1 .. _gfp_mask_from_fs_io:
3 =================================
4 GFP masks used from FS/IO context
5 =================================
8 :Author: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
13 Code paths in the filesystem and IO stacks must be careful when
14 allocating memory to prevent recursion deadlocks caused by direct
15 memory reclaim calling back into the FS or IO paths and blocking on
16 already held resources (e.g. locks - most commonly those used for the
19 The traditional way to avoid this deadlock problem is to clear __GFP_FS
20 respectively __GFP_IO (note the latter implies clearing the first as well) in
21 the gfp mask when calling an allocator. GFP_NOFS respectively GFP_NOIO can be
22 used as shortcut. It turned out though that above approach has led to
23 abuses when the restricted gfp mask is used "just in case" without a
24 deeper consideration which leads to problems because an excessive use
25 of GFP_NOFS/GFP_NOIO can lead to memory over-reclaim or other memory
31 Since 4.12 we do have a generic scope API for both NOFS and NOIO context
32 ``memalloc_nofs_save``, ``memalloc_nofs_restore`` respectively ``memalloc_noio_save``,
33 ``memalloc_noio_restore`` which allow to mark a scope to be a critical
34 section from a filesystem or I/O point of view. Any allocation from that
35 scope will inherently drop __GFP_FS respectively __GFP_IO from the given
36 mask so no memory allocation can recurse back in the FS/IO.
38 .. kernel-doc:: include/linux/sched/mm.h
39 :functions: memalloc_nofs_save memalloc_nofs_restore
40 .. kernel-doc:: include/linux/sched/mm.h
41 :functions: memalloc_noio_save memalloc_noio_restore
43 FS/IO code then simply calls the appropriate save function before
44 any critical section with respect to the reclaim is started - e.g.
45 lock shared with the reclaim context or when a transaction context
46 nesting would be possible via reclaim. The restore function should be
47 called when the critical section ends. All that ideally along with an
48 explanation what is the reclaim context for easier maintenance.
50 Please note that the proper pairing of save/restore functions
51 allows nesting so it is safe to call ``memalloc_noio_save`` or
52 ``memalloc_noio_restore`` respectively from an existing NOIO or NOFS
55 What about __vmalloc(GFP_NOFS)
56 ==============================
58 vmalloc doesn't support GFP_NOFS semantic because there are hardcoded
59 GFP_KERNEL allocations deep inside the allocator which are quite non-trivial
60 to fix up. That means that calling ``vmalloc`` with GFP_NOFS/GFP_NOIO is
61 almost always a bug. The good news is that the NOFS/NOIO semantic can be
62 achieved by the scope API.
64 In the ideal world, upper layers should already mark dangerous contexts
65 and so no special care is required and vmalloc should be called without
66 any problems. Sometimes if the context is not really clear or there are
67 layering violations then the recommended way around that is to wrap ``vmalloc``
68 by the scope API with a comment explaining the problem.