1 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
3 //! String representations.
5 use crate::alloc::{flags::*, AllocError, KVec};
6 use core::fmt::{self, Write};
7 use core::ops::{self, Deref, DerefMut, Index};
9 use crate::error::{code::*, Error};
11 /// Byte string without UTF-8 validity guarantee.
13 pub struct BStr([u8]);
16 /// Returns the length of this string.
18 pub const fn len(&self) -> usize {
22 /// Returns `true` if the string is empty.
24 pub const fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
28 /// Creates a [`BStr`] from a `[u8]`.
30 pub const fn from_bytes(bytes: &[u8]) -> &Self {
31 // SAFETY: `BStr` is transparent to `[u8]`.
32 unsafe { &*(bytes as *const [u8] as *const BStr) }
36 impl fmt::Display for BStr {
37 /// Formats printable ASCII characters, escaping the rest.
40 /// # use kernel::{fmt, b_str, str::{BStr, CString}};
41 /// let ascii = b_str!("Hello, BStr!");
42 /// let s = CString::try_from_fmt(fmt!("{}", ascii)).unwrap();
43 /// assert_eq!(s.as_bytes(), "Hello, BStr!".as_bytes());
45 /// let non_ascii = b_str!("🦀");
46 /// let s = CString::try_from_fmt(fmt!("{}", non_ascii)).unwrap();
47 /// assert_eq!(s.as_bytes(), "\\xf0\\x9f\\xa6\\x80".as_bytes());
49 fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
52 // Common escape codes.
53 b'\t' => f.write_str("\\t")?,
54 b'\n' => f.write_str("\\n")?,
55 b'\r' => f.write_str("\\r")?,
56 // Printable characters.
57 0x20..=0x7e => f.write_char(b as char)?,
58 _ => write!(f, "\\x{:02x}", b)?,
65 impl fmt::Debug for BStr {
66 /// Formats printable ASCII characters with a double quote on either end,
67 /// escaping the rest.
70 /// # use kernel::{fmt, b_str, str::{BStr, CString}};
71 /// // Embedded double quotes are escaped.
72 /// let ascii = b_str!("Hello, \"BStr\"!");
73 /// let s = CString::try_from_fmt(fmt!("{:?}", ascii)).unwrap();
74 /// assert_eq!(s.as_bytes(), "\"Hello, \\\"BStr\\\"!\"".as_bytes());
76 /// let non_ascii = b_str!("😺");
77 /// let s = CString::try_from_fmt(fmt!("{:?}", non_ascii)).unwrap();
78 /// assert_eq!(s.as_bytes(), "\"\\xf0\\x9f\\x98\\xba\"".as_bytes());
80 fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
84 // Common escape codes.
85 b'\t' => f.write_str("\\t")?,
86 b'\n' => f.write_str("\\n")?,
87 b'\r' => f.write_str("\\r")?,
88 // String escape characters.
89 b'\"' => f.write_str("\\\"")?,
90 b'\\' => f.write_str("\\\\")?,
91 // Printable characters.
92 0x20..=0x7e => f.write_char(b as char)?,
93 _ => write!(f, "\\x{:02x}", b)?,
100 impl Deref for BStr {
104 fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
109 /// Creates a new [`BStr`] from a string literal.
111 /// `b_str!` converts the supplied string literal to byte string, so non-ASCII
112 /// characters can be included.
117 /// # use kernel::b_str;
118 /// # use kernel::str::BStr;
119 /// const MY_BSTR: &BStr = b_str!("My awesome BStr!");
124 const S: &'static str = $str;
125 const C: &'static $crate::str::BStr = $crate::str::BStr::from_bytes(S.as_bytes());
130 /// Possible errors when using conversion functions in [`CStr`].
131 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
132 pub enum CStrConvertError {
133 /// Supplied bytes contain an interior `NUL`.
136 /// Supplied bytes are not terminated by `NUL`.
140 impl From<CStrConvertError> for Error {
142 fn from(_: CStrConvertError) -> Error {
147 /// A string that is guaranteed to have exactly one `NUL` byte, which is at the
150 /// Used for interoperability with kernel APIs that take C strings.
152 pub struct CStr([u8]);
155 /// Returns the length of this string excluding `NUL`.
157 pub const fn len(&self) -> usize {
158 self.len_with_nul() - 1
161 /// Returns the length of this string with `NUL`.
163 pub const fn len_with_nul(&self) -> usize {
164 if self.0.is_empty() {
165 // SAFETY: This is one of the invariant of `CStr`.
166 // We add a `unreachable_unchecked` here to hint the optimizer that
167 // the value returned from this function is non-zero.
168 unsafe { core::hint::unreachable_unchecked() };
173 /// Returns `true` if the string only includes `NUL`.
175 pub const fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
179 /// Wraps a raw C string pointer.
183 /// `ptr` must be a valid pointer to a `NUL`-terminated C string, and it must
184 /// last at least `'a`. When `CStr` is alive, the memory pointed by `ptr`
185 /// must not be mutated.
187 pub unsafe fn from_char_ptr<'a>(ptr: *const crate::ffi::c_char) -> &'a Self {
188 // SAFETY: The safety precondition guarantees `ptr` is a valid pointer
189 // to a `NUL`-terminated C string.
190 let len = unsafe { bindings::strlen(ptr) } + 1;
191 // SAFETY: Lifetime guaranteed by the safety precondition.
192 let bytes = unsafe { core::slice::from_raw_parts(ptr as _, len as _) };
193 // SAFETY: As `len` is returned by `strlen`, `bytes` does not contain interior `NUL`.
194 // As we have added 1 to `len`, the last byte is known to be `NUL`.
195 unsafe { Self::from_bytes_with_nul_unchecked(bytes) }
198 /// Creates a [`CStr`] from a `[u8]`.
200 /// The provided slice must be `NUL`-terminated, does not contain any
201 /// interior `NUL` bytes.
202 pub const fn from_bytes_with_nul(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<&Self, CStrConvertError> {
203 if bytes.is_empty() {
204 return Err(CStrConvertError::NotNulTerminated);
206 if bytes[bytes.len() - 1] != 0 {
207 return Err(CStrConvertError::NotNulTerminated);
210 // `i + 1 < bytes.len()` allows LLVM to optimize away bounds checking,
211 // while it couldn't optimize away bounds checks for `i < bytes.len() - 1`.
212 while i + 1 < bytes.len() {
214 return Err(CStrConvertError::InteriorNul);
218 // SAFETY: We just checked that all properties hold.
219 Ok(unsafe { Self::from_bytes_with_nul_unchecked(bytes) })
222 /// Creates a [`CStr`] from a `[u8]` without performing any additional
227 /// `bytes` *must* end with a `NUL` byte, and should only have a single
228 /// `NUL` byte (or the string will be truncated).
230 pub const unsafe fn from_bytes_with_nul_unchecked(bytes: &[u8]) -> &CStr {
231 // SAFETY: Properties of `bytes` guaranteed by the safety precondition.
232 unsafe { core::mem::transmute(bytes) }
235 /// Creates a mutable [`CStr`] from a `[u8]` without performing any
236 /// additional checks.
240 /// `bytes` *must* end with a `NUL` byte, and should only have a single
241 /// `NUL` byte (or the string will be truncated).
243 pub unsafe fn from_bytes_with_nul_unchecked_mut(bytes: &mut [u8]) -> &mut CStr {
244 // SAFETY: Properties of `bytes` guaranteed by the safety precondition.
245 unsafe { &mut *(bytes as *mut [u8] as *mut CStr) }
248 /// Returns a C pointer to the string.
250 pub const fn as_char_ptr(&self) -> *const crate::ffi::c_char {
254 /// Convert the string to a byte slice without the trailing `NUL` byte.
256 pub fn as_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {
257 &self.0[..self.len()]
260 /// Convert the string to a byte slice containing the trailing `NUL` byte.
262 pub const fn as_bytes_with_nul(&self) -> &[u8] {
266 /// Yields a [`&str`] slice if the [`CStr`] contains valid UTF-8.
268 /// If the contents of the [`CStr`] are valid UTF-8 data, this
269 /// function will return the corresponding [`&str`] slice. Otherwise,
270 /// it will return an error with details of where UTF-8 validation failed.
275 /// # use kernel::str::CStr;
276 /// let cstr = CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(b"foo\0").unwrap();
277 /// assert_eq!(cstr.to_str(), Ok("foo"));
280 pub fn to_str(&self) -> Result<&str, core::str::Utf8Error> {
281 core::str::from_utf8(self.as_bytes())
284 /// Unsafely convert this [`CStr`] into a [`&str`], without checking for
289 /// The contents must be valid UTF-8.
294 /// # use kernel::c_str;
295 /// # use kernel::str::CStr;
296 /// let bar = c_str!("ツ");
297 /// // SAFETY: String literals are guaranteed to be valid UTF-8
298 /// // by the Rust compiler.
299 /// assert_eq!(unsafe { bar.as_str_unchecked() }, "ツ");
302 pub unsafe fn as_str_unchecked(&self) -> &str {
304 unsafe { core::str::from_utf8_unchecked(self.as_bytes()) }
307 /// Convert this [`CStr`] into a [`CString`] by allocating memory and
308 /// copying over the string data.
309 pub fn to_cstring(&self) -> Result<CString, AllocError> {
310 CString::try_from(self)
313 /// Converts this [`CStr`] to its ASCII lower case equivalent in-place.
315 /// ASCII letters 'A' to 'Z' are mapped to 'a' to 'z',
316 /// but non-ASCII letters are unchanged.
318 /// To return a new lowercased value without modifying the existing one, use
319 /// [`to_ascii_lowercase()`].
321 /// [`to_ascii_lowercase()`]: #method.to_ascii_lowercase
322 pub fn make_ascii_lowercase(&mut self) {
323 // INVARIANT: This doesn't introduce or remove NUL bytes in the C
325 self.0.make_ascii_lowercase();
328 /// Converts this [`CStr`] to its ASCII upper case equivalent in-place.
330 /// ASCII letters 'a' to 'z' are mapped to 'A' to 'Z',
331 /// but non-ASCII letters are unchanged.
333 /// To return a new uppercased value without modifying the existing one, use
334 /// [`to_ascii_uppercase()`].
336 /// [`to_ascii_uppercase()`]: #method.to_ascii_uppercase
337 pub fn make_ascii_uppercase(&mut self) {
338 // INVARIANT: This doesn't introduce or remove NUL bytes in the C
340 self.0.make_ascii_uppercase();
343 /// Returns a copy of this [`CString`] where each character is mapped to its
344 /// ASCII lower case equivalent.
346 /// ASCII letters 'A' to 'Z' are mapped to 'a' to 'z',
347 /// but non-ASCII letters are unchanged.
349 /// To lowercase the value in-place, use [`make_ascii_lowercase`].
351 /// [`make_ascii_lowercase`]: str::make_ascii_lowercase
352 pub fn to_ascii_lowercase(&self) -> Result<CString, AllocError> {
353 let mut s = self.to_cstring()?;
355 s.make_ascii_lowercase();
360 /// Returns a copy of this [`CString`] where each character is mapped to its
361 /// ASCII upper case equivalent.
363 /// ASCII letters 'a' to 'z' are mapped to 'A' to 'Z',
364 /// but non-ASCII letters are unchanged.
366 /// To uppercase the value in-place, use [`make_ascii_uppercase`].
368 /// [`make_ascii_uppercase`]: str::make_ascii_uppercase
369 pub fn to_ascii_uppercase(&self) -> Result<CString, AllocError> {
370 let mut s = self.to_cstring()?;
372 s.make_ascii_uppercase();
378 impl fmt::Display for CStr {
379 /// Formats printable ASCII characters, escaping the rest.
382 /// # use kernel::c_str;
383 /// # use kernel::fmt;
384 /// # use kernel::str::CStr;
385 /// # use kernel::str::CString;
386 /// let penguin = c_str!("🐧");
387 /// let s = CString::try_from_fmt(fmt!("{}", penguin)).unwrap();
388 /// assert_eq!(s.as_bytes_with_nul(), "\\xf0\\x9f\\x90\\xa7\0".as_bytes());
390 /// let ascii = c_str!("so \"cool\"");
391 /// let s = CString::try_from_fmt(fmt!("{}", ascii)).unwrap();
392 /// assert_eq!(s.as_bytes_with_nul(), "so \"cool\"\0".as_bytes());
394 fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
395 for &c in self.as_bytes() {
396 if (0x20..0x7f).contains(&c) {
397 // Printable character.
398 f.write_char(c as char)?;
400 write!(f, "\\x{:02x}", c)?;
407 impl fmt::Debug for CStr {
408 /// Formats printable ASCII characters with a double quote on either end, escaping the rest.
411 /// # use kernel::c_str;
412 /// # use kernel::fmt;
413 /// # use kernel::str::CStr;
414 /// # use kernel::str::CString;
415 /// let penguin = c_str!("🐧");
416 /// let s = CString::try_from_fmt(fmt!("{:?}", penguin)).unwrap();
417 /// assert_eq!(s.as_bytes_with_nul(), "\"\\xf0\\x9f\\x90\\xa7\"\0".as_bytes());
419 /// // Embedded double quotes are escaped.
420 /// let ascii = c_str!("so \"cool\"");
421 /// let s = CString::try_from_fmt(fmt!("{:?}", ascii)).unwrap();
422 /// assert_eq!(s.as_bytes_with_nul(), "\"so \\\"cool\\\"\"\0".as_bytes());
424 fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
426 for &c in self.as_bytes() {
428 // Printable characters.
429 b'\"' => f.write_str("\\\"")?,
430 0x20..=0x7e => f.write_char(c as char)?,
431 _ => write!(f, "\\x{:02x}", c)?,
438 impl AsRef<BStr> for CStr {
440 fn as_ref(&self) -> &BStr {
441 BStr::from_bytes(self.as_bytes())
445 impl Deref for CStr {
449 fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
454 impl Index<ops::RangeFrom<usize>> for CStr {
458 fn index(&self, index: ops::RangeFrom<usize>) -> &Self::Output {
459 // Delegate bounds checking to slice.
460 // Assign to _ to mute clippy's unnecessary operation warning.
461 let _ = &self.as_bytes()[index.start..];
462 // SAFETY: We just checked the bounds.
463 unsafe { Self::from_bytes_with_nul_unchecked(&self.0[index.start..]) }
467 impl Index<ops::RangeFull> for CStr {
471 fn index(&self, _index: ops::RangeFull) -> &Self::Output {
479 // Marker trait for index types that can be forward to `BStr`.
480 pub trait CStrIndex {}
482 impl CStrIndex for usize {}
483 impl CStrIndex for ops::Range<usize> {}
484 impl CStrIndex for ops::RangeInclusive<usize> {}
485 impl CStrIndex for ops::RangeToInclusive<usize> {}
488 impl<Idx> Index<Idx> for CStr
490 Idx: private::CStrIndex,
493 type Output = <BStr as Index<Idx>>::Output;
496 fn index(&self, index: Idx) -> &Self::Output {
497 &self.as_ref()[index]
501 /// Creates a new [`CStr`] from a string literal.
503 /// The string literal should not contain any `NUL` bytes.
508 /// # use kernel::c_str;
509 /// # use kernel::str::CStr;
510 /// const MY_CSTR: &CStr = c_str!("My awesome CStr!");
515 const S: &str = concat!($str, "\0");
516 const C: &$crate::str::CStr = match $crate::str::CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(S.as_bytes()) {
518 Err(_) => panic!("string contains interior NUL"),
528 struct String(CString);
531 fn from_fmt(args: fmt::Arguments<'_>) -> Self {
532 String(CString::try_from_fmt(args).unwrap())
536 impl Deref for String {
539 fn deref(&self) -> &str {
540 self.0.to_str().unwrap()
544 macro_rules! format {
546 &*String::from_fmt(kernel::fmt!($($f)*))
550 const ALL_ASCII_CHARS: &'static str =
551 "\\x01\\x02\\x03\\x04\\x05\\x06\\x07\\x08\\x09\\x0a\\x0b\\x0c\\x0d\\x0e\\x0f\
552 \\x10\\x11\\x12\\x13\\x14\\x15\\x16\\x17\\x18\\x19\\x1a\\x1b\\x1c\\x1d\\x1e\\x1f \
553 !\"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@\
554 ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~\\x7f\
555 \\x80\\x81\\x82\\x83\\x84\\x85\\x86\\x87\\x88\\x89\\x8a\\x8b\\x8c\\x8d\\x8e\\x8f\
556 \\x90\\x91\\x92\\x93\\x94\\x95\\x96\\x97\\x98\\x99\\x9a\\x9b\\x9c\\x9d\\x9e\\x9f\
557 \\xa0\\xa1\\xa2\\xa3\\xa4\\xa5\\xa6\\xa7\\xa8\\xa9\\xaa\\xab\\xac\\xad\\xae\\xaf\
558 \\xb0\\xb1\\xb2\\xb3\\xb4\\xb5\\xb6\\xb7\\xb8\\xb9\\xba\\xbb\\xbc\\xbd\\xbe\\xbf\
559 \\xc0\\xc1\\xc2\\xc3\\xc4\\xc5\\xc6\\xc7\\xc8\\xc9\\xca\\xcb\\xcc\\xcd\\xce\\xcf\
560 \\xd0\\xd1\\xd2\\xd3\\xd4\\xd5\\xd6\\xd7\\xd8\\xd9\\xda\\xdb\\xdc\\xdd\\xde\\xdf\
561 \\xe0\\xe1\\xe2\\xe3\\xe4\\xe5\\xe6\\xe7\\xe8\\xe9\\xea\\xeb\\xec\\xed\\xee\\xef\
562 \\xf0\\xf1\\xf2\\xf3\\xf4\\xf5\\xf6\\xf7\\xf8\\xf9\\xfa\\xfb\\xfc\\xfd\\xfe\\xff";
565 fn test_cstr_to_str() {
566 let good_bytes = b"\xf0\x9f\xa6\x80\0";
567 let checked_cstr = CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(good_bytes).unwrap();
568 let checked_str = checked_cstr.to_str().unwrap();
569 assert_eq!(checked_str, "🦀");
574 fn test_cstr_to_str_panic() {
575 let bad_bytes = b"\xc3\x28\0";
576 let checked_cstr = CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(bad_bytes).unwrap();
577 checked_cstr.to_str().unwrap();
581 fn test_cstr_as_str_unchecked() {
582 let good_bytes = b"\xf0\x9f\x90\xA7\0";
583 let checked_cstr = CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(good_bytes).unwrap();
584 let unchecked_str = unsafe { checked_cstr.as_str_unchecked() };
585 assert_eq!(unchecked_str, "🐧");
589 fn test_cstr_display() {
590 let hello_world = CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(b"hello, world!\0").unwrap();
591 assert_eq!(format!("{}", hello_world), "hello, world!");
592 let non_printables = CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(b"\x01\x09\x0a\0").unwrap();
593 assert_eq!(format!("{}", non_printables), "\\x01\\x09\\x0a");
594 let non_ascii = CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(b"d\xe9j\xe0 vu\0").unwrap();
595 assert_eq!(format!("{}", non_ascii), "d\\xe9j\\xe0 vu");
596 let good_bytes = CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(b"\xf0\x9f\xa6\x80\0").unwrap();
597 assert_eq!(format!("{}", good_bytes), "\\xf0\\x9f\\xa6\\x80");
601 fn test_cstr_display_all_bytes() {
602 let mut bytes: [u8; 256] = [0; 256];
603 // fill `bytes` with [1..=255] + [0]
604 for i in u8::MIN..=u8::MAX {
605 bytes[i as usize] = i.wrapping_add(1);
607 let cstr = CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(&bytes).unwrap();
608 assert_eq!(format!("{}", cstr), ALL_ASCII_CHARS);
612 fn test_cstr_debug() {
613 let hello_world = CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(b"hello, world!\0").unwrap();
614 assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", hello_world), "\"hello, world!\"");
615 let non_printables = CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(b"\x01\x09\x0a\0").unwrap();
616 assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", non_printables), "\"\\x01\\x09\\x0a\"");
617 let non_ascii = CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(b"d\xe9j\xe0 vu\0").unwrap();
618 assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", non_ascii), "\"d\\xe9j\\xe0 vu\"");
619 let good_bytes = CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(b"\xf0\x9f\xa6\x80\0").unwrap();
620 assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", good_bytes), "\"\\xf0\\x9f\\xa6\\x80\"");
624 fn test_bstr_display() {
625 let hello_world = BStr::from_bytes(b"hello, world!");
626 assert_eq!(format!("{}", hello_world), "hello, world!");
627 let escapes = BStr::from_bytes(b"_\t_\n_\r_\\_\'_\"_");
628 assert_eq!(format!("{}", escapes), "_\\t_\\n_\\r_\\_'_\"_");
629 let others = BStr::from_bytes(b"\x01");
630 assert_eq!(format!("{}", others), "\\x01");
631 let non_ascii = BStr::from_bytes(b"d\xe9j\xe0 vu");
632 assert_eq!(format!("{}", non_ascii), "d\\xe9j\\xe0 vu");
633 let good_bytes = BStr::from_bytes(b"\xf0\x9f\xa6\x80");
634 assert_eq!(format!("{}", good_bytes), "\\xf0\\x9f\\xa6\\x80");
638 fn test_bstr_debug() {
639 let hello_world = BStr::from_bytes(b"hello, world!");
640 assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", hello_world), "\"hello, world!\"");
641 let escapes = BStr::from_bytes(b"_\t_\n_\r_\\_\'_\"_");
642 assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", escapes), "\"_\\t_\\n_\\r_\\\\_'_\\\"_\"");
643 let others = BStr::from_bytes(b"\x01");
644 assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", others), "\"\\x01\"");
645 let non_ascii = BStr::from_bytes(b"d\xe9j\xe0 vu");
646 assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", non_ascii), "\"d\\xe9j\\xe0 vu\"");
647 let good_bytes = BStr::from_bytes(b"\xf0\x9f\xa6\x80");
648 assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", good_bytes), "\"\\xf0\\x9f\\xa6\\x80\"");
652 /// Allows formatting of [`fmt::Arguments`] into a raw buffer.
654 /// It does not fail if callers write past the end of the buffer so that they can calculate the
655 /// size required to fit everything.
659 /// The memory region between `pos` (inclusive) and `end` (exclusive) is valid for writes if `pos`
660 /// is less than `end`.
661 pub(crate) struct RawFormatter {
662 // Use `usize` to use `saturating_*` functions.
669 /// Creates a new instance of [`RawFormatter`] with an empty buffer.
671 // INVARIANT: The buffer is empty, so the region that needs to be writable is empty.
679 /// Creates a new instance of [`RawFormatter`] with the given buffer pointers.
683 /// If `pos` is less than `end`, then the region between `pos` (inclusive) and `end`
684 /// (exclusive) must be valid for writes for the lifetime of the returned [`RawFormatter`].
685 pub(crate) unsafe fn from_ptrs(pos: *mut u8, end: *mut u8) -> Self {
686 // INVARIANT: The safety requirements guarantee the type invariants.
694 /// Creates a new instance of [`RawFormatter`] with the given buffer.
698 /// The memory region starting at `buf` and extending for `len` bytes must be valid for writes
699 /// for the lifetime of the returned [`RawFormatter`].
700 pub(crate) unsafe fn from_buffer(buf: *mut u8, len: usize) -> Self {
701 let pos = buf as usize;
702 // INVARIANT: We ensure that `end` is never less then `buf`, and the safety requirements
703 // guarantees that the memory region is valid for writes.
707 end: pos.saturating_add(len),
711 /// Returns the current insert position.
713 /// N.B. It may point to invalid memory.
714 pub(crate) fn pos(&self) -> *mut u8 {
718 /// Returns the number of bytes written to the formatter.
719 pub(crate) fn bytes_written(&self) -> usize {
724 impl fmt::Write for RawFormatter {
725 fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> fmt::Result {
726 // `pos` value after writing `len` bytes. This does not have to be bounded by `end`, but we
727 // don't want it to wrap around to 0.
728 let pos_new = self.pos.saturating_add(s.len());
730 // Amount that we can copy. `saturating_sub` ensures we get 0 if `pos` goes past `end`.
731 let len_to_copy = core::cmp::min(pos_new, self.end).saturating_sub(self.pos);
734 // SAFETY: If `len_to_copy` is non-zero, then we know `pos` has not gone past `end`
735 // yet, so it is valid for write per the type invariants.
737 core::ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(
738 s.as_bytes().as_ptr(),
750 /// Allows formatting of [`fmt::Arguments`] into a raw buffer.
752 /// Fails if callers attempt to write more than will fit in the buffer.
753 pub(crate) struct Formatter(RawFormatter);
756 /// Creates a new instance of [`Formatter`] with the given buffer.
760 /// The memory region starting at `buf` and extending for `len` bytes must be valid for writes
761 /// for the lifetime of the returned [`Formatter`].
762 pub(crate) unsafe fn from_buffer(buf: *mut u8, len: usize) -> Self {
763 // SAFETY: The safety requirements of this function satisfy those of the callee.
764 Self(unsafe { RawFormatter::from_buffer(buf, len) })
768 impl Deref for Formatter {
769 type Target = RawFormatter;
771 fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
776 impl fmt::Write for Formatter {
777 fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> fmt::Result {
778 self.0.write_str(s)?;
780 // Fail the request if we go past the end of the buffer.
781 if self.0.pos > self.0.end {
789 /// An owned string that is guaranteed to have exactly one `NUL` byte, which is at the end.
791 /// Used for interoperability with kernel APIs that take C strings.
795 /// The string is always `NUL`-terminated and contains no other `NUL` bytes.
800 /// use kernel::{str::CString, fmt};
802 /// let s = CString::try_from_fmt(fmt!("{}{}{}", "abc", 10, 20)).unwrap();
803 /// assert_eq!(s.as_bytes_with_nul(), "abc1020\0".as_bytes());
805 /// let tmp = "testing";
806 /// let s = CString::try_from_fmt(fmt!("{tmp}{}", 123)).unwrap();
807 /// assert_eq!(s.as_bytes_with_nul(), "testing123\0".as_bytes());
809 /// // This fails because it has an embedded `NUL` byte.
810 /// let s = CString::try_from_fmt(fmt!("a\0b{}", 123));
811 /// assert_eq!(s.is_ok(), false);
818 /// Creates an instance of [`CString`] from the given formatted arguments.
819 pub fn try_from_fmt(args: fmt::Arguments<'_>) -> Result<Self, Error> {
820 // Calculate the size needed (formatted string plus `NUL` terminator).
821 let mut f = RawFormatter::new();
824 let size = f.bytes_written();
826 // Allocate a vector with the required number of bytes, and write to it.
827 let mut buf = KVec::with_capacity(size, GFP_KERNEL)?;
828 // SAFETY: The buffer stored in `buf` is at least of size `size` and is valid for writes.
829 let mut f = unsafe { Formatter::from_buffer(buf.as_mut_ptr(), size) };
833 // SAFETY: The number of bytes that can be written to `f` is bounded by `size`, which is
834 // `buf`'s capacity. The contents of the buffer have been initialised by writes to `f`.
835 unsafe { buf.set_len(f.bytes_written()) };
837 // Check that there are no `NUL` bytes before the end.
838 // SAFETY: The buffer is valid for read because `f.bytes_written()` is bounded by `size`
839 // (which the minimum buffer size) and is non-zero (we wrote at least the `NUL` terminator)
840 // so `f.bytes_written() - 1` doesn't underflow.
841 let ptr = unsafe { bindings::memchr(buf.as_ptr().cast(), 0, (f.bytes_written() - 1) as _) };
846 // INVARIANT: We wrote the `NUL` terminator and checked above that no other `NUL` bytes
847 // exist in the buffer.
852 impl Deref for CString {
855 fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
856 // SAFETY: The type invariants guarantee that the string is `NUL`-terminated and that no
857 // other `NUL` bytes exist.
858 unsafe { CStr::from_bytes_with_nul_unchecked(self.buf.as_slice()) }
862 impl DerefMut for CString {
863 fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Target {
864 // SAFETY: A `CString` is always NUL-terminated and contains no other
866 unsafe { CStr::from_bytes_with_nul_unchecked_mut(self.buf.as_mut_slice()) }
870 impl<'a> TryFrom<&'a CStr> for CString {
871 type Error = AllocError;
873 fn try_from(cstr: &'a CStr) -> Result<CString, AllocError> {
874 let mut buf = KVec::new();
876 buf.extend_from_slice(cstr.as_bytes_with_nul(), GFP_KERNEL)?;
878 // INVARIANT: The `CStr` and `CString` types have the same invariants for
879 // the string data, and we copied it over without changes.
884 impl fmt::Debug for CString {
885 fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
886 fmt::Debug::fmt(&**self, f)
890 /// A convenience alias for [`core::format_args`].
893 ($($f:tt)*) => ( core::format_args!($($f)*) )