1 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
3 ==================================
4 Introduction of non-executable mfd
5 ==================================
7 Daniel Verkamp <dverkamp@chromium.org>
8 Jeff Xu <jeffxu@chromium.org>
11 Aleksa Sarai <cyphar@cyphar.com>
13 Since Linux introduced the memfd feature, memfds have always had their
14 execute bit set, and the memfd_create() syscall doesn't allow setting
17 However, in a secure-by-default system, such as ChromeOS, (where all
18 executables should come from the rootfs, which is protected by verified
19 boot), this executable nature of memfd opens a door for NoExec bypass
20 and enables “confused deputy attack”. E.g, in VRP bug [1]: cros_vm
21 process created a memfd to share the content with an external process,
22 however the memfd is overwritten and used for executing arbitrary code
23 and root escalation. [2] lists more VRP of this kind.
25 On the other hand, executable memfd has its legit use: runc uses memfd’s
26 seal and executable feature to copy the contents of the binary then
27 execute them. For such a system, we need a solution to differentiate runc's
28 use of executable memfds and an attacker's [3].
30 To address those above:
31 - Let memfd_create() set X bit at creation time.
32 - Let memfd be sealed for modifying X bit when NX is set.
33 - Add a new pid namespace sysctl: vm.memfd_noexec to help applications in
34 migrating and enforcing non-executable MFD.
38 ``int memfd_create(const char *name, unsigned int flags)``
41 When MFD_NOEXEC_SEAL bit is set in the ``flags``, memfd is created
42 with NX. F_SEAL_EXEC is set and the memfd can't be modified to
43 add X later. MFD_ALLOW_SEALING is also implied.
44 This is the most common case for the application to use memfd.
47 When MFD_EXEC bit is set in the ``flags``, memfd is created with X.
50 ``MFD_NOEXEC_SEAL`` implies ``MFD_ALLOW_SEALING``. In case that
51 an app doesn't want sealing, it can add F_SEAL_SEAL after creation.
56 ``pid namespaced sysctl vm.memfd_noexec``
58 The new pid namespaced sysctl vm.memfd_noexec has 3 values:
60 - 0: MEMFD_NOEXEC_SCOPE_EXEC
61 memfd_create() without MFD_EXEC nor MFD_NOEXEC_SEAL acts like
64 - 1: MEMFD_NOEXEC_SCOPE_NOEXEC_SEAL
65 memfd_create() without MFD_EXEC nor MFD_NOEXEC_SEAL acts like
66 MFD_NOEXEC_SEAL was set.
68 - 2: MEMFD_NOEXEC_SCOPE_NOEXEC_ENFORCED
69 memfd_create() without MFD_NOEXEC_SEAL will be rejected.
71 The sysctl allows finer control of memfd_create for old software that
72 doesn't set the executable bit; for example, a container with
73 vm.memfd_noexec=1 means the old software will create non-executable memfd
74 by default while new software can create executable memfd by setting
77 The value of vm.memfd_noexec is passed to child namespace at creation
78 time. In addition, the setting is hierarchical, i.e. during memfd_create,
79 we will search from current ns to root ns and use the most restrictive
82 [1] https://crbug.com/1305267
84 [2] https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/list?q=type%3Dbug-security%20memfd%20escalation&can=1
86 [3] https://lwn.net/Articles/781013/