1 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
3 ================================
4 The UDP-Lite protocol (RFC 3828)
5 ================================
8 UDP-Lite is a Standards-Track IETF transport protocol whose characteristic
9 is a variable-length checksum. This has advantages for transport of multimedia
10 (video, VoIP) over wireless networks, as partly damaged packets can still be
11 fed into the codec instead of being discarded due to a failed checksum test.
13 This file briefly describes the existing kernel support and the socket API.
14 For in-depth information, you can consult:
16 - The UDP-Lite Homepage:
17 http://web.archive.org/web/%2E/http://www.erg.abdn.ac.uk/users/gerrit/udp-lite/
19 From here you can also download some example application source code.
21 - The UDP-Lite HOWTO on
22 http://web.archive.org/web/%2E/http://www.erg.abdn.ac.uk/users/gerrit/udp-lite/files/UDP-Lite-HOWTO.txt
24 - The Wireshark UDP-Lite WiKi (with capture files):
25 https://wiki.wireshark.org/Lightweight_User_Datagram_Protocol
27 - The Protocol Spec, RFC 3828, http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3828.txt
33 Several applications have been ported successfully to UDP-Lite. Ethereal
34 (now called wireshark) has UDP-Litev4/v6 support by default.
36 Porting applications to UDP-Lite is straightforward: only socket level and
37 IPPROTO need to be changed; senders additionally set the checksum coverage
38 length (default = header length = 8). Details are in the next section.
43 UDP-Lite provides a connectionless, unreliable datagram service and hence
44 uses the same socket type as UDP. In fact, porting from UDP to UDP-Lite is
45 very easy: simply add ``IPPROTO_UDPLITE`` as the last argument of the
46 socket(2) call so that the statement looks like::
48 s = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_UDPLITE);
54 s = socket(PF_INET6, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_UDPLITE);
56 With just the above change you are able to run UDP-Lite services or connect
57 to UDP-Lite servers. The kernel will assume that you are not interested in
58 using partial checksum coverage and so emulate UDP mode (full coverage).
60 To make use of the partial checksum coverage facilities requires setting a
61 single socket option, which takes an integer specifying the coverage length:
63 * Sender checksum coverage: UDPLITE_SEND_CSCOV
68 setsockopt(s, SOL_UDPLITE, UDPLITE_SEND_CSCOV, &val, sizeof(int));
70 sets the checksum coverage length to 20 bytes (12b data + 8b header).
71 Of each packet only the first 20 bytes (plus the pseudo-header) will be
72 checksummed. This is useful for RTP applications which have a 12-byte
76 * Receiver checksum coverage: UDPLITE_RECV_CSCOV
78 This option is the receiver-side analogue. It is truly optional, i.e. not
79 required to enable traffic with partial checksum coverage. Its function is
80 that of a traffic filter: when enabled, it instructs the kernel to drop
81 all packets which have a coverage _less_ than this value. For example, if
82 RTP and UDP headers are to be protected, a receiver can enforce that only
83 packets with a minimum coverage of 20 are admitted::
86 setsockopt(s, SOL_UDPLITE, UDPLITE_RECV_CSCOV, &min, sizeof(int));
88 The calls to getsockopt(2) are analogous. Being an extension and not a stand-
89 alone protocol, all socket options known from UDP can be used in exactly the
90 same manner as before, e.g. UDP_CORK or UDP_ENCAP.
92 A detailed discussion of UDP-Lite checksum coverage options is in section IV.
97 The socket API requires support through header files in /usr/include:
99 * /usr/include/netinet/in.h
100 to define IPPROTO_UDPLITE
102 * /usr/include/netinet/udplite.h
103 for UDP-Lite header fields and protocol constants
105 For testing purposes, the following can serve as a ``mini`` header file::
107 #define IPPROTO_UDPLITE 136
108 #define SOL_UDPLITE 136
109 #define UDPLITE_SEND_CSCOV 10
110 #define UDPLITE_RECV_CSCOV 11
112 Ready-made header files for various distros are in the UDP-Lite tarball.
114 4. Kernel Behaviour with Regards to the Various Socket Options
115 ==============================================================
118 To enable debugging messages, the log level need to be set to 8, as most
119 messages use the KERN_DEBUG level (7).
121 1) Sender Socket Options
123 If the sender specifies a value of 0 as coverage length, the module
124 assumes full coverage, transmits a packet with coverage length of 0
125 and according checksum. If the sender specifies a coverage < 8 and
126 different from 0, the kernel assumes 8 as default value. Finally,
127 if the specified coverage length exceeds the packet length, the packet
128 length is used instead as coverage length.
130 2) Receiver Socket Options
132 The receiver specifies the minimum value of the coverage length it
133 is willing to accept. A value of 0 here indicates that the receiver
134 always wants the whole of the packet covered. In this case, all
135 partially covered packets are dropped and an error is logged.
137 It is not possible to specify illegal values (<0 and <8); in these
138 cases the default of 8 is assumed.
140 All packets arriving with a coverage value less than the specified
141 threshold are discarded, these events are also logged.
143 3) Disabling the Checksum Computation
145 On both sender and receiver, checksumming will always be performed
146 and cannot be disabled using SO_NO_CHECK. Thus::
148 setsockopt(sockfd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_NO_CHECK, ... );
150 will always will be ignored, while the value of::
152 getsockopt(sockfd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_NO_CHECK, &value, ...);
154 is meaningless (as in TCP). Packets with a zero checksum field are
155 illegal (cf. RFC 3828, sec. 3.1) and will be silently discarded.
159 The checksum computation respects both buffersize and MTU. The size
160 of UDP-Lite packets is determined by the size of the send buffer. The
161 minimum size of the send buffer is 2048 (defined as SOCK_MIN_SNDBUF
162 in include/net/sock.h), the default value is configurable as
163 net.core.wmem_default or via setting the SO_SNDBUF socket(7)
164 option. The maximum upper bound for the send buffer is determined
165 by net.core.wmem_max.
167 Given a payload size larger than the send buffer size, UDP-Lite will
168 split the payload into several individual packets, filling up the
169 send buffer size in each case.
171 The precise value also depends on the interface MTU. The interface MTU,
172 in turn, may trigger IP fragmentation. In this case, the generated
173 UDP-Lite packet is split into several IP packets, of which only the
174 first one contains the L4 header.
176 The send buffer size has implications on the checksum coverage length.
177 Consider the following example::
179 Payload: 1536 bytes Send Buffer: 1024 bytes
180 MTU: 1500 bytes Coverage Length: 856 bytes
182 UDP-Lite will ship the 1536 bytes in two separate packets::
184 Packet 1: 1024 payload + 8 byte header + 20 byte IP header = 1052 bytes
185 Packet 2: 512 payload + 8 byte header + 20 byte IP header = 540 bytes
187 The coverage packet covers the UDP-Lite header and 848 bytes of the
188 payload in the first packet, the second packet is fully covered. Note
189 that for the second packet, the coverage length exceeds the packet
190 length. The kernel always re-adjusts the coverage length to the packet
191 length in such cases.
193 As an example of what happens when one UDP-Lite packet is split into
194 several tiny fragments, consider the following example::
196 Payload: 1024 bytes Send buffer size: 1024 bytes
197 MTU: 300 bytes Coverage length: 575 bytes
199 +-+-----------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
200 |8| 272 | 280 | 280 | 280 |
201 +-+-----------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
204 *****checksum coverage*************
206 The UDP-Lite module generates one 1032 byte packet (1024 + 8 byte
207 header). According to the interface MTU, these are split into 4 IP
208 packets (280 byte IP payload + 20 byte IP header). The kernel module
209 sums the contents of the entire first two packets, plus 15 bytes of
210 the last packet before releasing the fragments to the IP module.
212 To see the analogous case for IPv6 fragmentation, consider a link
213 MTU of 1280 bytes and a write buffer of 3356 bytes. If the checksum
214 coverage is less than 1232 bytes (MTU minus IPv6/fragment header
215 lengths), only the first fragment needs to be considered. When using
216 larger checksum coverage lengths, each eligible fragment needs to be
217 checksummed. Suppose we have a checksum coverage of 3062. The buffer
218 of 3356 bytes will be split into the following fragments::
220 Fragment 1: 1280 bytes carrying 1232 bytes of UDP-Lite data
221 Fragment 2: 1280 bytes carrying 1232 bytes of UDP-Lite data
222 Fragment 3: 948 bytes carrying 900 bytes of UDP-Lite data
224 The first two fragments have to be checksummed in full, of the last
225 fragment only 598 (= 3062 - 2*1232) bytes are checksummed.
227 While it is important that such cases are dealt with correctly, they
228 are (annoyingly) rare: UDP-Lite is designed for optimising multimedia
229 performance over wireless (or generally noisy) links and thus smaller
230 coverage lengths are likely to be expected.
232 5. UDP-Lite Runtime Statistics and their Meaning
233 ================================================
235 Exceptional and error conditions are logged to syslog at the KERN_DEBUG
236 level. Live statistics about UDP-Lite are available in /proc/net/snmp
237 and can (with newer versions of netstat) be viewed using::
241 This displays UDP-Lite statistics variables, whose meaning is as follows.
243 ============ =====================================================
244 InDatagrams The total number of datagrams delivered to users.
246 NoPorts Number of packets received to an unknown port.
247 These cases are counted separately (not as InErrors).
249 InErrors Number of erroneous UDP-Lite packets. Errors include:
251 * internal socket queue receive errors
252 * packet too short (less than 8 bytes or stated
253 coverage length exceeds received length)
254 * xfrm4_policy_check() returned with error
255 * application has specified larger min. coverage
256 length than that of incoming packet
257 * checksum coverage violated
260 OutDatagrams Total number of sent datagrams.
261 ============ =====================================================
263 These statistics derive from the UDP MIB (RFC 2013).
268 There is packet match support for UDP-Lite as well as support for the LOG target.
269 If you copy and paste the following line into /etc/protocols::
271 udplite 136 UDP-Lite # UDP-Lite [RFC 3828]
275 iptables -A INPUT -p udplite -j LOG
277 will produce logging output to syslog. Dropping and rejecting packets also works.
279 7. Maintainer Address
280 =====================
282 The UDP-Lite patch was developed at
284 University of Aberdeen
285 Electronics Research Group
286 Department of Engineering
287 Fraser Noble Building
288 Aberdeen AB24 3UE; UK
290 The current maintainer is Gerrit Renker, <gerrit@erg.abdn.ac.uk>. Initial
291 code was developed by William Stanislaus, <william@erg.abdn.ac.uk>.