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2 Using the RAM disk block device with Linux
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8 2) Kernel Command Line Parameters
10 4) An Example of Creating a Compressed RAM Disk
16 The RAM disk driver is a way to use main system memory as a block device. It
17 is required for initrd, an initial filesystem used if you need to load modules
18 in order to access the root filesystem (see Documentation/admin-guide/initrd.rst). It can
19 also be used for a temporary filesystem for crypto work, since the contents
22 The RAM disk dynamically grows as more space is required. It does this by using
23 RAM from the buffer cache. The driver marks the buffers it is using as dirty
24 so that the VM subsystem does not try to reclaim them later.
26 The RAM disk supports up to 16 RAM disks by default, and can be reconfigured
27 to support an unlimited number of RAM disks (at your own risk). Just change
28 the configuration symbol BLK_DEV_RAM_COUNT in the Block drivers config menu
29 and (re)build the kernel.
31 To use RAM disk support with your system, run './MAKEDEV ram' from the /dev
32 directory. RAM disks are all major number 1, and start with minor number 0
33 for /dev/ram0, etc. If used, modern kernels use /dev/ram0 for an initrd.
35 The new RAM disk also has the ability to load compressed RAM disk images,
36 allowing one to squeeze more programs onto an average installation or
41 ---------------------------------
43 2a) Kernel Command Line Parameters
48 This parameter tells the RAM disk driver to set up RAM disks of N k size. The
49 default is 4096 (4 MB).
54 /dev/ramX devices created.
57 Maximum partition number.
65 "rdev" is an obsolete, deprecated, antiquated utility that could be used
66 to set the boot device in a Linux kernel image.
68 Instead of using rdev, just place the boot device information on the
69 kernel command line and pass it to the kernel from the bootloader.
71 You can also pass arguments to the kernel by setting FDARGS in
72 arch/x86/boot/Makefile and specify in initrd image by setting FDINITRD in
73 arch/x86/boot/Makefile.
75 Some of the kernel command line boot options that may apply here are::
80 If you make a boot disk that has LILO, then for the above, you would use::
82 append = "ramdisk_start=N ramdisk_size=M"
84 4) An Example of Creating a Compressed RAM Disk
85 -----------------------------------------------
87 To create a RAM disk image, you will need a spare block device to
88 construct it on. This can be the RAM disk device itself, or an
89 unused disk partition (such as an unmounted swap partition). For this
90 example, we will use the RAM disk device, "/dev/ram0".
92 Note: This technique should not be done on a machine with less than 8 MB
93 of RAM. If using a spare disk partition instead of /dev/ram0, then this
94 restriction does not apply.
96 a) Decide on the RAM disk size that you want. Say 2 MB for this example.
97 Create it by writing to the RAM disk device. (This step is not currently
98 required, but may be in the future.) It is wise to zero out the
99 area (esp. for disks) so that maximal compression is achieved for
100 the unused blocks of the image that you are about to create::
102 dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/ram0 bs=1k count=2048
104 b) Make a filesystem on it. Say ext2fs for this example::
106 mke2fs -vm0 /dev/ram0 2048
108 c) Mount it, copy the files you want to it (eg: /etc/* /dev/* ...)
109 and unmount it again.
111 d) Compress the contents of the RAM disk. The level of compression
112 will be approximately 50% of the space used by the files. Unused
113 space on the RAM disk will compress to almost nothing::
115 dd if=/dev/ram0 bs=1k count=2048 | gzip -v9 > /tmp/ram_image.gz
117 e) Put the kernel onto the floppy::
119 dd if=zImage of=/dev/fd0 bs=1k
121 f) Put the RAM disk image onto the floppy, after the kernel. Use an offset
122 that is slightly larger than the kernel, so that you can put another
123 (possibly larger) kernel onto the same floppy later without overlapping
124 the RAM disk image. An offset of 400 kB for kernels about 350 kB in
125 size would be reasonable. Make sure offset+size of ram_image.gz is
126 not larger than the total space on your floppy (usually 1440 kB)::
128 dd if=/tmp/ram_image.gz of=/dev/fd0 bs=1k seek=400
130 g) Make sure that you have already specified the boot information in
131 FDARGS and FDINITRD or that you use a bootloader to pass kernel
132 command line boot options to the kernel.
134 That is it. You now have your boot/root compressed RAM disk floppy. Some
135 users may wish to combine steps (d) and (f) by using a pipe.
145 Removed usage of "rdev"
148 Updated to reflect changes in command line options, remove
149 obsolete references, general cleanup.
150 James Nelson (james4765@gmail.com)