalty. Also, it is generally not possible to point to
48 just one memory stick when an error occurs, as the error correction code
49 is calculated using two DIMMs instead of one. Due to that, it is capable
50 of correcting more errors than on single mode.
54 The data accessed by the memory controller is contained into one dimm
55 only. E. g. if the data is 64 bits-wide, the data flows to the CPU using
56 one 64 bits parallel access. Typically used with SDR, DDR, DDR2 and DDR3
57 memories. FB-DIMM and RAMBUS use a different concept for channel, so
58 this concept doesn't apply there.
62 The data size accessed by the memory controller is interlaced into two
63 dimms, accessed at the same time. E. g. if the DIMM is 64 bits-wide (72
64 bits with ECC), the data flows to the CPU using a 128 bits parallel
69 This is the name of the DRAM signal used to select the DRAM ranks to be
70 accessed. Common chip-select rows for single channel are 64 bits, for
71 dual channel 128 bits. It may not be visible by the memory controller,
72 as some DIMM types have a memory buffer that can hide direct access to
73 it from the Memory Controller.
77 A Single-ranked stick has 1 chip-select row of memory. Motherboards
78 commonly drive two chip-select pins to a memory stick. A single-ranked
79 stick, will occupy only one of those rows. The other will be unused.
85 A double-ranked stick has two chip-select rows which access different
86 sets of memory devices. The two rows cannot be accessed concurrently.
90 **DEPRECATED TERM**, see :ref:`Double-Ranked stick <doubleranked>`.
92 A double-sided stick has two chip-select rows which access different sets
93 of memory devices. The two rows cannot be accessed concurrently.
94 "Double-sided" is irrespective of the memory devices being mounted on
95 both sides of the memory stick.
99 All of the memory sticks that are required for a single memory access or
100 all of the memory sticks spanned by a chip-select row. A single socket
101 set has two chip-select rows and if double-sided sticks are used these
102 will occupy those chip-select rows.
106 This term is avoided because it is unclear when needing to distinguish
107 between chip-select rows and socket sets.
109 * High Bandwidth Memory (HBM)
111 HBM is a new memory type with low power consumption and ultra-wide
112 communication lanes. It uses vertically stacked memory chips (DRAM dies)
113 interconnected by microscopic wires called "through-silicon vias," or
116 Several stacks of HBM chips connect to the CPU or GPU through an ultra-fast
117 interconnect called the "interposer". Therefore, HBM's characteristics
118 are nearly indistinguishable from on-chip integrated RAM.
123 Most of the EDAC core is focused on doing Memory Controller error detection.
124 The :c:func:`edac_mc_alloc`. It uses internally the struct ``mem_ctl_info``
125 to describe the memory controllers, with is an opaque struct for the EDAC
126 drivers. Only the EDAC core is allowed to touch it.
128 .. kernel-doc:: include/linux/edac.h
130 .. kernel-doc:: drivers/edac/edac_mc.h
135 The EDAC subsystem provides a mechanism to handle PCI controllers by calling
136 the :c:func:`edac_pci_alloc_ctl_info`. It will use the struct
137 :c:type:`edac_pci_ctl_info` to describe the PCI controllers.
139 .. kernel-doc:: drivers/edac/edac_pci.h
144 The EDAC subsystem also provides a generic mechanism to report errors on
145 other parts of the hardware via :c:func:`edac_device_alloc_ctl_info` function.
147 The structures :c:type:`edac_dev_sysfs_block_attribute`,
148 :c:type:`edac_device_block`, :c:type:`edac_device_instance` and
149 :c:type:`edac_device_ctl_info` provide a generic or abstract 'edac_device'
150 representation at sysfs.
152 This set of structures and the code that implements the APIs for the same, provide for registering EDAC type devices which are NOT standard memory or
155 - CPU caches (L1 and L2)
158 - Fabric switch units
159 - PCIe interface controllers
160 - other EDAC/ECC type devices that can be monitored for
163 It allows for a 2 level set of hierarchy.
165 For example, a cache could be composed of L1, L2 and L3 levels of cache.
166 Each CPU core would have its own L1 cache, while sharing L2 and maybe L3
167 caches. On such case, those can be represented via the following sysfs
170 /sys/devices/system/edac/..
172 pci/ <existing pci directory (if available)>
173 mc/ <existing memory device directory>
174 cpu/cpu0/.. <L1 and L2 block directory>
179 cpu/cpu1/.. <L1 and L2 block directory>
186 the L1 and L2 directories would be "edac_device_block's"
188 .. kernel-doc:: drivers/edac/edac_device.h
191 Heterogeneous system support
192 ----------------------------
194 An AMD heterogeneous system is built by connecting the data fabrics of
195 both CPUs and GPUs via custom xGMI links. Thus, the data fabric on the
196 GPU nodes can be accessed the same way as the data fabric on CPU nodes.
198 The MI200 accelerators are data center GPUs. They have 2 data fabrics,
199 and each GPU data fabric contains four Unified Memory Controllers (UMC).
200 Each UMC contains eight channels. Each UMC channel controls one 128-bit
201 HBM2e (2GB) channel (equivalent to 8 X 2GB ranks). This creates a total
202 of 4096-bits of DRAM data bus.
204 While the UMC is interfacing a 16GB (8high X 2GB DRAM) HBM stack, each UMC
205 channel is interfacing 2GB of DRAM (represented as rank).
207 Memory controllers on AMD GPU nodes can be represented in EDAC thusly:
209 GPU DF / GPU Node -> EDAC MC
210 GPU UMC -> EDAC CSROW
211 GPU UMC channel -> EDAC CHANNEL
213 For example: a heterogeneous system with 1 AMD CPU is connected to
214 4 MI200 (Aldebaran) GPUs using xGMI.
216 Some more heterogeneous hardware details:
218 - The CPU UMC (Unified Memory Controller) is mostly the same as the GPU UMC.
219 They have chip selects (csrows) and channels. However, the layouts are different
220 for performance, physical layout, or other reasons.
221 - CPU UMCs use 1 channel, In this case UMC = EDAC channel. This follows the
222 marketing speak. CPU has X memory channels, etc.
223 - CPU UMCs use up to 4 chip selects, So UMC chip select = EDAC CSROW.
224 - GPU UMCs use 1 chip select, So UMC = EDAC CSROW.
225 - GPU UMCs use 8 channels, So UMC channel = EDAC channel.
227 The EDAC subsystem provides a mechanism to handle AMD heterogeneous
228 systems by calling system specific ops for both CPUs and GPUs.
230 AMD GPU nodes are enumerated in sequential order based on the PCI
231 hierarchy, and the first GPU node is assumed to have a Node ID value
232 following those of the CPU nodes after latter are fully populated::
234 $ ls /sys/devices/system/edac/mc/
237 mc2 |- GPU card[0] => node 0(mc1), node 1(mc2)
239 mc4 |- GPU card[1] => node 0(mc3), node 1(mc4)
241 mc6 |- GPU card[2] => node 0(mc5), node 1(mc6)
243 mc8 |- GPU card[3] => node 0(mc7), node 1(mc8)
245 For example, a heterogeneous system with one AMD CPU is connected to
246 four MI200 (Aldebaran) GPUs using xGMI. This topology can be represented
247 via the following sysfs entries::
249 /sys/devices/system/edac/mc/..
254 GPU Nodes are enumerated sequentially after CPU nodes have been populated
255 GPU card 1 # Each MI200 GPU has 2 nodes/mcs
256 ├── mc 1 # GPU node 0 == mc1, Each MC node has 4 UMCs/CSROWs
257 │ ├── csrow 0 # UMC 0
258 │ │ ├── channel 0 # Each UMC has 8 channels
259 │ │ ├── channel 1 # size of each channel is 2 GB, so each UMC has 16 GB
266 │ ├── csrow 1 # UMC 1
271 │ ├── csrow 3 # UMC 3
277 │ ├── rank 31 # total 32 ranks/dimms from 4 UMCs
279 ├── mc 2 # GPU node 1 == mc2
280 │ ├── .. # each GPU has total 64 GB