2 Please see MAINTAINERS file for where to send questions.
7 This document describes a prototype for a new approach to providing
8 overlay-filesystem functionality in Linux (sometimes referred to as
9 union-filesystems). An overlay-filesystem tries to present a
10 filesystem which is the result over overlaying one filesystem on top
13 The result will inevitably fail to look exactly like a normal
14 filesystem for various technical reasons. The expectation is that
15 many use cases will be able to ignore these differences.
17 This approach is 'hybrid' because the objects that appear in the
18 filesystem do not all appear to belong to that filesystem. In many
19 cases an object accessed in the union will be indistinguishable
20 from accessing the corresponding object from the original filesystem.
21 This is most obvious from the 'st_dev' field returned by stat(2).
23 While directories will report an st_dev from the overlay-filesystem,
24 all non-directory objects will report an st_dev from the lower or
25 upper filesystem that is providing the object. Similarly st_ino will
26 only be unique when combined with st_dev, and both of these can change
27 over the lifetime of a non-directory object. Many applications and
28 tools ignore these values and will not be affected.
33 An overlay filesystem combines two filesystems - an 'upper' filesystem
34 and a 'lower' filesystem. When a name exists in both filesystems, the
35 object in the 'upper' filesystem is visible while the object in the
36 'lower' filesystem is either hidden or, in the case of directories,
37 merged with the 'upper' object.
39 It would be more correct to refer to an upper and lower 'directory
40 tree' rather than 'filesystem' as it is quite possible for both
41 directory trees to be in the same filesystem and there is no
42 requirement that the root of a filesystem be given for either upper or
45 The lower filesystem can be any filesystem supported by Linux and does
46 not need to be writable. The lower filesystem can even be another
47 overlayfs. The upper filesystem will normally be writable and if it
48 is it must support the creation of trusted.* extended attributes, and
49 must provide valid d_type in readdir responses, so NFS is not suitable.
51 A read-only overlay of two read-only filesystems may use any
57 Overlaying mainly involves directories. If a given name appears in both
58 upper and lower filesystems and refers to a non-directory in either,
59 then the lower object is hidden - the name refers only to the upper
62 Where both upper and lower objects are directories, a merged directory
65 At mount time, the two directories given as mount options "lowerdir" and
66 "upperdir" are combined into a merged directory:
68 mount -t overlay overlay -olowerdir=/lower,upperdir=/upper,\
71 The "workdir" needs to be an empty directory on the same filesystem
74 Then whenever a lookup is requested in such a merged directory, the
75 lookup is performed in each actual directory and the combined result
76 is cached in the dentry belonging to the overlay filesystem. If both
77 actual lookups find directories, both are stored and a merged
78 directory is created, otherwise only one is stored: the upper if it
79 exists, else the lower.
81 Only the lists of names from directories are merged. Other content
82 such as metadata and extended attributes are reported for the upper
83 directory only. These attributes of the lower directory are hidden.
85 whiteouts and opaque directories
86 --------------------------------
88 In order to support rm and rmdir without changing the lower
89 filesystem, an overlay filesystem needs to record in the upper filesystem
90 that files have been removed. This is done using whiteouts and opaque
91 directories (non-directories are always opaque).
93 A whiteout is created as a character device with 0/0 device number.
94 When a whiteout is found in the upper level of a merged directory, any
95 matching name in the lower level is ignored, and the whiteout itself
98 A directory is made opaque by setting the xattr "trusted.overlay.opaque"
99 to "y". Where the upper filesystem contains an opaque directory, any
100 directory in the lower filesystem with the same name is ignored.
105 When a 'readdir' request is made on a merged directory, the upper and
106 lower directories are each read and the name lists merged in the
107 obvious way (upper is read first, then lower - entries that already
108 exist are not re-added). This merged name list is cached in the
109 'struct file' and so remains as long as the file is kept open. If the
110 directory is opened and read by two processes at the same time, they
111 will each have separate caches. A seekdir to the start of the
112 directory (offset 0) followed by a readdir will cause the cache to be
113 discarded and rebuilt.
115 This means that changes to the merged directory do not appear while a
116 directory is being read. This is unlikely to be noticed by many
119 seek offsets are assigned sequentially when the directories are read.
121 - read part of a directory
122 - remember an offset, and close the directory
123 - re-open the directory some time later
124 - seek to the remembered offset
126 there may be little correlation between the old and new locations in
127 the list of filenames, particularly if anything has changed in the
130 Readdir on directories that are not merged is simply handled by the
131 underlying directory (upper or lower).
137 Objects that are not directories (files, symlinks, device-special
138 files etc.) are presented either from the upper or lower filesystem as
139 appropriate. When a file in the lower filesystem is accessed in a way
140 the requires write-access, such as opening for write access, changing
141 some metadata etc., the file is first copied from the lower filesystem
142 to the upper filesystem (copy_up). Note that creating a hard-link
143 also requires copy_up, though of course creation of a symlink does
146 The copy_up may turn out to be unnecessary, for example if the file is
147 opened for read-write but the data is not modified.
149 The copy_up process first makes sure that the containing directory
150 exists in the upper filesystem - creating it and any parents as
151 necessary. It then creates the object with the same metadata (owner,
152 mode, mtime, symlink-target etc.) and then if the object is a file, the
153 data is copied from the lower to the upper filesystem. Finally any
154 extended attributes are copied up.
156 Once the copy_up is complete, the overlay filesystem simply
157 provides direct access to the newly created file in the upper
158 filesystem - future operations on the file are barely noticed by the
159 overlay filesystem (though an operation on the name of the file such as
160 rename or unlink will of course be noticed and handled).
163 Multiple lower layers
164 ---------------------
166 Multiple lower layers can now be given using the the colon (":") as a
167 separator character between the directory names. For example:
169 mount -t overlay overlay -olowerdir=/lower1:/lower2:/lower3 /merged
171 As the example shows, "upperdir=" and "workdir=" may be omitted. In
172 that case the overlay will be read-only.
174 The specified lower directories will be stacked beginning from the
175 rightmost one and going left. In the above example lower1 will be the
176 top, lower2 the middle and lower3 the bottom layer.
179 Non-standard behavior
180 ---------------------
182 The copy_up operation essentially creates a new, identical file and
183 moves it over to the old name. The new file may be on a different
184 filesystem, so both st_dev and st_ino of the file may change.
186 Any open files referring to this inode will access the old data.
188 Any file locks (and leases) obtained before copy_up will not apply
189 to the copied up file.
191 If a file with multiple hard links is copied up, then this will
192 "break" the link. Changes will not be propagated to other names
193 referring to the same inode.
195 Changes to underlying filesystems
196 ---------------------------------
198 Offline changes, when the overlay is not mounted, are allowed to either
199 the upper or the lower trees.
201 Changes to the underlying filesystems while part of a mounted overlay
202 filesystem are not allowed. If the underlying filesystem is changed,
203 the behavior of the overlay is undefined, though it will not result in
209 There's testsuite developed by David Howells at:
211 git://git.infradead.org/users/dhowells/unionmount-testsuite.git
215 # cd unionmount-testsuite