2 Cramfs - cram a filesystem onto a small ROM
4 cramfs is designed to be simple and small, and to compress things well.
6 It uses the zlib routines to compress a file one page at a time, and
7 allows random page access. The meta-data is not compressed, but is
8 expressed in a very terse representation to make it use much less
9 diskspace than traditional filesystems.
11 You can't write to a cramfs filesystem (making it compressible and
12 compact also makes it _very_ hard to update on-the-fly), so you have to
13 create the disk image with the "mkcramfs" utility.
19 File sizes are limited to less than 16MB.
21 Maximum filesystem size is a little over 256MB. (The last file on the
22 filesystem is allowed to extend past 256MB.)
24 Only the low 8 bits of gid are stored. The current version of
25 mkcramfs simply truncates to 8 bits, which is a potential security
28 Hard links are supported, but hard linked files
29 will still have a link count of 1 in the cramfs image.
31 Cramfs directories have no `.' or `..' entries. Directories (like
32 every other file on cramfs) always have a link count of 1. (There's
33 no need to use -noleaf in `find', btw.)
35 No timestamps are stored in a cramfs, so these default to the epoch
36 (1970 GMT). Recently-accessed files may have updated timestamps, but
37 the update lasts only as long as the inode is cached in memory, after
38 which the timestamp reverts to 1970, i.e. moves backwards in time.
40 Currently, cramfs must be written and read with architectures of the
41 same endianness, and can be read only by kernels with PAGE_SIZE
42 == 4096. At least the latter of these is a bug, but it hasn't been
43 decided what the best fix is. For the moment if you have larger pages
44 you can just change the #define in mkcramfs.c, so long as you don't
45 mind the filesystem becoming unreadable to future kernels.
48 Memory Mapped cramfs image
49 --------------------------
51 The CRAMFS_MTD Kconfig option adds support for loading data directly from
52 a physical linear memory range (usually non volatile memory like Flash)
53 instead of going through the block device layer. This saves some memory
54 since no intermediate buffering is necessary to hold the data before
57 And when data blocks are kept uncompressed and properly aligned, they will
58 automatically be mapped directly into user space whenever possible providing
59 eXecute-In-Place (XIP) from ROM of read-only segments. Data segments mapped
60 read-write (hence they have to be copied to RAM) may still be compressed in
61 the cramfs image in the same file along with non compressed read-only
62 segments. Both MMU and no-MMU systems are supported. This is particularly
63 handy for tiny embedded systems with very tight memory constraints.
65 The location of the cramfs image in memory is system dependent. You must
66 know the proper physical address where the cramfs image is located and
67 configure an MTD device for it. Also, that MTD device must be supported
68 by a map driver that implements the "point" method. Examples of such
69 MTD drivers are cfi_cmdset_0001 (Intel/Sharp CFI flash) or physmap
70 (Flash device in physical memory map). MTD partitions based on such devices
71 are fine too. Then that device should be specified with the "mtd:" prefix
72 as the mount device argument. For example, to mount the MTD device named
73 "fs_partition" on the /mnt directory:
75 $ mount -t cramfs mtd:fs_partition /mnt
77 To boot a kernel with this as root filesystem, suffice to specify
78 something like "root=mtd:fs_partition" on the kernel command line.
84 A version of mkcramfs that can take advantage of the latest capabilities
85 described above can be found here:
87 https://github.com/npitre/cramfs-tools
93 0 ulelong 0x28cd3d45 Linux cramfs offset 0
95 >8 ulelong x flags 0x%x
96 >12 ulelong x future 0x%x
97 >16 string >\0 signature "%.16s"
98 >32 ulelong x fsid.crc 0x%x
99 >36 ulelong x fsid.edition %d
100 >40 ulelong x fsid.blocks %d
101 >44 ulelong x fsid.files %d
102 >48 string >\0 name "%.16s"
103 512 ulelong 0x28cd3d45 Linux cramfs offset 512
104 >516 ulelong x size %d
105 >520 ulelong x flags 0x%x
106 >524 ulelong x future 0x%x
107 >528 string >\0 signature "%.16s"
108 >544 ulelong x fsid.crc 0x%x
109 >548 ulelong x fsid.edition %d
110 >552 ulelong x fsid.blocks %d
111 >556 ulelong x fsid.files %d
112 >560 string >\0 name "%.16s"
118 See fs/cramfs/README for filesystem layout and implementation notes.