1 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
3 ===========================================
4 Cramfs - cram a filesystem onto a small ROM
5 ===========================================
7 cramfs is designed to be simple and small, and to compress things well.
9 It uses the zlib routines to compress a file one page at a time, and
10 allows random page access. The meta-data is not compressed, but is
11 expressed in a very terse representation to make it use much less
12 diskspace than traditional filesystems.
14 You can't write to a cramfs filesystem (making it compressible and
15 compact also makes it _very_ hard to update on-the-fly), so you have to
16 create the disk image with the "mkcramfs" utility.
22 File sizes are limited to less than 16MB.
24 Maximum filesystem size is a little over 256MB. (The last file on the
25 filesystem is allowed to extend past 256MB.)
27 Only the low 8 bits of gid are stored. The current version of
28 mkcramfs simply truncates to 8 bits, which is a potential security
31 Hard links are supported, but hard linked files
32 will still have a link count of 1 in the cramfs image.
34 Cramfs directories have no ``.`` or ``..`` entries. Directories (like
35 every other file on cramfs) always have a link count of 1. (There's
36 no need to use -noleaf in ``find``, btw.)
38 No timestamps are stored in a cramfs, so these default to the epoch
39 (1970 GMT). Recently-accessed files may have updated timestamps, but
40 the update lasts only as long as the inode is cached in memory, after
41 which the timestamp reverts to 1970, i.e. moves backwards in time.
43 Currently, cramfs must be written and read with architectures of the
44 same endianness, and can be read only by kernels with PAGE_SIZE
45 == 4096. At least the latter of these is a bug, but it hasn't been
46 decided what the best fix is. For the moment if you have larger pages
47 you can just change the #define in mkcramfs.c, so long as you don't
48 mind the filesystem becoming unreadable to future kernels.
51 Memory Mapped cramfs image
52 --------------------------
54 The CRAMFS_MTD Kconfig option adds support for loading data directly from
55 a physical linear memory range (usually non volatile memory like Flash)
56 instead of going through the block device layer. This saves some memory
57 since no intermediate buffering is necessary to hold the data before
60 And when data blocks are kept uncompressed and properly aligned, they will
61 automatically be mapped directly into user space whenever possible providing
62 eXecute-In-Place (XIP) from ROM of read-only segments. Data segments mapped
63 read-write (hence they have to be copied to RAM) may still be compressed in
64 the cramfs image in the same file along with non compressed read-only
65 segments. Both MMU and no-MMU systems are supported. This is particularly
66 handy for tiny embedded systems with very tight memory constraints.
68 The location of the cramfs image in memory is system dependent. You must
69 know the proper physical address where the cramfs image is located and
70 configure an MTD device for it. Also, that MTD device must be supported
71 by a map driver that implements the "point" method. Examples of such
72 MTD drivers are cfi_cmdset_0001 (Intel/Sharp CFI flash) or physmap
73 (Flash device in physical memory map). MTD partitions based on such devices
74 are fine too. Then that device should be specified with the "mtd:" prefix
75 as the mount device argument. For example, to mount the MTD device named
76 "fs_partition" on the /mnt directory::
78 $ mount -t cramfs mtd:fs_partition /mnt
80 To boot a kernel with this as root filesystem, suffice to specify
81 something like "root=mtd:fs_partition" on the kernel command line.
87 A version of mkcramfs that can take advantage of the latest capabilities
88 described above can be found here:
90 https://github.com/npitre/cramfs-tools
96 ===== ======================= =======================
97 0 ulelong 0x28cd3d45 Linux cramfs offset 0
99 >8 ulelong x flags 0x%x
100 >12 ulelong x future 0x%x
101 >16 string >\0 signature "%.16s"
102 >32 ulelong x fsid.crc 0x%x
103 >36 ulelong x fsid.edition %d
104 >40 ulelong x fsid.blocks %d
105 >44 ulelong x fsid.files %d
106 >48 string >\0 name "%.16s"
107 512 ulelong 0x28cd3d45 Linux cramfs offset 512
108 >516 ulelong x size %d
109 >520 ulelong x flags 0x%x
110 >524 ulelong x future 0x%x
111 >528 string >\0 signature "%.16s"
112 >544 ulelong x fsid.crc 0x%x
113 >548 ulelong x fsid.edition %d
114 >552 ulelong x fsid.blocks %d
115 >556 ulelong x fsid.files %d
116 >560 string >\0 name "%.16s"
117 ===== ======================= =======================
123 See fs/cramfs/README for filesystem layout and implementation notes.