1 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
6 USB4 is the public specification based on Thunderbolt 3 protocol with
7 some differences at the register level among other things. Connection
8 manager is an entity running on the host router (host controller)
9 responsible for enumerating routers and establishing tunnels. A
10 connection manager can be implemented either in firmware or software.
11 Typically PCs come with a firmware connection manager for Thunderbolt 3
12 and early USB4 capable systems. Apple systems on the other hand use
13 software connection manager and the later USB4 compliant devices follow
16 The Linux Thunderbolt driver supports both and can detect at runtime which
17 connection manager implementation is to be used. To be on the safe side the
18 software connection manager in Linux also advertises security level
19 ``user`` which means PCIe tunneling is disabled by default. The
20 documentation below applies to both implementations with the exception that
21 the software connection manager only supports ``user`` security level and
22 is expected to be accompanied with an IOMMU based DMA protection.
24 Security levels and how to use them
25 -----------------------------------
26 The interface presented here is not meant for end users. Instead there
27 should be a userspace tool that handles all the low-level details, keeps
28 a database of the authorized devices and prompts users for new connections.
30 More details about the sysfs interface for Thunderbolt devices can be
31 found in ``Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-thunderbolt``.
33 Those users who just want to connect any device without any sort of
34 manual work can add following line to
35 ``/etc/udev/rules.d/99-local.rules``::
37 ACTION=="add", SUBSYSTEM=="thunderbolt", ATTR{authorized}=="0", ATTR{authorized}="1"
39 This will authorize all devices automatically when they appear. However,
40 keep in mind that this bypasses the security levels and makes the system
41 vulnerable to DMA attacks.
43 Starting with Intel Falcon Ridge Thunderbolt controller there are 4
44 security levels available. Intel Titan Ridge added one more security level
45 (usbonly). The reason for these is the fact that the connected devices can
46 be DMA masters and thus read contents of the host memory without CPU and OS
47 knowing about it. There are ways to prevent this by setting up an IOMMU but
48 it is not always available for various reasons.
50 The security levels are as follows:
53 All devices are automatically connected by the firmware. No user
54 approval is needed. In BIOS settings this is typically called
58 User is asked whether the device is allowed to be connected.
59 Based on the device identification information available through
60 ``/sys/bus/thunderbolt/devices``, the user then can make the decision.
61 In BIOS settings this is typically called *Unique ID*.
64 User is asked whether the device is allowed to be connected. In
65 addition to UUID the device (if it supports secure connect) is sent
66 a challenge that should match the expected one based on a random key
67 written to the ``key`` sysfs attribute. In BIOS settings this is
68 typically called *One time saved key*.
71 The firmware automatically creates tunnels for Display Port and
72 USB. No PCIe tunneling is done. In BIOS settings this is
73 typically called *Display Port Only*.
76 The firmware automatically creates tunnels for the USB controller and
77 Display Port in a dock. All PCIe links downstream of the dock are
80 The current security level can be read from
81 ``/sys/bus/thunderbolt/devices/domainX/security`` where ``domainX`` is
82 the Thunderbolt domain the host controller manages. There is typically
83 one domain per Thunderbolt host controller.
85 If the security level reads as ``user`` or ``secure`` the connected
86 device must be authorized by the user before PCIe tunnels are created
87 (e.g the PCIe device appears).
89 Each Thunderbolt device plugged in will appear in sysfs under
90 ``/sys/bus/thunderbolt/devices``. The device directory carries
91 information that can be used to identify the particular device,
92 including its name and UUID.
94 Authorizing devices when security level is ``user`` or ``secure``
95 -----------------------------------------------------------------
96 When a device is plugged in it will appear in sysfs as follows::
98 /sys/bus/thunderbolt/devices/0-1/authorized - 0
99 /sys/bus/thunderbolt/devices/0-1/device - 0x8004
100 /sys/bus/thunderbolt/devices/0-1/device_name - Thunderbolt to FireWire Adapter
101 /sys/bus/thunderbolt/devices/0-1/vendor - 0x1
102 /sys/bus/thunderbolt/devices/0-1/vendor_name - Apple, Inc.
103 /sys/bus/thunderbolt/devices/0-1/unique_id - e0376f00-0300-0100-ffff-ffffffffffff
105 The ``authorized`` attribute reads 0 which means no PCIe tunnels are
106 created yet. The user can authorize the device by simply entering::
108 # echo 1 > /sys/bus/thunderbolt/devices/0-1/authorized
110 This will create the PCIe tunnels and the device is now connected.
112 If the device supports secure connect, and the domain security level is
113 set to ``secure``, it has an additional attribute ``key`` which can hold
114 a random 32-byte value used for authorization and challenging the device in
117 /sys/bus/thunderbolt/devices/0-3/authorized - 0
118 /sys/bus/thunderbolt/devices/0-3/device - 0x305
119 /sys/bus/thunderbolt/devices/0-3/device_name - AKiTiO Thunder3 PCIe Box
120 /sys/bus/thunderbolt/devices/0-3/key -
121 /sys/bus/thunderbolt/devices/0-3/vendor - 0x41
122 /sys/bus/thunderbolt/devices/0-3/vendor_name - inXtron
123 /sys/bus/thunderbolt/devices/0-3/unique_id - dc010000-0000-8508-a22d-32ca6421cb16
125 Notice the key is empty by default.
127 If the user does not want to use secure connect they can just ``echo 1``
128 to the ``authorized`` attribute and the PCIe tunnels will be created in
129 the same way as in the ``user`` security level.
131 If the user wants to use secure connect, the first time the device is
132 plugged a key needs to be created and sent to the device::
134 # key=$(openssl rand -hex 32)
135 # echo $key > /sys/bus/thunderbolt/devices/0-3/key
136 # echo 1 > /sys/bus/thunderbolt/devices/0-3/authorized
138 Now the device is connected (PCIe tunnels are created) and in addition
139 the key is stored on the device NVM.
141 Next time the device is plugged in the user can verify (challenge) the
142 device using the same key::
144 # echo $key > /sys/bus/thunderbolt/devices/0-3/key
145 # echo 2 > /sys/bus/thunderbolt/devices/0-3/authorized
147 If the challenge the device returns back matches the one we expect based
148 on the key, the device is connected and the PCIe tunnels are created.
149 However, if the challenge fails no tunnels are created and error is
150 returned to the user.
152 If the user still wants to connect the device they can either approve
153 the device without a key or write a new key and write 1 to the
154 ``authorized`` file to get the new key stored on the device NVM.
156 DMA protection utilizing IOMMU
157 ------------------------------
158 Recent systems from 2018 and forward with Thunderbolt ports may natively
159 support IOMMU. This means that Thunderbolt security is handled by an IOMMU
160 so connected devices cannot access memory regions outside of what is
161 allocated for them by drivers. When Linux is running on such system it
162 automatically enables IOMMU if not enabled by the user already. These
163 systems can be identified by reading ``1`` from
164 ``/sys/bus/thunderbolt/devices/domainX/iommu_dma_protection`` attribute.
166 The driver does not do anything special in this case but because DMA
167 protection is handled by the IOMMU, security levels (if set) are
168 redundant. For this reason some systems ship with security level set to
169 ``none``. Other systems have security level set to ``user`` in order to
170 support downgrade to older OS, so users who want to automatically
171 authorize devices when IOMMU DMA protection is enabled can use the
172 following ``udev`` rule::
174 ACTION=="add", SUBSYSTEM=="thunderbolt", ATTRS{iommu_dma_protection}=="1", ATTR{authorized}=="0", ATTR{authorized}="1"
176 Upgrading NVM on Thunderbolt device, host or retimer
177 ----------------------------------------------------
178 Since most of the functionality is handled in firmware running on a
179 host controller or a device, it is important that the firmware can be
180 upgraded to the latest where possible bugs in it have been fixed.
181 Typically OEMs provide this firmware from their support site.
183 There is also a central site which has links where to download firmware
186 `Thunderbolt Updates <https://thunderbolttechnology.net/updates>`_
188 Before you upgrade firmware on a device, host or retimer, please make
189 sure it is a suitable upgrade. Failing to do that may render the device
190 in a state where it cannot be used properly anymore without special
193 Host NVM upgrade on Apple Macs is not supported.
195 Once the NVM image has been downloaded, you need to plug in a
196 Thunderbolt device so that the host controller appears. It does not
197 matter which device is connected (unless you are upgrading NVM on a
198 device - then you need to connect that particular device).
200 Note an OEM-specific method to power the controller up ("force power") may
201 be available for your system in which case there is no need to plug in a
204 After that we can write the firmware to the non-active parts of the NVM
205 of the host or device. As an example here is how Intel NUC6i7KYK (Skull
206 Canyon) Thunderbolt controller NVM is upgraded::
208 # dd if=KYK_TBT_FW_0018.bin of=/sys/bus/thunderbolt/devices/0-0/nvm_non_active0/nvmem
210 Once the operation completes we can trigger NVM authentication and
211 upgrade process as follows::
213 # echo 1 > /sys/bus/thunderbolt/devices/0-0/nvm_authenticate
215 If no errors are returned, the host controller shortly disappears. Once
216 it comes back the driver notices it and initiates a full power cycle.
217 After a while the host controller appears again and this time it should
220 We can verify that the new NVM firmware is active by running the following
223 # cat /sys/bus/thunderbolt/devices/0-0/nvm_authenticate
225 # cat /sys/bus/thunderbolt/devices/0-0/nvm_version
228 If ``nvm_authenticate`` contains anything other than 0x0 it is the error
229 code from the last authentication cycle, which means the authentication
230 of the NVM image failed.
232 Note names of the NVMem devices ``nvm_activeN`` and ``nvm_non_activeN``
233 depend on the order they are registered in the NVMem subsystem. N in
234 the name is the identifier added by the NVMem subsystem.
236 Upgrading NVM when host controller is in safe mode
237 --------------------------------------------------
238 If the existing NVM is not properly authenticated (or is missing) the
239 host controller goes into safe mode which means that the only available
240 functionality is flashing a new NVM image. When in this mode, reading
241 ``nvm_version`` fails with ``ENODATA`` and the device identification
242 information is missing.
244 To recover from this mode, one needs to flash a valid NVM image to the
245 host controller in the same way it is done in the previous chapter.
247 Networking over Thunderbolt cable
248 ---------------------------------
249 Thunderbolt technology allows software communication between two hosts
250 connected by a Thunderbolt cable.
252 It is possible to tunnel any kind of traffic over a Thunderbolt link but
253 currently we only support Apple ThunderboltIP protocol.
255 If the other host is running Windows or macOS, the only thing you need to
256 do is to connect a Thunderbolt cable between the two hosts; the
257 ``thunderbolt-net`` driver is loaded automatically. If the other host is
258 also Linux you should load ``thunderbolt-net`` manually on one host (it
259 does not matter which one)::
261 # modprobe thunderbolt-net
263 This triggers module load on the other host automatically. If the driver
264 is built-in to the kernel image, there is no need to do anything.
266 The driver will create one virtual ethernet interface per Thunderbolt
267 port which are named like ``thunderbolt0`` and so on. From this point
268 you can either use standard userspace tools like ``ifconfig`` to
269 configure the interface or let your GUI handle it automatically.
273 Many OEMs include a method that can be used to force the power of a
274 Thunderbolt controller to an "On" state even if nothing is connected.
275 If supported by your machine this will be exposed by the WMI bus with
276 a sysfs attribute called "force_power".
278 For example the intel-wmi-thunderbolt driver exposes this attribute in:
279 /sys/bus/wmi/devices/86CCFD48-205E-4A77-9C48-2021CBEDE341/force_power
281 To force the power to on, write 1 to this attribute file.
282 To disable force power, write 0 to this attribute file.
284 Note: it's currently not possible to query the force power state of a platform.