1 zram: Compressed RAM based block devices
2 ----------------------------------------
6 The zram module creates RAM based block devices named /dev/zram<id>
7 (<id> = 0, 1, ...). Pages written to these disks are compressed and stored
8 in memory itself. These disks allow very fast I/O and compression provides
9 good amounts of memory savings. Some of the usecases include /tmp storage,
10 use as swap disks, various caches under /var and maybe many more :)
12 Statistics for individual zram devices are exported through sysfs nodes at
17 There are several ways to configure and manage zram device(-s):
18 a) using zram and zram_control sysfs attributes
19 b) using zramctl utility, provided by util-linux (util-linux@vger.kernel.org).
21 In this document we will describe only 'manual' zram configuration steps,
22 IOW, zram and zram_control sysfs attributes.
24 In order to get a better idea about zramctl please consult util-linux
25 documentation, zramctl man-page or `zramctl --help'. Please be informed
26 that zram maintainers do not develop/maintain util-linux or zramctl, should
27 you have any questions please contact util-linux@vger.kernel.org
29 Following shows a typical sequence of steps for using zram.
33 For the sake of simplicity we skip error checking parts in most of the
34 examples below. However, it is your sole responsibility to handle errors.
36 zram sysfs attributes always return negative values in case of errors.
37 The list of possible return codes:
38 -EBUSY -- an attempt to modify an attribute that cannot be changed once
39 the device has been initialised. Please reset device first;
40 -ENOMEM -- zram was not able to allocate enough memory to fulfil your
42 -EINVAL -- invalid input has been provided.
44 If you use 'echo', the returned value that is changed by 'echo' utility,
45 and, in general case, something like:
47 echo 3 > /sys/block/zram0/max_comp_streams
55 modprobe zram num_devices=4
56 This creates 4 devices: /dev/zram{0,1,2,3}
58 num_devices parameter is optional and tells zram how many devices should be
59 pre-created. Default: 1.
61 2) Set max number of compression streams
62 Regardless the value passed to this attribute, ZRAM will always
63 allocate multiple compression streams - one per online CPUs - thus
64 allowing several concurrent compression operations. The number of
65 allocated compression streams goes down when some of the CPUs
66 become offline. There is no single-compression-stream mode anymore,
67 unless you are running a UP system or has only 1 CPU online.
69 To find out how many streams are currently available:
70 cat /sys/block/zram0/max_comp_streams
72 3) Select compression algorithm
73 Using comp_algorithm device attribute one can see available and
74 currently selected (shown in square brackets) compression algorithms,
75 change selected compression algorithm (once the device is initialised
76 there is no way to change compression algorithm).
79 #show supported compression algorithms
80 cat /sys/block/zram0/comp_algorithm
83 #select lzo compression algorithm
84 echo lzo > /sys/block/zram0/comp_algorithm
86 For the time being, the `comp_algorithm' content does not necessarily
87 show every compression algorithm supported by the kernel. We keep this
88 list primarily to simplify device configuration and one can configure
89 a new device with a compression algorithm that is not listed in
90 `comp_algorithm'. The thing is that, internally, ZRAM uses Crypto API
91 and, if some of the algorithms were built as modules, it's impossible
92 to list all of them using, for instance, /proc/crypto or any other
93 method. This, however, has an advantage of permitting the usage of
94 custom crypto compression modules (implementing S/W or H/W compression).
97 Set disk size by writing the value to sysfs node 'disksize'.
98 The value can be either in bytes or you can use mem suffixes.
100 # Initialize /dev/zram0 with 50MB disksize
101 echo $((50*1024*1024)) > /sys/block/zram0/disksize
104 echo 256K > /sys/block/zram0/disksize
105 echo 512M > /sys/block/zram0/disksize
106 echo 1G > /sys/block/zram0/disksize
109 There is little point creating a zram of greater than twice the size of memory
110 since we expect a 2:1 compression ratio. Note that zram uses about 0.1% of the
111 size of the disk when not in use so a huge zram is wasteful.
113 5) Set memory limit: Optional
114 Set memory limit by writing the value to sysfs node 'mem_limit'.
115 The value can be either in bytes or you can use mem suffixes.
116 In addition, you could change the value in runtime.
118 # limit /dev/zram0 with 50MB memory
119 echo $((50*1024*1024)) > /sys/block/zram0/mem_limit
122 echo 256K > /sys/block/zram0/mem_limit
123 echo 512M > /sys/block/zram0/mem_limit
124 echo 1G > /sys/block/zram0/mem_limit
126 # To disable memory limit
127 echo 0 > /sys/block/zram0/mem_limit
134 mount /dev/zram1 /tmp
136 7) Add/remove zram devices
138 zram provides a control interface, which enables dynamic (on-demand) device
139 addition and removal.
141 In order to add a new /dev/zramX device, perform read operation on hot_add
142 attribute. This will return either new device's device id (meaning that you
143 can use /dev/zram<id>) or error code.
146 cat /sys/class/zram-control/hot_add
149 To remove the existing /dev/zramX device (where X is a device id)
151 echo X > /sys/class/zram-control/hot_remove
154 Per-device statistics are exported as various nodes under /sys/block/zram<id>/
156 A brief description of exported device attributes. For more details please
157 read Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-block-zram.
159 Name access description
160 ---- ------ -----------
161 disksize RW show and set the device's disk size
162 initstate RO shows the initialization state of the device
163 reset WO trigger device reset
164 num_reads RO the number of reads
165 failed_reads RO the number of failed reads
166 num_write RO the number of writes
167 failed_writes RO the number of failed writes
168 invalid_io RO the number of non-page-size-aligned I/O requests
169 max_comp_streams RW the number of possible concurrent compress operations
170 comp_algorithm RW show and change the compression algorithm
171 notify_free RO the number of notifications to free pages (either
172 slot free notifications or REQ_DISCARD requests)
173 zero_pages RO the number of zero filled pages written to this disk
174 orig_data_size RO uncompressed size of data stored in this disk
175 compr_data_size RO compressed size of data stored in this disk
176 mem_used_total RO the amount of memory allocated for this disk
177 mem_used_max RW the maximum amount of memory zram have consumed to
178 store the data (to reset this counter to the actual
179 current value, write 1 to this attribute)
180 mem_limit RW the maximum amount of memory ZRAM can use to store
182 pages_compacted RO the number of pages freed during compaction
183 (available only via zram<id>/mm_stat node)
184 compact WO trigger memory compaction
185 debug_stat RO this file is used for zram debugging purposes
189 per-stat sysfs attributes are considered to be deprecated.
190 The basic strategy is:
191 -- the existing RW nodes will be downgraded to WO nodes (in linux 4.11)
192 -- deprecated RO sysfs nodes will eventually be removed (in linux 4.11)
194 The list of deprecated attributes can be found here:
195 Documentation/ABI/obsolete/sysfs-block-zram
197 Basically, every attribute that has its own read accessible sysfs node
198 (e.g. num_reads) *AND* is accessible via one of the stat files (zram<id>/stat
199 or zram<id>/io_stat or zram<id>/mm_stat) is considered to be deprecated.
201 User space is advised to use the following files to read the device statistics.
203 File /sys/block/zram<id>/stat
205 Represents block layer statistics. Read Documentation/block/stat.txt for
208 File /sys/block/zram<id>/io_stat
210 The stat file represents device's I/O statistics not accounted by block
211 layer and, thus, not available in zram<id>/stat file. It consists of a
212 single line of text and contains the following stats separated by
219 File /sys/block/zram<id>/mm_stat
221 The stat file represents device's mm statistics. It consists of a single
222 line of text and contains the following stats separated by whitespace:
236 Write any positive value to 'reset' sysfs node
237 echo 1 > /sys/block/zram0/reset
238 echo 1 > /sys/block/zram1/reset
240 This frees all the memory allocated for the given device and
241 resets the disksize to zero. You must set the disksize again
242 before reusing the device.