1 Uprobe-tracer: Uprobe-based Event Tracing
2 =========================================
4 Documentation written by Srikar Dronamraju
9 Uprobe based trace events are similar to kprobe based trace events.
10 To enable this feature, build your kernel with CONFIG_UPROBE_EVENT=y.
12 Similar to the kprobe-event tracer, this doesn't need to be activated via
13 current_tracer. Instead of that, add probe points via
14 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/uprobe_events, and enable it via
15 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/uprobes/<EVENT>/enabled.
17 However unlike kprobe-event tracer, the uprobe event interface expects the
18 user to calculate the offset of the probepoint in the object.
20 Synopsis of uprobe_tracer
21 -------------------------
22 p[:[GRP/]EVENT] PATH:OFFSET [FETCHARGS] : Set a uprobe
23 r[:[GRP/]EVENT] PATH:OFFSET [FETCHARGS] : Set a return uprobe (uretprobe)
24 -:[GRP/]EVENT : Clear uprobe or uretprobe event
26 GRP : Group name. If omitted, "uprobes" is the default value.
27 EVENT : Event name. If omitted, the event name is generated based
29 PATH : Path to an executable or a library.
30 OFFSET : Offset where the probe is inserted.
32 FETCHARGS : Arguments. Each probe can have up to 128 args.
33 %REG : Fetch register REG
34 @ADDR : Fetch memory at ADDR (ADDR should be in userspace)
35 @+OFFSET : Fetch memory at OFFSET (OFFSET from same file as PATH)
36 $stackN : Fetch Nth entry of stack (N >= 0)
37 $stack : Fetch stack address.
38 $retval : Fetch return value.(*)
39 $comm : Fetch current task comm.
40 +|-offs(FETCHARG) : Fetch memory at FETCHARG +|- offs address.(**)
41 NAME=FETCHARG : Set NAME as the argument name of FETCHARG.
42 FETCHARG:TYPE : Set TYPE as the type of FETCHARG. Currently, basic types
43 (u8/u16/u32/u64/s8/s16/s32/s64), hexadecimal types
44 (x8/x16/x32/x64), "string" and bitfield are supported.
46 (*) only for return probe.
47 (**) this is useful for fetching a field of data structures.
51 Several types are supported for fetch-args. Uprobe tracer will access memory
52 by given type. Prefix 's' and 'u' means those types are signed and unsigned
53 respectively. 'x' prefix implies it is unsigned. Traced arguments are shown
54 in decimal ('s' and 'u') or hexadecimal ('x'). Without type casting, 'x32'
55 or 'x64' is used depends on the architecture (e.g. x86-32 uses x32, and
57 String type is a special type, which fetches a "null-terminated" string from
59 Bitfield is another special type, which takes 3 parameters, bit-width, bit-
60 offset, and container-size (usually 32). The syntax is;
62 b<bit-width>@<bit-offset>/<container-size>
64 For $comm, the default type is "string"; any other type is invalid.
69 You can check the total number of probe hits and probe miss-hits via
70 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/uprobe_profile.
71 The first column is event name, the second is the number of probe hits,
72 the third is the number of probe miss-hits.
76 * Add a probe as a new uprobe event, write a new definition to uprobe_events
77 as below: (sets a uprobe at an offset of 0x4245c0 in the executable /bin/bash)
79 echo 'p /bin/bash:0x4245c0' > /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/uprobe_events
81 * Add a probe as a new uretprobe event:
83 echo 'r /bin/bash:0x4245c0' > /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/uprobe_events
85 * Unset registered event:
87 echo '-:p_bash_0x4245c0' >> /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/uprobe_events
89 * Print out the events that are registered:
91 cat /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/uprobe_events
95 echo > /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/uprobe_events
97 Following example shows how to dump the instruction pointer and %ax register
98 at the probed text address. Probe zfree function in /bin/zsh:
100 # cd /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/
101 # cat /proc/`pgrep zsh`/maps | grep /bin/zsh | grep r-xp
102 00400000-0048a000 r-xp 00000000 08:03 130904 /bin/zsh
103 # objdump -T /bin/zsh | grep -w zfree
104 0000000000446420 g DF .text 0000000000000012 Base zfree
106 0x46420 is the offset of zfree in object /bin/zsh that is loaded at
107 0x00400000. Hence the command to uprobe would be:
109 # echo 'p:zfree_entry /bin/zsh:0x46420 %ip %ax' > uprobe_events
111 And the same for the uretprobe would be:
113 # echo 'r:zfree_exit /bin/zsh:0x46420 %ip %ax' >> uprobe_events
115 Please note: User has to explicitly calculate the offset of the probe-point
116 in the object. We can see the events that are registered by looking at the
120 p:uprobes/zfree_entry /bin/zsh:0x00046420 arg1=%ip arg2=%ax
121 r:uprobes/zfree_exit /bin/zsh:0x00046420 arg1=%ip arg2=%ax
123 Format of events can be seen by viewing the file events/uprobes/zfree_entry/format
125 # cat events/uprobes/zfree_entry/format
129 field:unsigned short common_type; offset:0; size:2; signed:0;
130 field:unsigned char common_flags; offset:2; size:1; signed:0;
131 field:unsigned char common_preempt_count; offset:3; size:1; signed:0;
132 field:int common_pid; offset:4; size:4; signed:1;
133 field:int common_padding; offset:8; size:4; signed:1;
135 field:unsigned long __probe_ip; offset:12; size:4; signed:0;
136 field:u32 arg1; offset:16; size:4; signed:0;
137 field:u32 arg2; offset:20; size:4; signed:0;
139 print fmt: "(%lx) arg1=%lx arg2=%lx", REC->__probe_ip, REC->arg1, REC->arg2
141 Right after definition, each event is disabled by default. For tracing these
142 events, you need to enable it by:
144 # echo 1 > events/uprobes/enable
146 Lets disable the event after sleeping for some time.
149 # echo 0 > events/uprobes/enable
151 And you can see the traced information via /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/trace.
156 # TASK-PID CPU# TIMESTAMP FUNCTION
158 zsh-24842 [006] 258544.995456: zfree_entry: (0x446420) arg1=446420 arg2=79
159 zsh-24842 [007] 258545.000270: zfree_exit: (0x446540 <- 0x446420) arg1=446540 arg2=0
160 zsh-24842 [002] 258545.043929: zfree_entry: (0x446420) arg1=446420 arg2=79
161 zsh-24842 [004] 258547.046129: zfree_exit: (0x446540 <- 0x446420) arg1=446540 arg2=0
163 Output shows us uprobe was triggered for a pid 24842 with ip being 0x446420
164 and contents of ax register being 79. And uretprobe was triggered with ip at
165 0x446540 with counterpart function entry at 0x446420.