1 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
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4 Using RCU hlist_nulls to protect list and objects
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7 This section describes how to use hlist_nulls to
8 protect read-mostly linked lists and
9 objects using SLAB_TYPESAFE_BY_RCU allocations.
11 Please read the basics in Documentation/RCU/listRCU.rst
16 Using special makers (called 'nulls') is a convenient way
17 to solve following problem :
19 A typical RCU linked list managing objects which are
20 allocated with SLAB_TYPESAFE_BY_RCU kmem_cache can
30 obj = lockless_lookup(key);
32 if (!try_get_ref(obj)) // might fail for free objects
35 * Because a writer could delete object, and a writer could
36 * reuse these object before the RCU grace period, we
37 * must check key after getting the reference on object
39 if (obj->key != key) { // not the object we expected
46 Beware that lockless_lookup(key) cannot use traditional hlist_for_each_entry_rcu()
47 but a version with an additional memory barrier (smp_rmb())
53 struct hlist_node *node, *next;
54 for (pos = rcu_dereference((head)->first);
55 pos && ({ next = pos->next; smp_rmb(); prefetch(next); 1; }) &&
56 ({ tpos = hlist_entry(pos, typeof(*tpos), member); 1; });
57 pos = rcu_dereference(next))
63 And note the traditional hlist_for_each_entry_rcu() misses this smp_rmb()::
65 struct hlist_node *node;
66 for (pos = rcu_dereference((head)->first);
67 pos && ({ prefetch(pos->next); 1; }) &&
68 ({ tpos = hlist_entry(pos, typeof(*tpos), member); 1; });
69 pos = rcu_dereference(pos->next))
74 Quoting Corey Minyard::
76 "If the object is moved from one list to another list in-between the
77 time the hash is calculated and the next field is accessed, and the
78 object has moved to the end of a new list, the traversal will not
79 complete properly on the list it should have, since the object will
80 be on the end of the new list and there's not a way to tell it's on a
81 new list and restart the list traversal. I think that this can be
82 solved by pre-fetching the "next" field (with proper barriers) before
88 We need to make sure a reader cannot read the new 'obj->obj_next' value
89 and previous value of 'obj->key'. Or else, an item could be deleted
90 from a chain, and inserted into another chain. If new chain was empty
91 before the move, 'next' pointer is NULL, and lockless reader can
92 not detect it missed following items in original chain.
97 * Please note that new inserts are done at the head of list,
98 * not in the middle or end.
100 obj = kmem_cache_alloc(...);
101 lock_chain(); // typically a spin_lock()
104 * we need to make sure obj->key is updated before obj->next
108 atomic_set(&obj->refcnt, 1);
109 hlist_add_head_rcu(&obj->obj_node, list);
110 unlock_chain(); // typically a spin_unlock()
115 Nothing special here, we can use a standard RCU hlist deletion.
116 But thanks to SLAB_TYPESAFE_BY_RCU, beware a deleted object can be reused
117 very very fast (before the end of RCU grace period)
121 if (put_last_reference_on(obj) {
122 lock_chain(); // typically a spin_lock()
123 hlist_del_init_rcu(&obj->obj_node);
124 unlock_chain(); // typically a spin_unlock()
125 kmem_cache_free(cachep, obj);
130 --------------------------------------------------------------------------
132 Avoiding extra smp_rmb()
133 ========================
135 With hlist_nulls we can avoid extra smp_rmb() in lockless_lookup()
136 and extra smp_wmb() in insert function.
138 For example, if we choose to store the slot number as the 'nulls'
139 end-of-list marker for each slot of the hash table, we can detect
140 a race (some writer did a delete and/or a move of an object
141 to another chain) checking the final 'nulls' value if
142 the lookup met the end of chain. If final 'nulls' value
143 is not the slot number, then we must restart the lookup at
144 the beginning. If the object was moved to the same chain,
145 then the reader doesn't care : It might eventually
146 scan the list again without harm.
157 hlist_nulls_for_each_entry_rcu(obj, node, head, member) {
158 if (obj->key == key) {
159 if (!try_get_ref(obj)) // might fail for free objects
161 if (obj->key != key) { // not the object we expected
168 * if the nulls value we got at the end of this lookup is
169 * not the expected one, we must restart lookup.
170 * We probably met an item that was moved to another chain.
172 if (get_nulls_value(node) != slot)
185 * Please note that new inserts are done at the head of list,
186 * not in the middle or end.
188 obj = kmem_cache_alloc(cachep);
189 lock_chain(); // typically a spin_lock()
192 * changes to obj->key must be visible before refcnt one
195 atomic_set(&obj->refcnt, 1);
197 * insert obj in RCU way (readers might be traversing chain)
199 hlist_nulls_add_head_rcu(&obj->obj_node, list);
200 unlock_chain(); // typically a spin_unlock()