6 List Management Functions
7 =========================
9 .. kernel-doc:: include/linux/list.h
12 Basic C Library Functions
13 =========================
15 When writing drivers, you cannot in general use routines which are from
16 the C Library. Some of the functions have been found generally useful
17 and they are listed below. The behaviour of these functions may vary
18 slightly from those defined by ANSI, and these deviations are noted in
24 .. kernel-doc:: lib/vsprintf.c
27 .. kernel-doc:: include/linux/kernel.h
30 .. kernel-doc:: include/linux/kernel.h
33 .. kernel-doc:: lib/kstrtox.c
39 .. kernel-doc:: lib/string.c
45 .. kernel-doc:: arch/x86/include/asm/bitops.h
48 Basic Kernel Library Functions
49 ==============================
51 The Linux kernel provides more basic utility functions.
56 .. kernel-doc:: lib/bitmap.c
57 :doc: bitmap introduction
59 .. kernel-doc:: include/linux/bitmap.h
62 .. kernel-doc:: include/linux/bitmap.h
65 .. kernel-doc:: include/linux/bitmap.h
68 .. kernel-doc:: lib/bitmap.c
71 .. kernel-doc:: lib/bitmap.c
74 .. kernel-doc:: include/linux/bitmap.h
80 .. kernel-doc:: lib/cmdline.c
86 .. kernel-doc:: lib/crc4.c
89 .. kernel-doc:: lib/crc7.c
92 .. kernel-doc:: lib/crc8.c
95 .. kernel-doc:: lib/crc16.c
98 .. kernel-doc:: lib/crc32.c
100 .. kernel-doc:: lib/crc-ccitt.c
103 .. kernel-doc:: lib/crc-itu-t.c
109 .. kernel-doc:: include/linux/idr.h
112 .. kernel-doc:: lib/idr.c
113 :doc: IDA description
115 .. kernel-doc:: lib/idr.c
118 Math Functions in Linux
119 =======================
121 Base 2 log and power Functions
122 ------------------------------
124 .. kernel-doc:: include/linux/log2.h
130 .. kernel-doc:: include/asm-generic/div64.h
133 .. kernel-doc:: include/linux/math64.h
136 .. kernel-doc:: lib/div64.c
137 :functions: div_s64_rem div64_u64_rem div64_u64 div64_s64
139 .. kernel-doc:: lib/gcd.c
142 Memory Management in Linux
143 ==========================
148 .. kernel-doc:: include/linux/slab.h
151 .. kernel-doc:: mm/slab.c
154 .. kernel-doc:: mm/util.c
157 User Space Memory Access
158 ------------------------
160 .. kernel-doc:: arch/x86/include/asm/uaccess.h
163 .. kernel-doc:: arch/x86/lib/usercopy_32.c
166 More Memory Management Functions
167 --------------------------------
169 .. kernel-doc:: mm/readahead.c
172 .. kernel-doc:: mm/filemap.c
175 .. kernel-doc:: mm/memory.c
178 .. kernel-doc:: mm/vmalloc.c
181 .. kernel-doc:: mm/page_alloc.c
184 .. kernel-doc:: mm/mempool.c
187 .. kernel-doc:: mm/dmapool.c
190 .. kernel-doc:: mm/page-writeback.c
193 .. kernel-doc:: mm/truncate.c
196 Kernel IPC facilities
197 =====================
202 .. kernel-doc:: ipc/util.c
211 .. kernel-doc:: include/linux/kfifo.h
214 relay interface support
215 =======================
217 Relay interface support is designed to provide an efficient mechanism
218 for tools and facilities to relay large amounts of data from kernel
224 .. kernel-doc:: kernel/relay.c
227 .. kernel-doc:: kernel/relay.c
236 .. kernel-doc:: kernel/kmod.c
242 Refer to the file kernel/module.c for more information.
250 .. kernel-doc:: kernel/irq/manage.c
256 .. kernel-doc:: kernel/dma.c
262 .. kernel-doc:: kernel/resource.c
265 .. kernel-doc:: kernel/resource.c
271 .. kernel-doc:: arch/x86/kernel/cpu/mtrr/main.c
277 .. kernel-doc:: security/security.c
280 .. kernel-doc:: security/inode.c
286 .. kernel-doc:: kernel/audit.c
289 .. kernel-doc:: kernel/auditsc.c
292 .. kernel-doc:: kernel/auditfilter.c
298 .. kernel-doc:: kernel/acct.c
304 .. kernel-doc:: block/blk-core.c
307 .. kernel-doc:: block/blk-core.c
310 .. kernel-doc:: block/blk-map.c
313 .. kernel-doc:: block/blk-sysfs.c
316 .. kernel-doc:: block/blk-settings.c
319 .. kernel-doc:: block/blk-exec.c
322 .. kernel-doc:: block/blk-flush.c
325 .. kernel-doc:: block/blk-lib.c
328 .. kernel-doc:: block/blk-tag.c
331 .. kernel-doc:: block/blk-tag.c
334 .. kernel-doc:: block/blk-integrity.c
337 .. kernel-doc:: kernel/trace/blktrace.c
340 .. kernel-doc:: block/genhd.c
343 .. kernel-doc:: block/genhd.c
349 .. kernel-doc:: fs/char_dev.c
355 The clock framework defines programming interfaces to support software
356 management of the system clock tree. This framework is widely used with
357 System-On-Chip (SOC) platforms to support power management and various
358 devices which may need custom clock rates. Note that these "clocks"
359 don't relate to timekeeping or real time clocks (RTCs), each of which
360 have separate frameworks. These :c:type:`struct clk <clk>`
361 instances may be used to manage for example a 96 MHz signal that is used
362 to shift bits into and out of peripherals or busses, or otherwise
363 trigger synchronous state machine transitions in system hardware.
365 Power management is supported by explicit software clock gating: unused
366 clocks are disabled, so the system doesn't waste power changing the
367 state of transistors that aren't in active use. On some systems this may
368 be backed by hardware clock gating, where clocks are gated without being
369 disabled in software. Sections of chips that are powered but not clocked
370 may be able to retain their last state. This low power state is often
371 called a *retention mode*. This mode still incurs leakage currents,
372 especially with finer circuit geometries, but for CMOS circuits power is
373 mostly used by clocked state changes.
375 Power-aware drivers only enable their clocks when the device they manage
376 is in active use. Also, system sleep states often differ according to
377 which clock domains are active: while a "standby" state may allow wakeup
378 from several active domains, a "mem" (suspend-to-RAM) state may require
379 a more wholesale shutdown of clocks derived from higher speed PLLs and
380 oscillators, limiting the number of possible wakeup event sources. A
381 driver's suspend method may need to be aware of system-specific clock
382 constraints on the target sleep state.
384 Some platforms support programmable clock generators. These can be used
385 by external chips of various kinds, such as other CPUs, multimedia
386 codecs, and devices with strict requirements for interface clocking.
388 .. kernel-doc:: include/linux/clk.h
391 Synchronization Primitives
392 ==========================
394 Read-Copy Update (RCU)
395 ----------------------
397 .. kernel-doc:: include/linux/rcupdate.h
399 .. kernel-doc:: include/linux/rcupdate_wait.h
401 .. kernel-doc:: include/linux/rcutree.h
403 .. kernel-doc:: kernel/rcu/tree.c
405 .. kernel-doc:: kernel/rcu/tree_plugin.h
407 .. kernel-doc:: kernel/rcu/tree_exp.h
409 .. kernel-doc:: kernel/rcu/update.c
411 .. kernel-doc:: include/linux/srcu.h
413 .. kernel-doc:: kernel/rcu/srcutree.c
415 .. kernel-doc:: include/linux/rculist_bl.h
417 .. kernel-doc:: include/linux/rculist.h
419 .. kernel-doc:: include/linux/rculist_nulls.h
421 .. kernel-doc:: include/linux/rcu_sync.h
423 .. kernel-doc:: kernel/rcu/sync.c