1 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
3 ==========================
4 PAT (Page Attribute Table)
5 ==========================
7 x86 Page Attribute Table (PAT) allows for setting the memory attribute at the
8 page level granularity. PAT is complementary to the MTRR settings which allows
9 for setting of memory types over physical address ranges. However, PAT is
10 more flexible than MTRR due to its capability to set attributes at page level
11 and also due to the fact that there are no hardware limitations on number of
12 such attribute settings allowed. Added flexibility comes with guidelines for
13 not having memory type aliasing for the same physical memory with multiple
16 PAT allows for different types of memory attributes. The most commonly used
17 ones that will be supported at this time are:
31 There are many different APIs in the kernel that allows setting of memory
32 attributes at the page level. In order to avoid aliasing, these interfaces
33 should be used thoughtfully. Below is a table of interfaces available,
34 their intended usage and their memory attribute relationships. Internally,
35 these APIs use a reserve_memtype()/free_memtype() interface on the physical
36 address range to avoid any aliasing.
38 +------------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
39 | API | RAM | ACPI,... | Reserved/Holes |
40 +------------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
41 | ioremap | -- | UC- | UC- |
42 +------------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
43 | ioremap_cache | -- | WB | WB |
44 +------------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
45 | ioremap_uc | -- | UC | UC |
46 +------------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
47 | ioremap_nocache | -- | UC- | UC- |
48 +------------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
49 | ioremap_wc | -- | -- | WC |
50 +------------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
51 | ioremap_wt | -- | -- | WT |
52 +------------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
53 | set_memory_uc, | UC- | -- | -- |
54 | set_memory_wb | | | |
55 +------------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
56 | set_memory_wc, | WC | -- | -- |
57 | set_memory_wb | | | |
58 +------------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
59 | set_memory_wt, | WT | -- | -- |
60 | set_memory_wb | | | |
61 +------------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
62 | pci sysfs resource | -- | -- | UC- |
63 +------------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
64 | pci sysfs resource_wc | -- | -- | WC |
65 | is IORESOURCE_PREFETCH | | | |
66 +------------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
67 | pci proc | -- | -- | UC- |
68 | !PCIIOC_WRITE_COMBINE | | | |
69 +------------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
70 | pci proc | -- | -- | WC |
71 | PCIIOC_WRITE_COMBINE | | | |
72 +------------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
73 | /dev/mem | -- | WB/WC/UC- | WB/WC/UC- |
75 +------------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
76 | /dev/mem | -- | UC- | UC- |
77 | mmap SYNC flag | | | |
78 +------------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
79 | /dev/mem | -- | WB/WC/UC- | WB/WC/UC- |
80 | mmap !SYNC flag | | | |
81 | and | |(from existing| (from existing |
82 | any alias to this area | |alias) | alias) |
83 +------------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
84 | /dev/mem | -- | WB | WB |
85 | mmap !SYNC flag | | | |
86 | no alias to this area | | | |
88 | MTRR says WB | | | |
89 +------------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
90 | /dev/mem | -- | -- | UC- |
91 | mmap !SYNC flag | | | |
92 | no alias to this area | | | |
94 | MTRR says !WB | | | |
95 +------------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
98 Advanced APIs for drivers
99 =========================
101 A. Exporting pages to users with remap_pfn_range, io_remap_pfn_range,
104 Drivers wanting to export some pages to userspace do it by using mmap
105 interface and a combination of:
107 1) pgprot_noncached()
108 2) io_remap_pfn_range() or remap_pfn_range() or vmf_insert_pfn()
110 With PAT support, a new API pgprot_writecombine is being added. So, drivers can
111 continue to use the above sequence, with either pgprot_noncached() or
112 pgprot_writecombine() in step 1, followed by step 2.
114 In addition, step 2 internally tracks the region as UC or WC in memtype
115 list in order to ensure no conflicting mapping.
117 Note that this set of APIs only works with IO (non RAM) regions. If driver
118 wants to export a RAM region, it has to do set_memory_uc() or set_memory_wc()
119 as step 0 above and also track the usage of those pages and use set_memory_wb()
120 before the page is freed to free pool.
122 MTRR effects on PAT / non-PAT systems
123 =====================================
125 The following table provides the effects of using write-combining MTRRs when
126 using ioremap*() calls on x86 for both non-PAT and PAT systems. Ideally
127 mtrr_add() usage will be phased out in favor of arch_phys_wc_add() which will
128 be a no-op on PAT enabled systems. The region over which a arch_phys_wc_add()
129 is made, should already have been ioremapped with WC attributes or PAT entries,
130 this can be done by using ioremap_wc() / set_memory_wc(). Devices which
131 combine areas of IO memory desired to remain uncacheable with areas where
132 write-combining is desirable should consider use of ioremap_uc() followed by
133 set_memory_wc() to white-list effective write-combined areas. Such use is
134 nevertheless discouraged as the effective memory type is considered
135 implementation defined, yet this strategy can be used as last resort on devices
136 with size-constrained regions where otherwise MTRR write-combining would
137 otherwise not be effective.
140 ==== ======= === ========================= =====================
141 MTRR Non-PAT PAT Linux ioremap value Effective memory type
142 ==== ======= === ========================= =====================
147 WC 000 WB _PAGE_CACHE_MODE_WB WC | WC
148 WC 001 WC _PAGE_CACHE_MODE_WC WC* | WC
149 WC 010 UC- _PAGE_CACHE_MODE_UC_MINUS WC* | UC
150 WC 011 UC _PAGE_CACHE_MODE_UC UC | UC
151 ==== ======= === ========================= =====================
153 (*) denotes implementation defined and is discouraged
155 .. note:: -- in the above table mean "Not suggested usage for the API". Some
156 of the --'s are strictly enforced by the kernel. Some others are not really
157 enforced today, but may be enforced in future.
159 For ioremap and pci access through /sys or /proc - The actual type returned
160 can be more restrictive, in case of any existing aliasing for that address.
161 For example: If there is an existing uncached mapping, a new ioremap_wc can
162 return uncached mapping in place of write-combine requested.
164 set_memory_[uc|wc|wt] and set_memory_wb should be used in pairs, where driver
165 will first make a region uc, wc or wt and switch it back to wb after use.
167 Over time writes to /proc/mtrr will be deprecated in favor of using PAT based
168 interfaces. Users writing to /proc/mtrr are suggested to use above interfaces.
170 Drivers should use ioremap_[uc|wc] to access PCI BARs with [uc|wc] access
173 Drivers should use set_memory_[uc|wc|wt] to set access type for RAM ranges.
179 With CONFIG_DEBUG_FS enabled, PAT memtype list can be examined by::
181 # mount -t debugfs debugfs /sys/kernel/debug
182 # cat /sys/kernel/debug/x86/pat_memtype_list
184 uncached-minus @ 0x7fadf000-0x7fae0000
185 uncached-minus @ 0x7fb19000-0x7fb1a000
186 uncached-minus @ 0x7fb1a000-0x7fb1b000
187 uncached-minus @ 0x7fb1b000-0x7fb1c000
188 uncached-minus @ 0x7fb1c000-0x7fb1d000
189 uncached-minus @ 0x7fb1d000-0x7fb1e000
190 uncached-minus @ 0x7fb1e000-0x7fb25000
191 uncached-minus @ 0x7fb25000-0x7fb26000
192 uncached-minus @ 0x7fb26000-0x7fb27000
193 uncached-minus @ 0x7fb27000-0x7fb28000
194 uncached-minus @ 0x7fb28000-0x7fb2e000
195 uncached-minus @ 0x7fb2e000-0x7fb2f000
196 uncached-minus @ 0x7fb2f000-0x7fb30000
197 uncached-minus @ 0x7fb31000-0x7fb32000
198 uncached-minus @ 0x80000000-0x90000000
200 This list shows physical address ranges and various PAT settings used to
201 access those physical address ranges.
203 Another, more verbose way of getting PAT related debug messages is with
204 "debugpat" boot parameter. With this parameter, various debug messages are
205 printed to dmesg log.
210 The following table describes how PAT is initialized under various
211 configurations. The PAT MSR must be updated by Linux in order to support WC
212 and WT attributes. Otherwise, the PAT MSR has the value programmed in it
213 by the firmware. Note, Xen enables WC attribute in the PAT MSR for guests.
215 ==== ===== ========================== ========= =======
216 MTRR PAT Call Sequence PAT State PAT MSR
217 ==== ===== ========================== ========= =======
218 E E MTRR -> PAT init Enabled OS
219 E D MTRR -> PAT init Disabled -
220 D E MTRR -> PAT disable Disabled BIOS
221 D D MTRR -> PAT disable Disabled -
222 - np/E PAT -> PAT disable Disabled BIOS
223 - np/D PAT -> PAT disable Disabled -
224 E !P/E MTRR -> PAT init Disabled BIOS
225 D !P/E MTRR -> PAT disable Disabled BIOS
226 !M !P/E MTRR stub -> PAT disable Disabled BIOS
227 ==== ===== ========================== ========= =======
231 ========= =======================================
232 E Feature enabled in CPU
233 D Feature disabled/unsupported in CPU
234 np "nopat" boot option specified
235 !P CONFIG_X86_PAT option unset
236 !M CONFIG_MTRR option unset
237 Enabled PAT state set to enabled
238 Disabled PAT state set to disabled
239 OS PAT initializes PAT MSR with OS setting
240 BIOS PAT keeps PAT MSR with BIOS setting
241 ========= =======================================